Ay
ey
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
_
4
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
VOL. I.
eee Ta 4AN
LOWDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
SOLD BY LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMAN,
PATERNOSTER ROW;
AND J. B, BATLLIFRE, 219 REGENT STREET, AND RUE DE L’ECOLE DE MEDECINE A‘ PARIS.
1836.
Observe.—The Entomological Society does not hold itself responsi-
ble for any of the facts or opinions staied in the Memoirs published in
this Work.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
INTRODUCTION . :
I, Observations on a mote amend in Ttaty of exclidign i Com-
mon House-fly from Apartments. By Wittram Spencer, Esq., F.R.S.,
&c., Honorary Member of the Entomological Society . :
II. Remarks on the Passage in Herade tas referred to in Mr. Suewer’ s
Paper, read at the April Meeting. By W. B. Srence, ies M.E.S.
France, For. Sec. Ent. Soc. i
III. Descriptions of some hitherto nacherieter ved exotic Coleone a,
chiefly from New Holland. By the Rev. F. W. Horr, M.A., F.R.S.,
L.S., &c. :
IV. Explanation of the sgadenes appearance “of ithe Ww oe spinnin
Blight of the Apple, Hawthorn, &c. By R. H. Lewis, Esq., M.E.S.
V. Description of the Larva and Pupa of Raphidia Ophiopsis. By
G. R. Waternouse, Esq., Curator of the Entomological Society
VI. Descriptions of the Larve and Pupz of various species of Co-
leopterous Insects. By G. R. Waternouse, Esq., Curator of the En-
tomological Society .
VII. Description of a atlas G@ileopierus ithzetis forming file es
of a new Subgenus allied to Z’omicus, with some Observations upon the
Affinities of the Xylophaga. By J. O. Wesrwoop, F.L.S., &c. .
VIII. Remarks on a species of Calandra, occurring in the Stones of
Tamarinds. By Witttam ies Jun., Esq., F.L.S., Memb. Ent.
Soc., &e. EXE aaa | ee
-@ Decanter e the N a of a greg cea species of Butterfly from
Mexico. By J.O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c. ‘ Abd
X. Descriptions of several Sesion of Australian Dhaest By
GeorceE Roser? Gray, Esq., M.E.S. France and London. tikes
XI. Descriptions o some new Genera of British Homoptera. By
R. H. Lewis, Esq., M.E.S.
XIT. A few Observations upon the Habits ‘of ‘Ale Indigenous Aew-
leate Hymenoptera, suggested by M. de St. Fargeau’s Paper upon the
Genus Goryies, in the first Number of the ‘ Annales de la Société En-
tomologique de France.’ By W. E. Suuckarp, Esq., M.E.S,
~I
34
vi CONTENTS.
Page.
XIII. On the Habits of some Indian Insects. By W. W. Saunpprs,
LOS o Ep LOS DER see an as Reet AN GMR g SURGE Me") Serpe t 60
Journal of Proceedings . . . eal
Prospectus of Prize Essays on the Rijeen cf Nesione Tsects and
Remedies for their destruction.
By-Laws.
List of Members to the 6th of October, 1834, inclusive.
PARE Il:
XIV. Description of a new Species of Longicorn Beetle from the
East Indies. By G. R. MAR RRRORSE: Esq., late Curator of the Ento-
mological Society . .- 67
XV. Description of a new Grerulienidcens Beetle Biss AN a
River. By the Rev. F. W. Hops, F.R.S., &c., President . . . 68
XVI. Observations on the osculant Coenen Genus Arcturus 33
Latreille ; with the Description of a British Species. By J. O. West-
WO lel Dysky AEG 15 69
XVII. On the patent identity af oe Ranenereoon ae
Haworth, with Psyche plumifera of Ochsenheimer. By J. F. Stz-
puEns, F.L.S., Z.S., V.-Pres. Ent.Soc., &c. . . See, Wet (Ao)
XVIII. Notiee ef the Habits of Olineeans Aico By J.O.
Westwoop, F.L.S.,&e. . . . » 8
XIX. (hee manone on certain Sneeihs af the Gecne rome ‘By
Cnartes C. Basineton, M.A., F.L.S.,&e. - . . 80
XX. Thysanure gence or ee inte of ah Sreres af
Spring-tailed Insects (Podura and Lepisma, Linn.,) as have been ob-
served in Ireland; by R. Tempreton, Esq., R.A., Corr. Member of
the Natural History Society of Belfast : with Introductory Observations
upon the Order, by J.O. Wesrwoop, F.L.S., &. . . WelsisatOo
XXI. Description d’un nouveau Gane. de Guneeliniiee: Par
M. A. Curvrotat, Membre de la Soc. Ent. de France, &e. . . . . 98
XXII. Descriptions of new Species of Indian Ants. By Lieut.-
Colonel W. H. Syxss, F.R.S., &c. . . 99
XXIII. Monograph on Meneta: a Gents ‘of Goleesterous Tesecte:
By the Rev. F. W. Hors, F.R.S., &... . - Sie iaeh be OS
XXIV. Note upon the Butch Genera ann Aeentrops, and
Zancle. By J.O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &e. .. . . Ly,
XXV. Observations on the Revaees of anaes ans sath
Suggestions for a Preventative against the same. By the Rev. F. W.
Hope; RBS. Sex: |: eames deg
XXVI. Description of a new Secatsy of Auetelen, Moth. By
G.R. Gray, Esq., M.E.SS. France and London* . . . .\..... 121
CONTENTS, vil
Page.
XXVII. Observations on Insects producing Silk, and on the possi-
bility of rearing Silk se in England. By the Rey. F. W. Hors,
F.R.S., &c. ANY 128
XXVIII. Remarks on some Mechanical Peguliaritien buted ina
Spider’s Web observed at Wandsworth, Surrey. By W. W. Saunpmrs,
Esq., F.L.S., &c. . ow as wailed
X XIX. Gtearuaoee upon he Habits af Conte Wider By Lieut.-
Colonel W. H. Sykes, F.R.S., &c. Seo Ue oe - 150
Journal of Proceedings. XV
PART III.
XXX. Observations on Succinic Insects. By the Rev. F. W. Hopes,
F.R.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., &c. : Relish
XXXI. Desenpaen of a New Hace saecies of eneeoen Beetle.
By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c. . 148
XXXII. Descriptions of some new series af Coleoptera ous iacoue
lately received from Monte Video. By S.S. Saunpers, Esq., M.E.S. . 149
XXXIII. On the Earwig. By J.O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c. 157
XXXIV. Observations on the Economy of the Strepsiptera, with
the Description of Stylops Spenci, a new British Species recently dis-
covered. By W.B. Pickerine, Esq., M.E.S. Eo alee any ie 165
XXXV. Observations upon the cial By J.O. Westwoop,
F.L.S., &c. d 169
XXXVI. Deena ah a new Sieneqiecans eect Spain Gi:
covered in the Island of Mauritius. By J. O. Westrwoop, F.L.S., &e. . 173
XXXVII. Remarks on the Destruction of Cocct. By A. Ivana
Esq., A.L.S., &c. 174
XXXVIIL. Observations: on ieratinlis i orninens ‘of wariiiouss fe
ing an attempt at its Subdivision into several Species. By Cuarues C.
BAaGroN, M.A., F.L.S., &c. Ad A 175
XXXIX. Notice relative to 4épus escent and ieitier aupiaarine
Coleopterous Insects. By W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., Hon. Mem. E.S.,
&e. AWE Bs ae,
XL. Some Neonat of the tend one e the nea te Lieut.-
Col. W. H. Sykes, F.R.S., &e. With a Description of ie Species, by
J, O. Westwoop, ELS., &e. : 181
XLI. Descriptions of some tedecenited oul Green By
Rosert Tempceton, Esq., R.A., &e. . is HG
XLII. Notes upon the Habits of various Brash Tee By J.O.
Westwoop, F.L.S., &c. 198
XLII. A Description of the cae wind of the Binlencpiera
with a view to give a fuller and more certain Development to the Alary
System of Jurine. By W.E.Suuckarp . ©
Vill CONTENTS.
Page.
XLIV. Monograph on the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala, be- :
longing to the Lamellicornes. By G.R. Waternouse, Esq., ae
and Curator to the Zoological Society of London . . . . 215
XLV. On the Predaceous Habits of the Common Wasp, Wewpe
vulgaris, Linn. By G.Newrort, Esq. . . . . atone . 228
XLVI. Description of a new Hemipterous Insect fan the Atlantic
Ocean. By Rozexrr Tempteton, Esq., RA. &e.. . . . - . 230
XLVII. Case of Maternal Attendance on the Larva by an “Tnsect
of the Tribe of Terebrantia, belonging to the Genus Perga, observed
at Hobarton, Tasmania. By R.H. ee Esq., M.E.S., in a Letter
addressed to the SecRETARY . . , 232
XLVIII. Anatomical Gperatens., upon ie Tawa of iGaiine
sycophanta. By Dr. Hermann Burmeister, Fellow of the Natural
History Society of Berlin, For. M.E.S.,&e.. . . . . 2aD
XLIX. Observations upon the Cain Weevil contained in a “Teton
addressed to the Rev. F. W. Horz,F.R.S., Pres. E.S., &e. By Witi1am
Mimcsy Hs PL StiCs ie iescte Shi c ote ol. fe ee ae ee ee ee E
voumalvel Proceedings’. Wt 1.) 42% = 0 te Ny, hore) ae eee eT
istiof Members > (5c. Sr fk ee eee et ae es ea Re
Catalogue of Library es Pe a SARE 8 Se eaceovig
Explanation of Plates. (fuhh. sot | se iebhe ee Basie Nie oiled ty ova cv
Errata and Addenda . . . . 3 evi
Address of the Secretary on the qecent pioenecs one present state of
Entomology.
INTRODUCTION.
THE advantages attending the division of labour reach their
maximum when not only individuals devote themselves chiefly
to one object, but associate together for the purpose of pro-
moting and extending it. ‘Thus the division of science into
its several branches, and the formation of separate societies
for the particular cultivation of each respectively, has been
eminently productive of benefit to all, though, perhaps, the
system might have worked better had the whole arranged
themselves under a supreme head, and become rather the affi-
liated members of one parent society, than have erected them-
selves into independent bodies. Be that, however, as it may,
the advance of any science towards perfection must depend,
not only on the number and talents of its cultivators, but
also, in no trifling degree, on their acting in concert.
To a thorough conviction of this truth the Entomological
Society of London owes its existence. Many of our most able
and active cultivators of Entomology were desirous of esta-
blishing a more familiar intercourse between their fellow-
labourers than had hitherto subsisted in this country, in the
hope that by facilitating the mutual communication of facts,
and the temperate discussion of disputed points, whether
theoretical or practical, the progress of Entomology as a
Science would be accelerated, and its utility materially pro-
moted. No mode appeared so likely to answer this end as
the formation of a Society for the purpose of holding pe-
riodical meetings, at which, memoirs on entomological sub-
a2
1V INTRODUCTION.
jects might be received and read; experiments for the de-
struction of noxious insects, and improvements in the do-
mestication of those useful to man suggested ; oral commu-
nications made, and new objects exhibited ; and of forming a
collection of insects, and a library of reference for the use of
the Members. How far they have succeeded in their object
will be best seen by the List of the Society, in which are
included the names of many of the most distinguished natu-
ralists of the present day, with that of the venerable Father
of British Entomology at their head.
This is not the place to discuss the merits of the several
communications now laid before the world, but we may be
allowed to say, that a volume which can boast of so much
original and interesting matter as, we fearlessly assert, will be
found in the present, could hardly require any reasons to be
assigned in vindication of its appearance, had not one of the
most distinguished of our Members, after bearing honour-
able testimony to the utility of the Society, and ‘the radi-
cal healthiness of its constitution,’ expressed, both in his re-
cently published ‘ Preliminary Discourse’ and elsewhere, his
dissent from the policy of publishing Transactions ‘at our
own charges’ at all, considering that a Council ‘so unwise
as to plunge the Society into that expense’ must ‘ either in-
volve it in debt, or render it necessary to increase the sub-
scription.’ That the dignity of a scientific body is best con-
sulted by publishing its memoirs in a separate volume devoted
solely to the Transactions of the Society, and bearing its
name, can hardly be questioned; and a Society which does
not consult its own dignity must not look to have it very
highly appreciated by the world. We mean no disrespect to
any of the scientific journals of the present day; they are all
more or less useful, and some of them eminently so, and ex-
cellent papers not unfrequently find their way into their pages;
but so also do, occasionally, communications of a very dif-
ferent character. But it may be asked, can sterling merit be
degraded by association with baser matter? Certainly not:
‘the world, however, is apt to lay no small stress on asso-
ciations ; in short, the noscitur d socio is applicable to me-
INTRODUCTION. Vv
moirs as well as to men, and if either desire to get into good
society they must take care to avoid whatever is less highly
valued in the more refined circles, whether of fashion, litera-
ture, or science.
Our friend’s chief objection, however, to the publication of
Transactions ‘at our own charges’ is that the Society cannot
afford the expense, an objection which we confidently trust
the Treasurer’s statement of its affairs at the ensuing anniver-
sary will satisfactorily answer ; in the mean time we may add,
that the success of the Transactions must depend on their
popularity, and that again on their merit, and this last on the
exertions of our Members, of which we have now the grati-
fication of laying, as we think, a fair specimen before the
world. Let us hope, therefore, that our friend will soon see
cause to change his opinion and dismiss his fears, and as the
best ground for doing so, that he will lend his aid towards
ensuring the popularity of the Transactions of the Entomolo-
gical Society by contributing largely to their contents.
Little more need be added; the volume is now before the
public, and the contributors to its contents await its ver-
dict without fear, because they are certain it will be guided
by justice. Let it, however, be kept in mind, that the great
and ultimate object of the founders of the Society is to pro-
mote the study of Entomology, both with a view to its prac-
tical utility in the common affairs of life, and the still more
important influence which, when properly pursued, it is cal-
culated to exert over the moral and religious feelings of its
cultivators. ven within the short period that has elapsed
since its formation, an application has been received on behalf
of the sugar- planters of the island of Grenada, calling on the
Society to take into consideration the ravages which the
Cane-fly has of late years committed in that colony, and to
endeavour to suggest some means of annihilating, or at least
of mitigating the evils of that destructive insect. A Committee
was appointed accordingly, who, having given the subject
their most deliberate attention, delivered in a report, which
is already on its way to the colony; and we have good reason
to hope that even in this early instance the Entomological
vi INTRODUCTION.
Society will prove not to have been founded in vain. As to
the influence of Entomology, when rationally pursued, over
the mind and heart, none but ‘the fool’ who has said what
“none but a fool could have said,’ can deny its power. If
the artificial spider in which ‘a thousand movements scarce
one purpose gain,’ excite our admiration at the talent that
could devise, and the delicate hand that could execute the
mechanism by which it describes its few and circumscribed
motions, what should we think of that Artificer who, in
the ten millionth part of its bulk, can establish organs of
motion and vitality incalculably more perfect, incalculably
more delicate? The mere collector, who uses his eyes to any
tolerable purpose, can hardly miss the inference; but the
scientific entomologist, who studies internal structure no less
than external form, must be dead indeed to feeling if these
wonders of the little world do not warm his heart to the
full glow of adoration, and lead him to exclaim, in words
like those applied by the poet to inconceivably mightier
masses indeed, but not, therefore, mightier evidences of in-
finite wisdom and power,
‘These are thy glorious works, Parent of good!
Almighty Vs ..?
POSTSCRIPT.
Ir was not till some time after the foregoing Introduction was
written, that the ninth Number of the Entomological Maga-
zine came into our hands. We trust our readers will believe,
from their general tenor, that no unkindly spirit dictated one
line of the preceding pages; and we preface our further ob-
servations, unwillingly extorted by the work just alluded to,
by the declaration, that no such feelings actuate us even now.
We do feel, however, that we should be liable to the imputa-
tion of an abandonment of our duty, if we were to suffer
some remarks and unfounded assertions contained in the
INTRODUCTION. Vil
number of the Entomological Magazine for October 1834,
to pass unnoticed.
We shall make no comment on the sweeping observation
at page 332, that all our entomologists, with only four ex-
ceptions, are fools, but content ourselves with thanking the
editors, in the name of the rest, for the compliment. The
assertion, however, in the next paragraph, that the Society is
‘ going down,’ requires severer animadversion. This, it seems,
is made on the circumstance that the meeting in September
was attended by only twelve Members, and it is repeated at
page 434, in the following paragraph: ‘The attendance of
‘members at these sittings has greatly decreased: at the
‘ July sitting about twenty members were present; at the
‘ August sitting, about fifteen; at the September sitting,
‘ about twelve.’ Now, whatever the editors of this journal
may please to insinuate, these attendances, considering the
time of year, cannot be called bad; and as to their having
‘greatly decreased’ since the opening, it would have been
very extraordinary if they had not, when a large proportion
of the Members had left London, as always happens in the
summer months. But look at the meetings of other societies at
the same period, —the Zoological, for instance, —the number
of members of that body who attended the scientific meetings
in September did not amount on either occasion to twelve,
although the proportion of members in the two societies
is nearly as twenty-five to one. Is the Zoological Society
also ‘ going down’?
We have already stated that the Council considered it essen-
tial to the credit of the Society that it should publish its own
Transactions, and have given the reasons for their coming to
that resolution. If any doubt could have been entertained of
their wisdom in so doing, as far as the character of the Trans-
actions might be affected by association, it is effectually re-
moved by the conduct of the editors of the Entomological
Magazine themselves, in having admitted that farrago of
nonsense which, under the title of Colloquia Entomologica,
stands at the head of their present number. So miserable
an attempt at wit, and so ridiculous a parade of learning
vill INTRODUCTION.
throws even Isla’s Domine himself into the back-ground*.
Why do they not practise the motto they have adopted,—
yynhs ceautoy ?
The following passage occurs at p. 333 of the Colloquia!
‘Enr.—I am firmly persuaded, from what I see of the
‘ working members of its Council, that the Entomological
‘ Society will retard, not advance, entomology.’
Very civil! However, spectemur agendo !
As to the hope (p. 332) that ‘the Entomological Society
‘would have been the means of uniting entomologists into
‘one body, and called forth kindlier feelings among us’, we
are not conscious of its having failed in that desirable object,
nor do we know of any unkindly feelings connected with the
Society, except those too palpably entertained by the con-
ductors of the Entomological Magazine.
And why do they entertain them? We leave them to an-
swer that question as they may, and shall merely state the
fact, that their wish to publish the Memoirs read before the
Entomological Society, in their own journal, was not ac-
ceded to hy the Council.
We have now ended our unpleasant task, and shall not
henceforth think it necessary to bestow any further notice on
the Entomological Magazine,—whether it flatter or abuse,
praise or condemn us.
* ‘Lord! Lord! it was avery Gabilon! (Babylon). More than one full
‘hour were we at it, hand to hand; and to every word I said, he produced,
‘directly, such heaps of proofs and quotations, all in Latin, that it seemed for
‘all the world as if he carried them in the breast-pocket of his large cloak.’
—History of Friar Gerund de Campazas, vol. i. p. 172: London, 1772.
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
I. Observations on a Mode practised in Italy of excluding
the Common House-fly from Apartments. By WiuLr1AM
Spence, Hsq., F.RS., &§c., Honorary Member of the
Entomological Society.
[Read April 7, 1834.]
Tue habits, manners and instincts of insects, their anatomy and
physiology, and their useful or noxious properties, will doubtless
attract a large share of the attention of the members of the Entomo-
logical Society, without inducing them to underrate, as has some-
times been done, the importance of the systematic department of the
science, on which all accurate information respecting its objects must
be founded. Knowledge as to the structure, habits and ceconomy of
insects ought, indeed, to be the grand and ultimate aim of entomo-
logy; but this knowledge can be neither acquired nor diffused with-
out systematic classification, which is the dictionary that must enable
us duly to read the great book of nature, and to which, therefore,
so long as that dictionary still remains so incomplete, even the largest
portion of the entomologist’s labours may be justly given, while, at
the same time, no fact, however trifling, relating to the habits and
ceconomy of the objects of his study is suffered to be lost, the two
great branches of the science, system and the natural history of in-
sects (taken in its largest sense), being made to go hand in hand, and
mutually to support each other.
To one department of the natural history of insects, which has
VOL. I. B
2 Mr. Spence on the Italian Mode
been hitherto much neglected, I should beg particularly to direct the
attention of the Society,—I mean what may be called the metaphysics
of entomology, or an investigation of the limits which bound their
instincts on the one hand, and that small portion of mind and reason
which few will deny them, on the other. And here what is chiefly
to be desired are facts, the want of a sufficient collection of which
has hitherto been the chief cause of the vague and inconclusive way
in which this highly interesting subject has been often treated; as
by Dr. Darwin, for example, whose theory of the supposed instinctive
actions of animals being really referrible to their reason solely, is
mainly built on statements as to changes of the instinct of a species
having taken place, when in reality species altogether distinct were
confounded together.
These facts can be scarcely too numerous or minute if accurately
stated; and to show that they may be drawn from sources not hi-
therto often considered within the range of the objects of a scientific
Society, I shall here beg to lay before you a few observations on a
very humble and undignified topic,—a mode practised in Italy of
excluding the common house-fly from their summer apartments,—
which, though it may perhaps at first view seem a subject more ap-
propriate to the pages of a magazine of domestic ceconomy, will not,
I trust, when its close connexion with the interesting questions just
alluded to, and more especially the curious and unexpected light
which it throws on a passage of the father of history, are considered,
be deemed wholly unworthy to occupy a share of the attention of the
Society.
In this country the common house-flies (Musca domestica), towards
the close of the summer and the commencement of the autumnal
months often become a great nuisance, both from their numbers and
the pertinacious curiosity with which every individual of the race
seems resolved, for its own satisfaction, to taste, see and touch every
object around it, even perching upon and exploring the ‘ human
face divine,”’ as if in mockery of our boasted supremacy, and to
humble us by the conviction that the equanimity of the philosopher
as well as the comfort of the suffering invalid is often at the mercy
of a fly. But it is to more southern and hotter climes that we must
direct our view if we would form a correct idea of the real pest which
these little restless intruders become in the warm months, when they
literally almost fill the apartments. Every traveller in the South of
Europe during the hot months will confirm the assertion of Arthur
Young, that ‘‘they are the first torments in Spain, Italy, and the
olive districts of France. It is not that they bite, sting, or hurt, but
they buzz, teaze and worry: your mouth, eyes, ears and nose are
of Exclusion of the House-fly. 3
full of them; they swarm on every eatable, and if they are not in-
cessantly driven away by a person who has nothing else to do, to
eat a meal is impossible*.”” And it is evident from various incidental
notices in the journals of travellers, that they are to the full as great
a plague in the hot climates of other portions of the globe. To omit
other instances which it would be tedious to cite, Mr. Stewart, in
his recent valuable work on North America, speaks on three several
occasions of the annoyance which he suffered from flies, which he
seems to have found a worse torment than the mosquitoest.
Such being the serious and extensive drawback on the comfort of
existence caused by the house-fly in the hot months over a large por-
tion of the globe, it will be believed that my curiosity was strongly
excited on being told, when at Florence last spring, by a gentleman
who has long resided in the neighbourhood of that city, that for two
or three years past he had so entirely succeeded in excluding these
intruders from his apartments, though allowing the windows to be
wide open for the admission of air, that while the sitting- and dining-
_ rooms of his neighbeurs swarmed with them, in his a strict search
would be necessary to detect even two or three; his plan thus super-
seding all the former modes of removing this plague by poisoning
the flies by sweetened infusions of green tea, quassia, &e., which
were liable to this great and fatal objection, that unless the windows
were closed, or covered with gauze (which necessarily excludes the
free entrance of the air), fresh hosts of tormentors were constantly
entering to replace those destroyed.
If my curiosity was excited by this statement, my surprise was
not lessened by being told, in explanation of the apparent impossi-
bility of thus excluding flies from a room with unclosed windows,
that, in point of fact, the openings of the windows were covered with
a net, but with a net made of white or light coloured thread, and
with meshes an inch or more in diameter ; so that there was actually
no physical obstacle whatever to the entrance of the flies, every
separate mesh being not merely large enough to admit one fly, but
several, even with expanded wings, to pass through at the same mo-
ment, and that, consequently, both as to the free admission of air,
and of the flies if they had chosen, there was practically no greater
impediment than if the windows were entirely open, the flies being
excluded simply from some inexplicable dread of venturing across
this thread-work.
My friend did not profess to have discovered this plan of excluding
flies: he first saw it adopted in the monastery of Camaldoli (or La
* Travels in France, vol. i. p. 298. ¢ Vol. i. pp. 29, 195, 405.
B2
a Mr. Spence on the Malian Mode
Verna, I forget which,) near Florence, the monks of which assured
him of its efficacy, and afterwards by an artist at Rome, who warmly
expatiated on the important advantage which it conferred on him of
being able to work in his studio with open windows, and yet free
from the personal annoyance of flies, and the equally great one of
their settling on his newly painted pictures.
Furnished with these hints, my friend, whose practical good sense
and habit of observation turns every new fact to profit, lost no time
in having thread-nets made, and adapting them to his windows
(which, as in Italy generally, are what we call French windows,
opening interiorly, so as when thrown back to leave the whole space
free), with the completely satisfactory result already mentioned, and
this with the least possible expense, trouble, or inconvenience, the
cost of a thread-net being a mere trifle, and all that is necessary
being to fix it as soon as the flies begin to be troublesome, across the
outside opening of the window, where it neither intercepts the air
nor view, and where it is suffered to remain until the approach of
winter, and the consequent disappearance of the flies. It is not even
necessary to be at the expense of an actual net, for if small nails be
fixed all round the window-frame at the distance of about an inch
from each other, and threads be then stretched across both verti-
cally and horizontally, the apparatus will be equally effectual.
Here, however, it is necessary to state a remarkable fact which
my friend discovered in the course of his observations, namely, that
for this plan of excluding flies to succeed, it is essential that the
light enter the room on one side of it only, for if there be a thorough
light either from an opposite or side window, the flies pass through
the net without scruple. This circumstance, though not at all ma-
terially lessening the value of the practice, as rooms are usually (or
may be) lighted from one side only, must yet be borne in mind in
investigating the subject.
Before we proceed to speculate on any extraordinary fact, it is
essential to be certain of its accuracy, and not only did the result of
numerous minute inquiries which I made of my informant, who,
though no entomologist, is a very careful observer, convince me of
the correctness of his statements, but they have been since amply
confirmed in all points by other intelligent friends resident in Italy,
who inform me that they have repeatedly seen this mode of ex-
cluding flies adopted with perfect success. One of them added that
it is not even necessary to have a net, or threads arranged both ver-
tically and horizontally so as to resemble one, but that if threads
be stretched in a horizontal direction only, across the openings of
the windows, at the distance of about an inch from each other, this
of Exclusion of the House-fly. 5
is sufficient to keep out the flies. This gentleman also confirmed my
previous impression, from all the inquiries I had made, that this mode
of excluding flies has not been long practised in Italy and is still
little known there, while as far as I could learn it is entirely unknown
in France.
Such being the facts connected with this subject, the next point
to be considered, and that which will chiefly interest the entomolo-
gist, is as to the causes of so unexpected a result; in other words,
What is it that gives to these thread-nets so terrific an aspect in the
imagination of the house-fly, as to deter it as if spell-bound from
ever venturing to penetrate through their meshes, though so much
wider than its size demands? and to this query I confess that I have
no satisfactory answer to offer.
The most plausible supposition stated has been, that the flies take
the thread-nets for spiders’ nets or webs, and as they are led by their
instinct to avoid the latter, they equally avoid the former. Several
objections, however, may be urged against this explanation. In the
first place, judging from the numbers of flies which are constantly
caught in spiders’ nets and webs, it may be doubted whether they
are endowed with any peculiar instinct leading them to avoid these
snares. In the second place, supposing the existence of such an in-
stinct, this feeling should lead the common house-fly chiefly to avoid
the horizontal webs of the house-spider (Aranea domestica, Linn.), to
which the thread-nets have noresemblance. And, thirdly, supposing
its instinct to be equally directed against the concentric-circled nets
of the garden-spider (Keira Diadema) to which the thread-nets have
a greater, though still but a remote similarity, it is unaccountable how
the having a thorough light in the room should dispel the apprehen-
sion of the fly, since this very circumstance would make the thread-
nets more closely to resemble these spiders’ concentric nets, which
are usually fixed in open places with a free admission of light on
each side.
But in truth it is premature to speculate as to the motives of the
actions of the flies until the facts have been with this view more care-
fully observed by professed entomologists, and it is chiefly in the
hope that some of the members of the Entomological Society wiil
direct their attention to the subject in the course of the ensuing
autumn, that I have thrown together these hasty and imperfect no-
tices. The points to which it is most important to advert would
seem to be, the thickness and colour of the threads, whether those
of a dark are as effectual as those of a light colour, and the result of
substituting for them thick cord or worsted; the size of the meshes,
6 Mr. Spence on the Italian Mode, &€.
and the ascertaining the extreme width at which they cease to have
effect; how far mere horizontal threads are as effectual as a net-
~ work of both vertical and horizontal ones, &c.: and by observations
on these points and various others which will suggest themselves,
and especially by carefully watching the motions of the flies on the
outside of the windows, as to their approaching or avoiding the net,
and their different conduct when a thorough light is admitted, there
can be little doubt that some approach may be made to a solution of
the question, whether their movements in this case are influenced by
pure instinct or by reason and calculation, and thus some valuable
additions be made to the metaphysics of entomology, that branch of
the science which, as I began by observing, has been hitherto so
much neglected, but is in itself so highly interesting.
Another point, too, to which it seems desirable to pay attention is
as to the precise species of flies which have this dread of passing
through a net. It seems probable, from the facts stated, that not
merely the common house-fly (Musca domestica), which chiefly swarms
in our apartments, but the other species of the same genus which in
smaller number intermingle with them, as well as Stomoxys calci-
trans, which from its attacks on our legs is often a greater pest, and,
indeed, the dipterous tribes in general, are all equally deterred from
traversing this imaginary boundary. But before this supposition
can be fully adopted, more exact observations than have yet been
made require to be instituted, and it would also be desirable to have
similar experiments made as to the house-flies of America and other
hot countries, in which it is probable that in the same way as our
common sparrow (Fringilla domestica, Linn.) is replaced in Italy by
another species (F’. cisalpina, Temm.), which to an ordinary observer
seems identical with ours, but is really distinct, the prevalent house-
fly may be a species nearly allied to Musca domestica, which it re-
places, but distinct from it.
I shall conclude my remarks with briefly adverting to the con-
nexion, alluded to in the introductory paragraphs, which has been
unexpectedly found to exist between this subject and a topic of clas-
sical criticism. On mentioning the facts above recorded, when I
first learnt them at Florence, to my family circle, my eldest son ob-
served that he recollected a passage in Herodotus in which a similar
statement was made as to gnats, and fetching the volume, he pointed
out the chapter in which the father of history distinctly says, that
certain Egyptian fishermen defended themselves at night from the
gnats by covering their beds with the nets which they had used in
the day for fishing, and through which these insects, though they bit
through linen or woollen, did not even attempt to bite. But as to
Mr. W. B. Spence on a Passage in Herodotus. ii
enter fully into this matter would at present occupy too much of the
Society’s time, on which I have already trespassed longer than J
originally meant, and as, besides, it will be best that he to whom this
unexpected coincidence first occurred should himself explain the sub-
ject in detail, I shall leave it to him to lay before the Society the
passage in question, and such comments as it may suggest, at a fu-
ture meeting.
II. Remarks on the Passage in Herodotus referred to in
Mr. Spencr’s Paper, read at the April Meeting. By
W.B.Spence, Hsq., M.E.S. France, For. Sec. Ent. Soc.
[Read May 5, 1834. ]
I sxc leave to lay before the Society a few remarks on the passage
of Herodotus referred to in my father’s late paper, which was brought
to my recollection on hearing him mention that flies were kept out
of houses at Florence by merely having a net stretched across the
windows.
The passage in question occurs in the second book of Herodotus,
in which, after having given a general description of the customs,
manners, and religion of the Egyptians, he goes on to describe the
natural history of the country, and forms the 95th chapter, which is
as follows :
95. pos 02 robs xdbywmas adbbovous ovras Tad THI EoTs Meunavy=
, \ \ , 9 ~ « 4 Nae ¢ « / ? / >
Prev. TOUS MEV TH AV THY EAEWY OIXEOVTAS OF TUpyo! wWhsAeOUTs, ES
ods ayabulvovres xoimeovTas of yap xovwmes Ord TéY cvemwy OUx clot
(eens) G ~ / ~ x \ Me, aay, / > \ ~
TE clot OYod meTeoOas. ToIos Os meph TA AEH OlxzouT! THOE avT) Ta
7 > \ , 2e5 Fi SLE AN SAL F, 2 t W
TUPYRY AAAL MEULYNKAVYTAL TAS aYND aUTEWY &upibanor poy EXTYT Aly
TH THs mev Hugons ins dypedes, THY OF vUxTa Trade AUTH paras ev TH
avamavetas xolTy’ melt Tadtyy ioryos TO auhibAnrrpov, xal emeite
ev0Uc, Um attra xabeddes. of OF xa HY mev ev imation everareamevo
gs a eVOEL. Ob Ve XmVOTEC, HY Mev EV iMaTIC IE CLLEVIS
e xn / A 4 J Ny \ -~ 4 BENS ~
ev0y } oivd0vs, Qik ToUTWY DaxvouTI® ih OF TOD OinTdoU OvdE mEIpwyTc
> ly
AEX NV.
Of the above passage the following is a translation, which I have
made as literal as possible; but that there may be no doubt of its
general accuracy I have compared it with the various translations
of Schweighauser, Larcher, and Beloe, with which in substance it
exactly agrees :
a) Mr. Ww. B. Spence on a Passage in Herodotus.
« But against the gnats, being in great numbers, these are the
means they have invented: the towers are of service to those who
inhabit the upper parts of the marshes, and ascending into them, they
sleep there, for the gnats, on account of the winds, are not able to fly
high. But those who live around the marshes have invented other
means instead of towers. Every man of them possesses a casting-
net, with which during the day he catches fishes, and at night he
makes use of it in the bed where he reposes, round which he places
the net, and then, having crept under it, he sleeps. But the gnats,
if he sleeps wrapped up in a woollen or linen garment, bite through
these, but through the net they do not even attempt to bite.”
From this passage, then, it is clear that Herodotus affirms the same
fact with regard to the Egyptian Conopes (which, both from what he
says of their frequenting marshes and biting by night and the re-
cieved interpretation of the word, there can be no doubt were one
or more species of gnat, musquitoe, or Culer,) as has been observed
of the house-fly, namely, that they will not pass through the meshes
of a net although the space is sufficiently large to admit them. If
Herodotus had mentioned merely a net, one might have supposed that
he meant some very thin gauze or other net-like substance, such as
the gnat-curtains are made of at the present day; but he says it
was a casting-net (@ugiSayersov) used by fishermen, and must have
had meshes much wider than sufficient to admit a gnat; nor, I think,
can there be even a shadow of doubt on this head, when we consider
that he adds that they bite through linen and woollen coverings, and
yet do not even attempt to bite through the net ; which circumstance
seems to prove that he was struck with this as a curious fact, which he
imparts to his readers in his usual concise manner. It will also be
seen from the expression used, that the net was not merely laid on
the bed as a covering, but sustained by some support, (as a pole or
bedstead,) so as to form a kind of tent, into which form the casting-
net from its shape could be easily arranged, and under which the fisher-
men then crept, and thus slept secure from their formidable as-
sailants. This is also the meaning attributed to the passage in
Schweighzuser, who says, ‘‘ lecte circumponit rete, deinde subrepens
sub illo dormit.” Thus it would seem that the beds so covered
agreed in all essential points with the Florentine rooms, of which
the open windows had nets stretched across them, the gnats in the
one case being asserted by Herodotus to be kept out under nearly
the same circumstances as the flies are known to be excluded in the
other.
But here an objection may arise : May not this coincidence be ac-
cidental? Can we be sure that if flies are excluded by nets, gnats
Mr. W. B. Spence on a Passage in Herodotus. 9
will be so also? In short, can we warrant the conclusion that the
assertion of Herodotus is correct ? And, until the experiment has been
fairly made, we cannot be certain that gnats will be excluded from
beds as flies are from rooms. But at the same time, judging from
analogy, and the great improbability that so unusual a mode of de-
fence, and one so unlikely @ priori to be effectual, should have been a
mere fiction without a foundation of truth, there seem strong grounds
for believing the fact to be as stated by Herodotus ; and that though,
as is well known to people who live in hot climates, gnats soon find
their way through holes in gauze curtains, yet it is very probable
that they may be afraid of venturing through a net, just as this last
is sufficient to keep out flies, though we know that they will creep
through the linen sides of a meat-safe. And thus the father of hi-
story may be found to be as correct in this passage as Geoffroy de
St. Hilaire has shown him to be in the history of a bird (Charadrius
Egypticus of Hasselquist) taking the gnats out of the mouth of the
crocodile, which was deemed a mere fable until fully confirmed by
the evidence of this naturalist when in Egypt. (Vide ‘ Déscription
de Egypte,’ Histoire Naturelle, tom.i. p. 198—205.)
If it shall be proved by experiment, as seems not unlikely, that a
person in bed may protect himself against the attacks of gnats merely
by stretching a wide-meshed net over the place where he lies, it may
be regretted that this simple fact related by Herodotus as known to
the Egyptian fishermen 2300 years ago, has been so long over-
looked, and remained in reality quite unknown. Adopting this sim-
ple mode of protection, a traveller in marshy districts would have
only to provide himself with a piece of netting three yards long and
a yard wide, not taking up, when rolled, more than a few square inches
of his trunk, and throwing this over a slight support of a few pieces
of cane or whalebone equally portable, he would be secure from at-
tack, though the net were but a few inches above his body, and the
width of the meshes would not offer the slightest impediment to re-
spiration and the free circulation of the air; whereas it is almost out
of the question to use a piece of muslin or gauze in the same manner at
a slight elevation above the body, on account of the suffocating heat
that would ensue; and if, in order to obviate this, the traveller were
to carry with him common gauze curtains, as now in use, sufficiently
spacious to inclose the whole bed, the time and trouble required in
arranging and applying them would often be such as even to deter
him from making use of them, and to make him prefer taking his
chance without any defence.
If there is thus cause for regret that this fact, which appears so im-
portant, should have been so long and so completely overlooked, it
10 Mr. W. B. Spence on a Passage in Herodotus.
seems not less to be wondered at that the passage in Herodotus which
announces it should have been so little noticed by commentators, not
one of whom seems to have been struck with the singularity of his
statements, which, whether correct or not, equally required observa-
tion. One would think that in reading this passage it must have
seemed to them rather strange that a casting-net whose meshes must
have been wide enough to admit several gnats at a time should yet be
asserted by Herodotus to be a sufficient defence from them, though
they bit through either linen or woollen ; and one may be well sur-
prised that whilst they have spent pages on passages far less curious,
they should pass this over with a mere reference to Juvenal or
Horace where these authors allude to the conopeum, or gnat-cur-
tain.
The fact seems that all these commentators have been led astray
by the word conopeum, confounding the casting-net of the Egyptian
fishermen with the gnat-curtain of the Romans, which both from the
definitions given of it, ‘‘ linum tenuissimis maculis nectum,” (“ thread
knitted together in very fine meshes,”) and from the use as banners,
to which Horace supposed it applied,
“ Interque signa (turpe !) militaria
Sol aspicit conopeum,” (Epod. lib. ix. ode 9.)
was evidently of a texture resembling our muslin or gauze. If,
therefore, they had been duly struck by the passage, they ought either
to have shown how it was that a casting-net could exclude gnats as
effectually as gauze, or else, that in point of fact the texture of both
was the same, the casting-net having, notwithstanding the apparent
absurdity of the supposition, meshes so small as to prevent gnats
from coming through them, or, on the other hand, the conopeum
though applicable for a banner, having meshes as large as a casting-
net. But nothing of this kind has been attempted in the way of
explanation by Schweighzeuser, Larcher, Baehr, or any of the com-
mentators I have consulted, who all seem to regard the conopeum, or
gnat-curtain, to be the same as the amphiblestron of Herodotus, when
in fact, except in the advantages derived from each, they have no
more similarity than the paper bags used for covermg grapes have
with a cherry-tree nett.
In concluding these imperfect remarks, I hope, in order to put be-
yond question the accuracy, or the contrary, of the statement of He-
+ Ina curious poetical tract, entitled ‘An Epistle from the Fens to Mr. ** *
* ** at Rome,” dated May 1, 1727, which my friend the Rev. F. W. Hope, F.R.S.,
purchased at Mr. Heber’s late sale, and which he has had the goodness to show me
since the above was written, the author falls into the same error with all the com-
Descriptions of new exotic Coleoptera. ll
rodotus, that such of the members of the Entomological Society as
may have an opportunity will make experiments as to the efficacy of
nets in excluding gnats from beds, noticing particularly whether the
result be affected by the circumstance of the room being light or
dark, or by the colour of the threads or the size of the meshes; and
I trust also that such entomologists as may hereafter travel in Egypt
will direct their attention both as to the exact species of gnats which
may abound there, and as to the fact whether the fishermen still de-
fend themselves from them in the mode pointed out by Herodotus.
Ill. Descriptions of some hitherto uncharacterized exotic
Coleoptera, chiefly from New Holland. By the Rev. FP.
W. Hore, W4., FHS. £.8., Se.
{Read December 2, 1833.]
Order COLEOPTERA.
Family Gyrinipz?
Avetororus*, Hope. (Genus novum.)
Antenne 1\\-articulate, articulo lmo maximo, 2do minori rotun-
dato, 3tio parvo, tenui, hoc et reliquis clavam elongato-oyalem,
compressam efformantibus.
Caput breve in thoracem ad oculos immersum.
Labrum transversum, margine antico fere recto.
mentators in referring, in the following lines, to the passage of Herodotus in ques~
tion, which he quotes:
“ See with delight the great relief appears,
Known by the fame of twice a thousand years ;
See the close net of size immense and deep
Flows round the bed and guards the dome of sleep.
What though the gnats incessant wave their wings,
Vain their efforts, and harmless are their stings.
Soon as their swarms the adverse bound beset,
Checked they retire, nor pass the impervious net.”
He here, like the commentators, regards the modern gnat-curtain as precisely
identical with the amphiblestron of Herodotus, without giving himself the trouble
to point out how his epithets ‘close’ and ‘impervious’ could be applicable to a
casting-net.
* Zdnros incertus, et roaos locus.
12 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Descriptions
Mandibule valid, cornee, externe convex, apice subacute, in-
terne dentibus binis obtusis armatz.
Mazville lobo interno acuto, falciformi, ciliis rigidis interne armato ;
lobo externo palpiformi, 2-articulato.
Palpi mazillares breves, 4-articulati ; articulis tribus prioribus equa-
libus; ultimo ovato, truncato.
Mentum magnum, corneum, valde emarginatum; dente medio obtuso.
Palpi labiales 3-articulati, articulo lmo minimo, 2do paullo majori,
3tioque maximo truncato.
Corpus parvum, oblongum, antice posticeque rotundatum.
Thorax conicus, antice abrupte truncatus, parte postica latitudinem
elytrorum equante; ad latera valde deflexus.
Prosternum acutum, inter pedes anticos protensum.
Pedes breves; femoribus oyato-dilatatis, tibiarum basin fossula re-
cipientibus.
Tarsi simplices, 5-articulati, longitudine tibias equantes. Ungues
recti.
Adelotopus Gyrinoides. Plate I. fig. 1.
Ater, nitidus ; marginibus thoracis pedibusque piceis.
Long. corp. lin. 23, lat. lin. 1.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia.
Caput atrum. Thorax concolor, marginibus lateralibus parum re-
flexis piceis. Elytra marginata, abrupte truncata, sparsim punc-
tulata; punctis, sub lente, parum distinctis. Corpus infra nigrum,
nitidum ; segmentis abdominis postice, pedibusque piceis.
This singular insect was sent to me from the Swan River settle-
ment in New Holland. It seems to unite in itself the characters of
several families. From the tarsi it is referrible to the Pentamera,
whilst its general appearance and clavate antennz place it among
the Necrophaga. By the subcontractile legs, (for the bent tibie are
not entirely concealed within the femora,) it is allied to Byrrhide,
but the leading character afforded by the maxille evinces a near
affinity with the Entomophaga, amongst which the Gyrinide must
be considered the nearest in proximity, Gyrinus bicolor, Fab., some-
what approaching this insect in form.
Family Byrruip2.
Microcuaztes*, Hope. (Genus novum.)
Antenne 11-articulat, clavate, articulo Imo magno, 2do paullo mi-
* pixoos parvus, et xcairn capillus.
of new exotic Coleoptera. 13
nore, quinque proximis longitudine decrescentibus, 8vo paulle
latiori cyathiformi, binis proximis lunulatis, ultimo maximo
conico ovato.
Labrum breve, transversum, antice ciliatum.
Mandibule trigonz apice 3-dentatz, sinu interno infra dentes mem-
branaceo.
Maville \obis binis valde ciliatis, interno breviori.
Palpi mavzillares 4-articulati, lmo brevi, 2do duplo longiori, 3tio
brevi, ultimo elongato ovato.
Mentum transversum antice vix emarginatum.
Labium membranaceum, basi dilatatum, apice rotundatum.
Palpi labiales 3-articulati, breves, articulo ultimo binis precedentibus
conjunctim quali.
Corpus orbiculare, setulis obsitum.
Pedes breves, compressi, contractiles ; femoribus dilatatis, posticis
solummodo versus basin dente obtuso externe armatis.
This insect approaches in its antennz and setose body to the genus
Nosodendron, but the oral structure is more nearly allied to that of
Byrrhus. The 3 basal joints of the tarsi are strongly ciliated, while
the 4th is naked, and seems almost incorporated with the 5th joint.
The tubercles on the thorax and elytra are formed of short rigid hairs.
Microchetes sphericus. Plate I. fig. 2.
Totum corpus supra nigrum, fusco tomentosum ; pedibus piceis.
Long. corp. lin. 2, lat. lin. 13.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia apud Swan River.
Clypeus rotundatus, subtiliter punctulatus. Thorax 4 tuberculis
notatus, medio dorsi fere positis. Elytra tuberculis horrentia,
tuberculis triplici serie dispositis. Corpus subtus concolor.
Family ELarerip&.
Macromatocera*, Westwood MSS. (Genus novum.)
Antenne corpore paullo longiores, compressz, 12-articulate, arti-
culo 1mo crasso, binis proximis minutis equalibus fere rotun-
datis, 3tio autem supra basin articuli sequentis extenso, reliquis
longitudine zqualibus, depressis, apice singuli interne acute
paullo producto, ultimo apice subconico.
Mandibule falcatee, apice acute, basi excavate.
* wuxoos longus, oearos planus, et F
TUS, opeuros planus, et xteus cornu.
i4 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Descriptions
Labrum sublunulatum.
Maville parve, subquadrate, externe longe pilosz, lobo unico apicali
fere trigono tomentoso.
Palpi mavillares 4-articulati, breves, articulo 1mo minimo, reliquis
zequalibus, apice latioribus, ultimo autem subtrigono truncato.
Palpi labiales in scapos duos inserti, 3-articulati, articulis fere equa-
libus rotundatis, apicali autem paullo majori.
Mentum transverso-quadratum, antice medio parum producto.
Labium parvum, subrotundatum.
Prosternum acutum, in foveola mesosterni receptum.
Pedes longissimi, tarsique tibiis longiores.
Macromalocera Ceramboides, Hope. Plate I. fig. 3.
Flava, elytris concoloribus lineato-punctatis.
Long. corp. lin. 11, lat. lin. 2.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia.
Antenne compresse. Caput foveola inter oculos impressa. Thorax
marginatus, subconyexus, angulis posticis paullo elongatis, an-
tice posticeque capillis aurantiis obsitus. Scutellum atrum.
Elytra lineato-punctata, pubescentia. Corpus infra concolor,
tarsis subtus auricomatis.
Macromalocera cenosa, Hope.
.Preecedenti affinis. Corpus supra infraque fuscum ; antennis,
sutura, marginibusque elytrorum flavescentibus.
Long. lin. 11, lat. lin. 2.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat cum preecedenti.
This insect, as well as the former species, was sent to England by
Captain Roe from the vicinity of the Swan River. None of the
Elateride approach them in the length of the antennz, from which
I have chiefly drawn the generic characters ; and I think it is not im-
probable that Buprestide, somewhat, approaching this genus, will
eventually be found in the same wonderful country.
Family TENEBRIONIDS.
Scorazus*, Hope. (Genus novum.)
Antenne subpectinate, ante oculos sub margine capitis inserte, 11-
articulate, articulo Imo crasso, 2do brevi minimo, 3tio binis an-
* gcuorass tenebricosus.
of new exotic Coleoptera. 15
terioribus fere equanti, septem proximis trigonis, apicibus acute
productis, ultimo paullo minore.
Maville \obo externo magno, inermi, ciliato, interno parvo.
Palpi mazillares 4-articulati, articulo 1mo parvo, 2do duplo longiori,
3tio parvo fere cyathiformi, ultimo securiformi maximo.
Prosternum inter pedes anticos acute productum et in carinam meso-
stern receptum.
Metasternum inter pedes intermedios obtuse productum.
Caput fere quadratum, angulis anticis acutis rotundatis.
Labrum transversum, antrorsum pilosum.
Oculi reniformes, septo antice subdiviso.
Pedes mediocres. Tarsi articulo ultimo valde elongato.
Scoteus Corallipes. Plate I. fig. 4.
Niger, antennis subpectinatis, femoribus tibiisque rubro-corallinis
tarsisque atris.
Long. corp. lin. 9, lat. lin. 33.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Java.
Labrum antice pilosum. Caput punctatum, oculisaureo-micantibus.
Thorax convexus, punctis numerosis irregulariter sparsis, fossulé
media parum distincta, medio dorsi ad scutellum decurrente.
Elytra nigra, lineato-punctata. Corpus infra atrum nitidum,
femoribus tibiisque rubro-corallinis, tarsisque nigris infra pu-
bescentibus. Antenne nigre.
Family Curcunionip&.
Lopnotus, Schonherr.
Loph. nodipennis, Hope. Plate I. fig. 5.
Ater, rostro canaliculato postice niveo, elytris unituberculatis,
maculaque albida inter tuberculas et apicem posita.
Long. corp. lin. 10, lat. lin, 24.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat apud Conception Americ Meridionalis.
Caput nigrum, rostro brevi in medio canaliculato, postice capillis
albidis obsito. Inter oculos spinz due atrz serie setarum con-
structe. Thorax cylindricus, antice constrictus, subtilissime
punctatus. Elytra striato-punctata, postice spina elevata acuta
utrinque armata. Maculaalba fere trigona utrinque inter spinas
et apicem elytrorum extensa. Corpus infra nigrum, maculis
argentatis notatum. Pedes nigri, femoribus incrassatis postice-
que albo marginatis.
This singularly formed insect was brought by Mr. H. Cuming
16 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Descriptions
from Conception: it belongs to the genus Lophotus, Schonherr, to
whom I sent it, with another new species, named by me L. tri-
fasciatus, also from Valparaiso. In the second volume of Schonherr’s
work, one species only is given, viz. L. Eschscholtzii. The Curculio
Vitulus, Fab., however, must be considered as the type of the genus,
which consequently comprises four distinct species.
Family Prionrp2.
Prionus, Fabricius.
Prionus pilosicollis. Plate II. fig. 1.
Piceus ; thorace bidentato, dentibus postice arcuatis, piloso; anten-
nis pedibusque rubro-piceis.
Long. corp. lin. 124, lat. lin. 6.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia apud Swan River.
Antenne compress, rubro-picez,fere longitudine corporis. Caput
punctulatum, antice densius pubescens. ‘Thorax capillis elongatis
auratis obsitus, utrinque postice dente acuto, retrorsum arcuato
armatus. LElytra serie irregulari punctorum excavatorum in-
sculpta. Corpus infra aureo-pilosum. Pedes rubro-picei; tibiis
externe spinosis, anticis arcuatis.
Family Lamimp2x.
Decartruria*, Hope. (Genus novum.)
Antenne corpore longiores, 10-articulate, articulo 1mo crasso, 2do
minimo, reliquis longitudine equalibus, ultimo apice acuto.
Caput supra breve, facie transverso-quadrata, oculisque quatuor in-
signita, binis supra basin antennarum positis, binisque majoribus
lateralibus.
Labrum semirotundatum, ciliatum.
Mandibule subfalcate, acute, basi incisura notate.
Palpi mazillares 4-articulati, articulo 1mo minimo, 2do precedenti
duplo longiori, 3tio fere trigono, ultimo elongato conico acuto,
tribus primis longitudine «quali.
Mazille \obis duobus elongatis apice ciliatis.
Mentum breve, transversum.
Labium productum, basi angustatum, apice ciliatum.
Palpi labiales 3-articulati, articulo 1mo minimo, binis sequentibus
fere sequalibus, ultimo apice conico.
Decarthria Stephensii, Guilding’s MSS. Plate II. fig. 2.
Pallide testacea, antennis variegatis elytrisque nigro maculatis.
* dex decem, agbeoy articulus.
of new exotic Coleoptera. lj
Long. corp. lin. 3, lat. lin. 4.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Insula Sancti Vincentii Indiz Occidentalis.
Antenne corpore longiores, testacez ; articulis (secundo excepto)
apice nigricantibus. Caput flavum. Thorax margine anteriori
flavo, disco postice fuscanti. Elytra testacea, basi punctata,
humeris medio prominentibus, nigro maculata, macula obscura
media magna quadrata, 2da apicali 3tiaque intermedia minori.
Corpus infra fusco-testaceum, tibiis anticis emarginatis, inter-
mediis unispinosis.
This is the smallest Capricorn insect that has come under my no-
tice.
It appears closely allied to the genus Mesosa of Megerle, from
which I have separated it, as the antenne have only ten articulations,
whereas the latter has eleven. It was captured in the Island of
St. Vincent’s by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, and named in ho-
nour of J. Francis Stephens, Esq. The eyes are similar to those of
the genus Tetraopes; and the incrassated legs, with regard to the size
of the insect, are remarkable.
Srenoverus, Dejean.
Stenoderus Roei. Plate II. fig. 3.
Niger; thorace antice constricto, elytris rubris, antennis in medio
penicillatis.
Long. corp. lin. 10, lat. lin. 2.
In museo’ Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia apud Swan River.
Caput porrectum, nigrum, inter oculos canaliculatum. Mandibule
atre, acute. Antenne nigre, articulo basilari longo, apice-
que crassiori, tertio fasciculo pilorum ornato. ‘Thorax antice
angustatus, constrictus, utrinque subspinosus, supra tubercu-
latus. Scutellum atrum, postice rotundatum. Elytra rubra,
elevato-quadrilineata. Corpus subtus nigrum, nitidum ; pedi-
bus concoloribus.
The following species belong to the genus Stenoderus, viz.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stenoderus suturalis, Oliv. East Indies.
yee: Fab. Cerambyz, Syst. Eleuth. 2. 275.
ceramboides, Kirby.
concolor, M’L.
Roei, Hope.
I have named this last species in honour of Lieut. Roe, R.N.,
whose arduous services in surveying the coasts of Australia will be
more properly appreciated as that country becomes better known.
VOU. I. c
18 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Descriptions
5. Stenoderus pulcher.
Flavus; antennis nigris, elytrisque postice cyaneis.
Long. lin. 64, lat. lin. 2.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia.
Caput porrectum, supra et subtus flavum. Antenne nigra. Thorax
obscure flavus. Scutellum concolor, postice rotundatum. Ely-
tra basi aurantia, apice ceerulea, nitida, elevato-quadrilineata.
Corpus infra cyaneum, nitidum; femoribus quatuor anticis flavis;
tibiis tarsisque nigris ; pedibus posticis concoloribus.
I perfectly agree with Mr. Kirby that this genus recedes from the
Eepturide: it belongs undoubtedly to the Cerambycide, and ap-
pears to have some affinity with the South American Rhinotragus of
Dalman and Cosmius of Klug; it agrees with both in regard to the
produced head, and with the latter in having the antennz some-
times penicillated.
Tracocerus, Dejean.
Tragocerus Spencii. Plate II. fig. 4.
Aurantius ; thorace nigro elytrisque nigro-bifasciatis.
Long. lin. 16, lat. lin. 44.
In museo Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia.
Caput antice rufo-piceum, medio pilis flavescentibus ornatum, fo-
veolatum, posticeque atrum. Antennz setacez, elytris breviores,
rufo-picee. Thorax ater, nitidus, subvillosus, ad latera pilis
flavescentibus indutus, marginibusque lateralibus in medio sub-
unidentatis. Scutellum atrum. Elytra abdomine longiora, apice
angustiora, dehiscentia, truncato-subemarginata; sutura lineis-
que quatuor in utroque elevatis longitudinalibus, quarum ex-
terior vix distincta, bin sequentes equales e humeris ad apicem
extense quartaque interna e latere scutelli decurrens et paullo
ante apicem terminata. Elytra parum nitida, fascia media nigra
deflexa, secunda postica latiori. ‘Thorax subtus et pectus atra,
cinereo-pubescentia. Abdomen antice posticeque rufo-piceum,
segmentis tribus internis nigris nitidis. Segmenta basi utrinque
albo-maculata, ultimo solummodo excepto rufo.
I have considered this very beautiful insect as not unworthy to
bear the name of our distinguished countryman and Honorary Mem-
ber, William Spence, Esq., F.R.S. &c., whose labours, in con-
junction with those of our Honorary President, have tended to give
of new exotic Coleoptera. 19
to our favourite science the greatly increased degree of general at-
tention with which it is now regarded.
I propose dividing Tragocerus into two sections, viz.
a. Elytris apice bidentatis.
B. Elytris apice rotundatis.
These characters, however, it is to be observed, may hereafter be
ascertained to be sexual instead of sectional.
To the former section belong,
1. bidentatus, Don.
2. Spencii, Hope.
3. flavicomus, Hope. (Sp. nov.)
4. Lepidopterus, Schreibers.
To the latter belong,
5. fasciatus, Don.
6. sulphurifer, Hope.
Pacnytocrrus*, Hope. (Genus novum.)
Antenne crass, elytris breviores, 11-articulatee, articulo 1mo maxi-
mo, 2do minimo, tribus sequentibus fere rotundatis, quinque
proximis subtrigonis apice interno productis subpubescentibus,
ultimo fere ovali, apice subarticulato.
Caput quadratum, angulis posticis rotundatis, antice canaliculatum,
lineis binis elevatis, clypeo excavato, posticeque foved inter
oculos et antennas fortiter impressa.
Labrum parvum, transversum, antice subemarginatum.
Mandibule breves, interne dentate.
Palpi mazillares breves, articulis tribus primis equalibus, ultimo
magno, conico, apice truncato.
Palpi labiales articulis duobus basalibus zqualibus, tertio magno
conico, apice truncato.
Mentum breve transversum.,
Thorax antice posticeque constrictus, transverse rugosus.
Prosternum inter pedes anticos paullo productum.
Pachylocerus corallinus. Plate II. fig. 5.
Rubro-corallinus ; thorace rugoso nigro-maculato, elytris rubris
vittisque nigris variegatis.
Long. lin. 13, lat. lin. 34.
In museo Dom. Smee.
Habitat in India Orientali.
Antenne rubro-ferruginez, articulo 2do nigro, duobus proximis
® wagcuros Crassus, xtgus COPNU.
G2
20
Descriptions of new exotic Coleoptera.
apice nigricantibus, reliquis colore pallidiori saturatis. Thorax
ruber, rugosus, antice et postice linea nigra elevata marginatus,
dorso maculis binis atris oblongis notatus. Scutellum nigrum.
Elytra rubra, sutur4, marginibus lateralibus, e medio disci ad
apicem nigricantibus, vittisque duabus nigris notata, vitta in-
terna basi interruptéa. Corpus subtus atrum, thorace rubro,
abdomine nigricante. Pedes rubro-coralline femoribus apice
nigris, geniculisque concoloribus.
This singular insect inhabits the vicinity of Omlecope Dawar in
the East Indies, and was captured on a prickly thorn by Captain
Smee, from whose cabinet it is described. Cerambyz crassicornis,
Olivier, is the only species allied to it, the locality of which is not
given by that author; I have little hesitation, however, in asserting
it to be an Indian species.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
Note.—The line placed near some of the insects indicates their natural length.
PLATE I.
Fig. 1. <Adelotopus Gyrinoides, magnified. 1 a. The under side of the insect.
1 b. The under side of the head. 1c. Labrum. 1 d. Mandible.
te. Maxilla. 1 f. Labium. 1 g. Antenna. 1h. The same,
seen sideways. 1 i. Prothorax and fore legs, seen from the front.
1k. The intermediate legs. 1 7. The hind pair of legs.
Fig. 2. Microchetes sphericus, magnified. 2a. Labrum. 200. Mandibles.
2c. Lower parts of the mouth. 2d. Antenna. 2 e. Fore leg.
2 f. Ditto, folded up. 2g. Hind leg.
Fig. 3. Macromalocera Ceramboides, natural size. 3 a. Under side of the front
of the body. 3. Frontofhead. 3c. Maxilla. 3d. Labrum and
its parts. 3 e. Extremity of tarsus and ungues.
Fig. 4. Scotus corallipes, natural size. 4a. Under side of the pro- and meso-
thorax. 40, Maxilla. 4c, Antenna.
Fig. 5. Lophotus nodipennis, natural size. 5 a. The head, seen sideways.
PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Prionus pilosicollis, natural size. 1a. Under side of the front of the head.
Fig. 2. Decarthria Stephensii, magnified. 2 a. Head, seen from the front.
2b. Ditto, sideways. 2c, Labrum. 2d. Mandible. 2 e. Maxilla.
2 f. Labium and its parts. 2 g. The insect, of the natural size.
Fig. 3. Stenoderus Roei, natural size. 3a. Front of head. 3 0. Under side of
ditto.
Fig. 4. Tragocerus Spencii, natural size. 4 a. Front of head, from above.
4 b. Ditto, from beneath, showing the parts of the mouth. 4c. Maxilla.
Fig. 5. Packylocerus corallinus, natural size. 5a. Frontofhead. 5 0. Un-
der side of ditto. 5c. Prosternum.
Mr. R. H. Lewis on Apple Blight. 24
IV. Explanation of the sudden appearance of the Weh-
spinning Blight of the Apple, Hawthorn, §c. By R. H.
Lewis, Esq., MES.
[Read January 6, 1834.]
TuERE is, perhaps, no “blight” which, in its later stages, has at-
tracted more attention, or the devastation caused by which is so
well known, as that which infests the apple, whitethorn, and various
other trees; yet, as far as I have been able to ascertain, its early
history has hitherto been veiled in obscurity. ‘The ceconomy of the
species of insect to which it is attributable was fully investigated
during the last season by my brother, E. W. Lewis; but his death
and my not being able to find his notes, prevent that minute detail
which would otherwise have been given. The following observations
haye been drawn up from some notes which I made at the time.
The mother moth (Yponomeuta padella, Linn.,) deposits her eggs
in the preceding year, generally on the small twigs, and chiefly on
their under surface, in a circular patch about 1+ line in diameter,
which she covers over with a strong gluten, at first of a pale yellow,
but which is afterwards, by the action of the atmosphere and rain,
changed to a dark brown, very closely resembling the bark of the
tree, and is then very difficult to be distinguished from it.
The eggs hatch early in the autumn%*, and the larve remain in
confinement during the whole winter, under the covering which is
formed by the gluten and egg-shells. If we now raise up one of
these excrescences we shall find it hollow inside, and containing two
dozen or more larve, of a pale yellow colour, with the head and a
corneous plate on the first segment black, and about half or two
thirds of a line long. In these receptacles they increase somewhat in
size; the bark of the tree beneath is moist and green, but whether,
or in what manner, they derive nourishment from it I am at a loss
to say.
About the time that the trees are coming into leaf they make their
escape; but they do not now commence spinning webs,—they can-
not yet eat the epidermis of the leaves, and they require some pro-
tection from the cold and rain, which their tender frames are not
yet fitted to endure; to effect which they mine into the leaves, eating
the parenchyma only, and leaving the epidermis untouched.
* The exact time I did not ascertain: I found them hatched the beginning
of October.
22 Mr. R. H. Lewis on Apple Blight.
Having acquired sufficient strength to withstand the vicissitudes
of the atmosphere, and to devour the epidermis of the leaves, they
make their way out, and the anxious gardener, who has hitherto
only observed the brownness of the leaves, caused by the mining,
but which is by him attributed to the withering blast of an easterly
wind, is astounded when he perceives myriads of caterpillars swarm-
ing on the trees, and proceeding with alarming rapidity in their de-
vastating course. The fact of their mining sufficiently explains the
reason of their sudden appearance: it shows how one day not a
single caterpillar may be visible on the trees, and the next they may
be swarming with larve of so large a size as to rebut the idea of
their having been recently hatched. Various conjectures have been
made to explain this puzzling fact, but it is unnecessary for me now
to detail them. Even had the naturalist detected them in the leaves,
he would scarcely have thought them the same, their present habits
differing so much from those which they afterwards assume; in
addition to which they are now of a yellowish colour, though they
become darker at each change of skin. It is in this state that I
would recommend their destruction, by gathering and burning every
leaf which by its outward appearance betrays the internal ravages.
Their nests are so difficult to discover that searching for them seems
entirely out of the question, and I am much afraid that could any
wash be conveniently applied to the small twigs, whatever might be
sufficiently powerful to penetrate the glutinous covering, would at
the same time injure the tree. This, however, I leave to those more
acquainted with practical gardening than myself.
The future proceedings of the insects, while they cover the trees
with their webs, have been so well described by others, and are
altogether so well known, as to need no description here.
Having satiated themselves with the growing hopes of the gar-
dener, who endeavours, but in vain, to stop their destructive career,
they prepare for the pupa state by spinning strong white cocoons of
an ellipsoidal form. I mention this fact because an anonymous
writer has recently given, ina periodical work confined to our fa-
vourite study, an amusing though erroneous account of the habits
of this moth.
In a short time they emerge from their pupe, and may be seen
in the evening, but more particularly in the early morning, flying
by hundreds round those devoted trees which are, in the following
year, to be the scene of similar ravages, unless circumstances for
which we caunot account should prevent their multiplication.
Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Ruphidia. 23
V. Description of the Larva and Pupa of Raphidia Ophi-
opsis. By G. R. Warernouse, Hsq., Curator of the
Entomological Society.
[Read January 6, 1834.]
Rapuipia Oruiorsis Schumel?.
Larva and Pupa. Plate III. fig. 1.
Asove light brown, with longitudinal stripes of a deeper colour ;
beneath yellowish white, with longitudinal brown stripes. Head
and prothorax glossy black. Body 12-jointed.
Length 6—7 lines.
Head elongate, depressed, smooth, with two stemmata in the an-
terior angles near the base of the antenne. Antenne 4-
jointed, the basal joint short and stout; second elongate, cylin-
drical; third equal to the second in length, growing gradually
thicker, but suddenly narrowed towards the apex; terminal
joint slender, elongate, growing gradually thicker to the apex,
which is furnished with short bristly hairs, and a small protu-
berance. Labrum transverse, quadrangular, indistinctly rounded
anteriorly. Clypeus transverse, quadrangular. Ladium minute.
Palpiger triangular. Labial palpus 4-jointed, terminal joint
slender; basal short and cylindrical. Mandibles moderate, armed
with a large acute tooth, not far from the apex, which is rather
elongate and acute. Maville elongate, soft and fleshy; blade
simple. Mazillary palpus 4-jointed, the basal joint short;
second and third moderate, equal; terminal conic, with minute
bristles at the apex.
Body elongate, soft, pubescent, dilated in the middle, and furnished
with six equal and moderately long legs, each with a bifid claw
at the apex. Prothorax corneous, elongate, rounded anteriorly
and posteriorly, the disc depressed.
1a. The larva, magnified. 1b. The under side of the head. 1c. Antenna.
1 d. Labrum. 1 e. Clypeus. 1 f. Palpiger. (Newm.) 1 g. Mandible.
1h. Maxille. 1i. Fore leg. 1 I. Claw of ditto.
It may seem rather unnecessary to add one more to the several
accounts already published of the larva and pupa of Raphidia, espe-
cially since a figure and description of them has very recently ap-
peared in the ‘Magazin de Zoologie’ by M. Percheron; but I was fear-
24 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Raphidia.
ful that the confident manner in which he speaks might put a stop
to further inquiry in a matter which I think not fully investigated.
M. Percheron seems rather hastily to have set aside two of the
greatest authorities, viz. Linneeus and Latreille, who were both ac-
quainted with the larva and pupaof this insect: the latter, who
reared it, states that the remarks of the former are correct, and the
observations which I have made induce me to be of the same opinion.
I insert, for the purpose of comparison, a translation of the de-
scription of M. Percheron. It will be seen, on comparing his de-
scription, and that in which Linneus, Latreille and myself concur,
that much difference existed in the specimens. It is extraordinary
that such a difference should exist, even though they may have been
larvee of different species.
M. Percheron’s account is as follows :—‘‘ The larva lives under
“‘ the bark of trees, where it is sometimes found, but not very com-
“monly; it is carnivorous, and probably feeds upon other small
“ Jarvee of Arachnides and Onisci, which prefer that situation; it does
« not walk very quickly, but the movements of its body are per-
«formed with so much violence, and with such a degree of undula-
“tion, as to give it the appearance of a serpent, to which it has
“been compared. ‘The larva is oblong; the head is nearly square,
«« rounded posteriorly ; the mouth is formed as in the perfect insect ;
“the maxillary palpi are four-jointed; the labial three; the man-
«« dibles are unidentate anteriorly; the eyes are composed of seven
“little black poimts, disposed as follows, viz. six in a circle, and a
“ seventh a little in advance; the antenne are three-jointed, dimi-
‘* nishing progressively in length; the legs are as usual; the femora,
“tibia and tarsi of a single joint each, and are almost equal in
‘‘length, a double claw terminates the last; the anterior legs are
‘«« double the size of the four posterior. The head and the prothorax
«* which forms its only thorax, are of a shining brown; the body is
“of a greenish black, with two yellow bands upon the segments ;
‘‘ the legs, the antenne and the labrum yellowish.
«« After remaining more or less time in the larva state, which it
“* often does during the whole of the winter (in consequence of the
«‘ egos being hatched late in the season), the insect changes into
«* the imago in the same place in which it has lived, without making
“any cocoon, but at this moment there is a delicate operation to
“* be performed. * * % * * **
** This pupa is a true chrysalis, not like that of the Lepidoptera, but
“like that of the Coleoptera: all the parts of the body, without being
attached to each other, are covered with a membrane which hin-
“ders the action, yet the whole body has the same faculty of con-
Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Raphidia. 25
“« torsion and leaping, which the larva practises in so great a degree.
*« Linneeus had said that this pupa was active, but this is a mistake;
“but it is more astonishing that Latreille, who says he has reared
“it, has not mentioned this larva, and has continued, in his subse-
“* quent works, to refer this matter to the observation of Linneus,
** which has been followed by all the other entomologists. The larva
‘* changes to its perfect state at about the end of fifteen days.”
The description M. Percheron gives of the movements of the larva
which he observed very well, agrees with what I have observed in
mine; but, although I have found about a dozen specimens, I never
detected one under, but always in, the bark: this is of some little
consequence; for if the animal eats its way into the bark of the tree,
and there remains, it is unlikely that it feeds upon the Onisci
and Arachnides. Of the fact of the insect’s eating its way into the
bark, I have had an opportunity of being well satisfied, having dis-
covered six or seven specimens in one tree: they had invariably
formed chambers for themselves, close to the outer surface of the
bark; the tree was sound, and tolerably smooth outside. I found
no wood-feeding larve in the tree, nor any traces of them. ‘The
holes made by the Raphidie were so large as to induce me to think
that they had not been elsewhere since leaving the egg. The grains
of wood filling up the parts of the cell not occupied by the insect
had the appearance of having been digested. Upon reaching home
with the larve, I put one into a pill-box, with a small piece of wood,
which it immediately began to bite vehemently, and continued to do
so until I was convinced of its intention. The wood being very
hard, I put the larva into a box with a piece of bark: it crawled
to the under side, and in the course of a day or two had constructed
itself a cell resembling those which I found in the tree.
At the time that I reared the insect (which was some years ago),
thinking that the larva was carnivorous, I put several larvee of Sco-
lytus and other insects in the jar with that of Raphidia, but not one
of them was touched. Lately I have tried the experiment in various
ways. I put two specimens of Raphidia larva into a pill-box, with
several wounded larve; the result was thesame. But with all these
circumstances, which seem to disprove that this animal is carnivorous,
I must confess that I am too reluctant to give up theory to be con-
vinced to the contrary, until I have ascertained that the insect may
be reared upon bark alone*.
M. Latreille’s description of the larva differs from that of M.
* In support of the opinion that the insect in question is not lignivorous, it will
be recollected that the larva is extremely active, that it is provided with long an-
tenne, and that its jaws are not so short and strong as those of insects which are
26 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Raphidia.
Percheron, in the number of joints of the maxillary palpi and
antenne, a difference very easily accounted for in larve; for one
person might consider the peduncle at the base of the antenne as
a joint, whilst another would consider it as a part of the head.
Again, the process at the apex of the antenne, and that at the base
of the third joint, might be considered by some as distinct joints,
whilst others would not be of this opinion. In these cases one
may generally determine by the examination of allied species in
which those parts become most developed. I have considered the
peduncle in this case as a distinct joint, because it is flexible, like
the other joints of the antenne, and of the same substance; the
other parts being very indistinct, and the antennez being usually
four-jointed in larve, I have not considered them as joints. But
in the number of eyes there is a considerable difference, the in-
sect observed by Latreille and myself having two; whilst that by
M. Percheron has seven. In the pupa there is, however, the greatest
difference, the one described by the latter being quiescent, that by
the former active, or possessing the power of locomotion. At the
time of rearing the insect, which was in the year 1827, I did not
see the pupa, but found its case attached to the gauze covering of the
jar in which the larva was kept: from this circumstance, and knowing
that the larva could not have changed in that situation, I was in-
duced to form the conjecture that the pupa was an active one.
Having, however, lately reared more specimens, and carefully ob-
served their metamorphosis, I have discovered that this pupa in
some respects approaches the active pup, although it cannot be
strictly considered as such, until immediately before assuming the
imago state, when the insect having gained sufficient strength is
ascertained to be lignivorous. The form, also, of the insect of which we are speaking
is different from that of the generality of wood-feeding larve.
However different the form of insects may be in their perfect state, their larva,
if their habits be alike, are also similar in general appearance; and this applies
even where they may be of different orders. Compare the larva of Cossus ligniperda
with that of a Cerambyx; again, the larva of Trichiosoma with those of the Lepi-
doptera. Indeed, the shape of the perfect insect seems to be very little influenced
by that of the larva. It is a curious fact, however, that in the larve which 1 pos-
sess, of two allied genera of the Cerambycide, the antenne vary in inverse propor-
tion to those of the perfect insects. In Lamia nubila there are distinct rudimentary
antennx ; in Acanthocinus edilis the rudiments of antenne can scarcely be traced,
while in the perfect state the latter has the longest antenne of any Coleopterous
insect found in England. It may also be observed, that although the larva does
not influence the shape of the perfect insect, yet the form of the larva is a very gcod
guide to the natural situation of the perfect insect, as regards its arrangement, (that
is when they are of the same order,) for the larve of various groups vary but little
among each other.
Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Larve. 27
enabled to walk, although inclosed within the pupa-case, which, by
the by, is extremely thin. Upon exposing the pupa to the light, it
would immediately commence biting the bits of wood beneath it,
and make considerable exertions to conceal itself; upon which occa-
sions it sometimes used the two fore legs slightly. It must be ob-
served, however, that although the other parts of the pupa are com-
paratively weak, the jaws are strong, and of a dark colour, showing
that they are not meant to be idle during this state.
I am of opinion that the pupa in its natural state makes its way
out of the bark of the tree, just before it turns to the perfect insect,
which would account for its being able to walk at that time; for if
the pupa were to change within the bark, the perfect insect, with its
delicate gauze wings, would be much troubled to get out without
damaging them. Hence the accounts of this little animal put us
in mind of the story of the Cameleon, where all are right, and all are
wrong.
1k. The pupa of the male, magnified. 1 7. Part of the abdomen of the fe-
male, showing the position of the ovipositor.
VI. Descriptions of the Larve and Pupe of various species
of Coleopterous Insects. By G.R.Wareruouss, Esg.,
Curator of the Entomological Society.
[Read January 6, 1834.]
Eryx (Stephens) niger, De Geer.
Larva. Plate IV. fig. 1.
YeLtowisu white. Head ochreous, corneous. Body elongate, cy-
lindrical, subcoriaceous, 12-jointed.
Length 10 lines.
Head rotundate, slightly depressed, smooth with a V-shaped groove
commencing at the base of the clypeus and converging towards,
but not quite reaching, the prothorax. Antenne 4-jointed, basal
joint short; two intermediate joints cylindrical; terminal joint
minute, and placed in a cup-like cavity at the apex of the third
joint. Labrum transverse, rounded at the sides, and truncated
anteriorly, the exterior margins furnished with bristly hairs.
Ligula minute and conical. Palpiger short, divided anteriorly
into two lobes, to which are attached the ladial palpi, which
are 2-jointed; basal joint short and cylindrical; terminal joint
298 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions
minute and subtruncated. Labium quadrangular, the anterior
part narrowest. Jnsertio longer than broad, narrower poste-
riorly. Mentum hexagonal. Mandibles short and stout, the
inner side excavated and armed with a large and rather obtuse
tooth; the apex of the right mandible (as viewed beneath)
deeply notched ; in the left mandible the internal tooth is almost
obliterated, and the apex is but slightly notched. Mazille
elongate, the blade subtriangular, armed internally with a series
of bristles and a large corneous tooth-like process. Mazillary
palpi 3-jointed; basal joint short; the second moderate, the
part at the apex thickest ; terminal joint conic.
Body elongate, cylindrical, furnished with six horny legs, which
are attached to the three first segments. Telum conical above
and excavated beneath. Mesothorax transverse; the remain-
ing joints of the body equal.
ia. The larva, magnified. 1 b. Antenna. 1 B. Apex of third joint, at
large. 1c. Labrum. 1d. Ligula. (Newm.) 1 e. Palpiger. (Newm.)
1 f. Labial palpi. 1g. Labium, 1h. Insertio. (Newm.) 14% Mentum.
1k, k. Mandibles, viewed from the under side. 1 7. Maxille. 1 m. Max-
illary palpi. 1 x. Fore leg. 1 o. Telum, under side.
This larva is not very uncommon in the vegetable mould found in
decayed oak-trees.
Obs.—I have given a detailed description of this larva, as I think
it may be considered a type of an extensive group, having found
several larvee of allied genera differing so slightly that they might
easily be confounded.
CisteELA CrRAmBorpEs, Linn.
Larva. Plate IV. fig. 2.
Length 9 lines.
This larva so closely resembles the foregoing, both in habits and
appearance, that without a minute examination of the trophi I should
not have been able to find a distinguishing character. It is, however,
destitute of the corneous process on the maxilla; the labium, also,
appears very different to that of Hryz, but the upper portions of the
labium possibly have sunk into the insertio, the larva being dry ;
though it must be said that the larva of Eryx was also dry.
My friend the Rey. A. W. Griesbach found a number of these
larve in an old oak-tree between Wimbledon Common and Coombe
2a. Maxilla. 2. Labium, as it appeared in the larva. 2c. The upper parts,
pulled out. 2d. Side view of the same, showing the tongue. 2e. Back
view of the tongue. 2 C. The labial palpus at large.
of Coleopierous Larve and Pupe. 29
Wood, many of which he reared. J am indebted to him for the spe-
cimens from which the drawings are made.
Hetorps ca@rureus, Fab.
Larva, Plate IV. fig. 3.
Yellowish white. Head and tail brown. Body 12-jointed.
Length 10—12 lines.
Head rotundate, smooth. Antenne 4-jointed, the terminal joint
minute, within the apex of the third. Mandibles short and stout,
excavated internally ; apex bifid. Mazilla elongate; the blade
subquadrate, armed internally with spines. Mazillary palpi
3-jointed, terminal joint conic; basal short; second moderate
and cylindrical. Labium elongate. Ligula transverse, trun-
cated anteriorly, and furnished with spinous hairs. Labial
palpi 2-jointed ; basal joint robust ; terminal conic.
Body elongate, cylindric. Mesothorax transverse. Paratelum the
form of a truncated cone, (the apex joining the telum,) rugose,
and having two large irregular fovee, and two tubercles on the
disc. Telum corneous, rugose, and armed with two diverging
hook-like processes, bending forwards towards the paratelum.
The remaining joints of the body equal.
3a. The larva, magnified. 3b. The upper side of the head. 3c. The an-
tenna. 3d. Mandible. 3e. Maxilla. 3 f. Labium. 3g. Ligula.
3h. The paratelum. 3 H. Side view of the same. 3%. The telum.
3 I. Side view of the same.
I reared several of these larvee some years back; they are found in
the same situations as the larve of the genus Cistela, and in many
respects resemble them.
I believe they are also found in willow-trees.
Mycerocuaris scaputaris, Gyll.
Larva. Plate V. fig. 3.
Yellowish white. Head ochreous. Body elongate, cylindrical,
coriaceous, 12-jointed.
Length 33—4 lines.
Head smooth, rounded anteriorly, and rather straight at the sides.
Antenne 4-jointed, first and second joints short and cylindri-
cal; third joint as long as the two basal, and slightly incras-
sated towards the apex ; terminal minute and slender. La-
brum transverse, rounded at the sides; the anterior margin
slightly undulated, and sparingly furnished with hairs. Man-
dibles divided into two lobes, the external longer, and notched
at the apex. Mazilla soft and fleshy, elongate, the blade armed
with spines internally. Mavillary palpus short, 3-jointed, ter-
30 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Descriptions
minal joint truncated at the apex. Labium quadrate. Palpiger
transverse. Labial palpus 3-jointed (?) *.
Body elongate, conical, excavated beneath, and furnished with two
fleshy prolegs.
3a. Larva, magnified. 3 6. Antenna. 3c. Labrum. 3 d. Mandible.
3 e. Maxilla. 3 f. Labinm. 3g. Telum. (Newm.) 8h,h. Prolegs.
3i. Fore leg.
I have several times found this larva in company with Myceto-
charis; and this circumstance, with its size and habits, and its resem-
blance to the larve of allied genera, have led me to consider it
as the larva of that sect: but I have not yet been able to rear it,
and thus remove all doubts.
Found under the bark of oak-trees, where the wood is decayed.
Note.—The anal prolegs in this larva and those allied to it are gene-
rally retracted within the abdominal segment whilst the insect is walk-
ing forwards, but are used when it is turning or moving backwards.
Opritus MoLLis, Linn.
Larva. Plate V. fig. 1.
Yellowish white; above of an uniform pink colour. Head and
tail pitchy brown. Body 12-jointed.
Length 6—7 lines.
Head corneous, rotundate slightly depressed, rugose» Antenne
short, 4-jointed, basal joint robust and short; second rather
longer, incrassated towards the apex; third cylindrical; termi-
nal slender, elongate, and with a minute process at the apex Tt.
Labrum transverse, elliptical. Mandibles short and stout, uni-
dentate internally. Labium elongate, quadrilateral. Palpiger
transverse. Labial palpi 2-jointed, basal joint transverse, cylin-
drical; terminal elongate. Mentum elongate. Mazille short,
the blade soft and fleshy, furnished with hairs internally.
Body elongate, dilated in the middle, soft, and covered with long
rufescent hairs. Prothorar with a triangular coriaceous patch
on the disc. Telum furnished with two corneous, rugose, di-
verging protuberances.
1a. Larva, magnified. 1 b. Upper side of the head. 1 B. Under side
of the head. 1c. Antenna. Id. Labrum. 1 e, E. Mandibles.
1 f. Palpiger. (Newm.) 1g. Labium. Lh. Insertio. (Newm.)
1% Telum. (Newm.) 1k. Fore leg,
* Jn separating this part it was injured, so that I am not quite certain whether
the base of the palpus is a joint or part of the palpiger.
| This might, perhaps, be considered as a distinct joint, but it is so extremely
minute, and consequently so difficult to be seen, that I was induced to describe the
antenne as 4-jointed until I could determine by examining allied Jarve.
of Coleopterous Larve and Pupe. 3
Found during the winter months in the dead wood of oaks and
other trees. The specimen from which the accompanying drawing
was made was found in the month of December, and although full-
grown at the time, remained two years before it assumed the pupa
state, from which, however, it soon turned into the perfect insect.
Note.—I have very frequently met with another larva which very
closely resembles that here described, but instead of being of an uniform
pink colour above, it is spotted with that colour only ; possibly it is a
a mere variety, but I think it is the larva of Thanasimus formicarius.
TELEPHORUS RUFUS, Miill.
Larva. Plate Il. fig. 3.
Head coriaceous, pitchy black, furnished with two stemmata, one
on each side, close to the insertion of the antenne. Body soft, of a
dark brown colour, and very thickly covered with soft fine hairs,
giving it the appearance of velvet.
Length 7+ lines.
Head depressed, subquadrate, the basal half covered with a fine
pubescence, of the same velvet-like texture as the body; the
anterior half smooth. Antenne with the basal joint short; se-
cond rather elongate, and containing two small processes partly
within the apex. Maville soft and fleshy, thickly covered with
hairs, especially on the inner side, which is bilobed. Mazil-
lary palpi 4-jointed, basal joint short ; second moderate and cy-
lindrical; third short and indistinct ; terminal slender and acute.
Mandibles long and acute, unidentate internally.
Body elongate, slightly depressed, the joints nearly equal in width,
(taken longitudinally of the insect,) the three first segments
each with two impressed fovee. Telum soft and unarmed, but
with a fleshy protuberance beneath, which is used as a proleg.
3 a. The larva, magnified. 3 b. The under side of the head. 3c. The pal-
piger. (Newm.) 3d. The antenna. 3 e. Apex of the same, more highly
magnified, showing the two processes. 3 f. The mandible. 3 g. The
maxille.
This carnivorous larva is remarkable for having two processes
which spring from the second joint of the antennz instead of a sin-
gle joint, as is commonly the case in Coleopterous larve. It is
found during the winter and spring months at the roots of grass and
in decayed wood ; it assumes the pupa state about the latter end of
April, and the perfect insect makes its appearance in May.
Exicopis rmpressus, Marsh.
Larva. Plate V. fig. 2.
Head, prothorax and telum coriaceous, and of a pitehy brown co-
32 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Larve.
lour; the former is furnished with two stemmata on each side, near
the insertion of the antenne. Body soft, the colour varying in dif-
ferent individuals, sometimes white, and at others purple, but al-
ways thickly covered with brown hairs. ‘The mesothorax and me-
tathorax each with two pitchy black coriaceous patches on each side
of the centre.
Length 44—5 lines.
Head subrotundate, slightly rugose above. Antenne short. Pal-
piger and labial palpi very minute, the latter 2-jointed. Man-
dibles short and stout, unidentate internally.
Body elongate, slightly depressed, and furnished with a coriaceous
bifid telum.
2a. The larva, magnified. 2b. The under side of the head. 2c. The
mandible. 2d. The telum. (Newm.)
This larva is not uncommon during the winter months in the bark
of elm-trees ; it is evidently very closely allied to that of Dasytes
and Opilus : to the larva of Telephorus it also evinces a slight affinity.
Quvuepivs TrRisTis, Grav.
Larva and Pupa. Pilate II. fig. 2.
Head and prothorax coriaceous, and of a deep pitchy black co-
lour. Mesothorax and metathorax subcoriaceous, yellowish white.
Abdomen soft, of a pale brown colour above.
Length 64—7 lines.
Head subquadrate, depressed. Antenne 4-jointed, the basal joint
short; second and third rather elongate ; terminal joint slender
and acute. Mandibles long and acute, simple. Ladbrum trans-
verse, furnished with numerous tubercles. Labiuwm minute.
Labial palpi 3-jointed. Mazille elongate and slender, furnished
with a single lobe internally. Mavillary palpi 4-jointed, basal
joint short; second and third moderate and nearly equal; ter-
minal acute. Prothorax quadrate, rather narrower than the
head. Mesothoraz and metathoraz transverse, and nearly equal
in width to the prothorax ; abdomen with all the joints equal
in length, (taken longitudinally of the insect,) excepting the
telum, which is elongate and furnished with two caudal pro-
cesses, which are rather short.
In the pupa the parts are soldered together; the abdomen is
straight; the head and prothorax are suddenly bent forwards, the
former touching the body.
2a. The larva, magnified. 2b. The under side of the head, at large. 2c. The
mandible. 2d. The maxilla. 2e. Thepalpiger.(Newm.) 2 f. The labrum.
2¢. Antenna. 2h, Telum, showing the caudal processes. 22. The pupa.
Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Coleopterous Larve. 33
This larva is found in the same situations as the perfect insect ; it
assumes the pupa state about the latter end of March; the perfect
insect appears about the middle of May.
Trox ARENARIUS, Fab.
Larva and Pupa. Plate V. fig. 4.
Head pitchy brown. Body of a subtransparent whitish colour,
the apical joints bent under, as in the larvee of the Geotrupide.
Length 4—4+ lines.
Head round and depressed, scarcely wider than the segments of
the abdomen; the fore part is coarsely punctured. Labrum
minute transverse, armed anteriorly with several very minute
tubercles. Mandibles short, unidentate internally. Maville
trilobed, the exterior lobe, or maxillary-palpi 3-jointed ; the in-
terior lobe armed with spines on the inner side. Antenne
3-jointed, the terminal joint minute.
Body 12-jointed, and of equal thickness throughout ; all the seg-
ments (except the prothorax and apical) are subdivided into
three ; the thoracic joints each furnished with two legs.
4a. The natural size of the larva. 4b. The larva magnified. AvcuyEhe
mandible. 4d. The maxilla. 4e. The antenne. 4 f. The labrum.
4g. The palpiger and labial palpi. 4h. One of the central segments of the
abdomen, side view. 47%. The under side. 4,7. Upper view of two segments.
4k. Foreleg. 4/. The natural size of the pupa. 4m. The pupa magnified.
I have twice met with this larva in company with Tox arenarius,
and in such situations as rendered it highly probable that it was the
larva of that insect; but lately I have had almost positive proofs,
my friend Mr. Pickering having found the larva, pupa*, and perfect
insect together: the first and last were in great profusion. Hence
without my friend’s assistance I should not yet have been able to
describe this larva. I may add that I am also indebted to him for
information respecting several others.
* It may be remarked that the pupe of Coleopterous insects so much resem-
ble the imago in the form of the head and thorax, that they cannot be easily mis-
taken when there is any peculiarity in the form and sculpture of that part, as is the
case in our present example.
VOL. I. a)
34 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Description of
VII. Description of a minute Coleopterous Insect, forming
the type of anew Subgenus allied to Tomicus, with some
Observations upon the Affinities of the Xylophaga. By
J.O. WeEstwoop, F.L.S., &c.
[Read January 6, 1834. ]
An instance of the ravages of insects upon the bindings of books
having been communicated to me by Mr. Edward Lumley, I have
thought that a notice of it might not be uninteresting to the Ento-
mological Society, especially as the insect in question will not well
agree with the characters of any established genus. ‘This gentleman
gave me the cover of a book [portions of which were exhibited, ]
which was eaten in every direction by a very minute Scolytideous
insect, numbers of specimens of which were found dead in the va-
rious burrows. This binding seems formed of pasteboard and paste,
both of which materials were consumed. Mr. Lumley does not know
from what quarter he received the book; and I have nowhere met
with a description of the insect, nor observed it in any collection.
Entomologists must therefore use their own discretion as to its in-
troduction into our British lists. The following are its characters.
Tomicus (HypoTHENEMUs) ERUDITUS, Westw. Piceo-niger, setu-
losus, thorace fulvo anticé convexo tuberculato, supra caput pro-
tenso, antennis pedibusque lutescentibus, elytris posticé rotun-
datis integris, antennarum clava ab articulo 5to incipiente.
Long. corp. lin. 2. In mus. nostro.
Pitchy black, the head of the same colour, entirely concealed from
above by the front of the thorax. ‘The antenne appear to be
only 5-jointed, the first jot long and bent at the base, the se-
second large and cup-shaped, the two next very minute yet
distinct, the remainder of the antenne forming a very large
ovate mass, somewhat depressed and hairy, in which three ru-
dimental articulations are very indistinctly discernible. The
organs of the mouth are formed upon the Curculionideous type,
and are very similar to those of Tomicus, Hylurgus, &c. The
thorax is fulvous, narrowed in front, and subcucullated (com-
pletely concealing the head), with the anterior margin obtusely
denticulated, subrugose, and clothed with very short thick pu-
bescence. The elytra are oblong, pitchy black and shining,
with punctate striz, a short, thick, pale setula arising from each
a minute new Coleopterous Insect. 3
puncture ; they are rounded and entire at the apex. The legs
are lutescent, the tibie compressed, with the external margin
towards the apex slightly toothed. ‘The ¢arsi are very interest-
ing in.their structure, being pentamerous; the first joint is ra-
ther indistinct, the two following joits compressed and rather
broad, having the underside armed with strong hairs, but in no
wise bilobed; the fourth joint is small and rather indistinct,
whilst the fifth is long and subclavate, with two simple ungues.
In the formation of the tarsi and other characters, this insect, there-
fore, more nearly approaches Tomicus than the other genera of Sco-
lytide ; but the structure of its antenne (which is the chief character
employed by Latreille to separate the allied genera Hylurgus, Tomicus,
and Platypus,) is very different from any of these genera, the clava
in Hylurgus commencing at the 8th, in Platypus at the 6th, and
in Tomicus at the 7th, whereas in this insect it clearly commences
with the 5th joint. The minute size of the insect, moreover, as well
as the diversity of colour, distinct habits, and rounded apex of the
elytra, induce me to separate it, at least subgenerically, from To-
micus, under the name of Hypothenemus, derived from izo subtus,
év, and vepw pasco.
I know of no insects more worthy of minute investigation than
these Xylophaga, affording as they do an interesting series of affini-
ties, which may materially tend to the discovery of the natural dis-
tribution of the Coleoptera. In the three great Linnean genera
Chrysomela, Curculio, and Cerambyz, the tarsi present a perfect uni-
formity of structure, which has been termed tetramerous ; but as they
are five-jointed, the fourth joint being very minute and hidden be-
tween the lobes of the third, this peculiar formation may be termed
subtetramerous. In Scolytus and Hylurgus, eminently wood-boring
insects, the same form of tarsi and cibarian organs exists; these ge-
nera, in fact, being Curculionide without snouts. Tomicus is precisely
similar in its habits and trophi; but here we find the first departure
from the subtetramerous type, the tarsi not being in the least bilobed.
A still greater departure, both in the tarsi and trophi, takes place in
Platypus ; but these formations are completely lost in Bostrichus,
Apate, &c. Indeed, so far from placing these latter insects in the
same family with the former (as is done by most modern entomolo-
gists), I feel great hesitation in thinking them allied by any other tie
than that of analogy. It is, however, only by the discovery of the
larve that we can hope to gain a knowledge of their real affinities.
These circumstances can lead to no other conclusion than that the
location generally assigned to the Xylophaga between the Curculio-
nide and Cerambycide is not a natural one, but that, on the contrary,
D2
36 Mr. W. Christy on the Tamarind Beetle.
these insects must immediately precede or follow the great group
Subtetramera, according as we commence or close the series with
such Curculionide as Cossonus and its immediate allies.
PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Tomicus (Hypothenemus) eruditus, Westw-, magnified. 1 a. Natural
size. 1 b. The insect seen sideways. lc, Antenna. 1d. Man-
dible. le. Maxilla. 1 f. Instrumenta labialia. lg. Tarsus.
1 hk. Part of the book-binding, showing the ravages of the insects.
VIII. Remarks on a species of Calandra, occurring in the
Stones of Tamarinds. By WittiaM Curisty, Jun., Esq.,
F.L.S., Memb. Ent. Soc., &c.
[Read February 3, 1834.]
CaLanpra Tamarinn1, Christy.
Lone. 14 lin., lat. } lin.
C. picea, oblonga, thorace punctato, elytris nigricantibus.
Rostrum atrum, antennis fulvis. Thorax punctatissimus, in quibus-
dam speciminibus nigricans. Elytra punctato-striata, basi ni-
gricantia.
Hab. Ind. Occid. ?
My attention was drawn to this insect several years since by the
circumstance of the stones of a lot of tamarinds almost invariably
crumbling to powder in the mouth. Upon examination of some
stones which had small holes on the outer surface, I found that the
solid alburnum of the seed was perforated in every direction, and the
cavities filled with a brownish powder, but I could meet with no in-
sects. I then resolved to examine those stones which were appa-
rently perfect, and immediately on removing the epidermis I was
gratified by finding numerous specimens of a small Calandra occupy-
ing the cavities. They were so abundant, that from one stone, bya
careful dissection, I extracted between thirty and forty specimens.
In one or two instances I met with the larva and pupa. I need
hardly add that the insects in all stages were dead, having, in the
preservation of the tamarinds, been exposed to a boiling heat.
It seems evident, from my having found both larva and pupa in
the stones, that they, and not the fruit generally, are the proper food
Mr. W. Christy on the Tamarind Beetle. 37
and habitation of the insect. Those stones in which I found them
exhibited no traces of puncture in the epidermis, while those which
appeared so were almost universally destitute of inhabitants, showing
that any external openings were caused by the departure of the in-
sect. It would be curious to ascertain in what manner the parent
insect deposits her eggs. If she attacks the fruit in an advanced
state, she must have to make her way through the external shell, the
intensely acid pulp, and the leathery envelope of the seeds, before
arriving at the stone itself. Can it be that she deposits them in the
fruit when very young, or in the germen when in flower? But
these questions can only be answered by some one resident on the
spot, who can examine the fruit in its various stages of growth.
Perhaps some ‘‘ Rusticus”’ in Jamaica or Barbadoes may at some
future time give us information on this subject.
I have ventured to describe this insect as new, at the instigation of
the Rev. F.W. Hope, to whose valuable assistance I am much indebted.
It does not exist in the rich collection of that gentleman, nor can I find
any figure or description of it in any work. Its place in the genus
is evidently near C. Oryze, as I am indebted to my friend Mr. Cur-
tis for pointing out to me on my first discovering this insect.
From the variation in colour in this species, all, however, more or
less tending to black, I am inclined to agree with the opinion ex-
pressed by Mr. Hope, that in its mature state black is its proper
colour.
All the specimens which have come under my notice appear to
have only recently undergone their last metamorphosis, and therefore
may be supposed to be paler in colour than when in a state of ma-
turity. With regard to its habitat, I desire to speak cautiously, but
I believe it to be the West Indies. I have been at some pains to
trace the history of the lot of tamarinds in which alone I have found
the insect, but without a certain result. There appears, however,
much reason to believe that they were brought from one of the West
India islands.
I must apologise for offering to the Society so uninteresting and
meagre a detail; but believing that any notice of a new insect
would be acceptable, I have ventured to present this paper.
38 Mr. J. O. Westwood on a gregarious
IX. Description of the Nest of a gregarious species of But-
terfly from Mexico. By J. O. Westwoopo, F.L.S., &c.
{Read February 3, 1854.]
I sxe leave to offer to the notice of the Entomological Society a
remarkable example of instinctive economy afforded by the nest ofa
gregarious species of Butterfly from Mexico, for an opportunity of
examining and describing which, I am indebted to Owen Rees, Esq.,
of Paternoster Row.
The nest of this insect, which I have figured in Plate VI., is of firm
texture, not much unlike very thick parchment, which it also re-
sembles in colour. It is about eight inches long, of a somewhat
oval form, narrowed at the top for about three inches into a kind of
neck, and attached to a slender branch, withent the power of swing-
ing backwards and forwards, in consequence of being built at the
junction of a twig which runs down the neck of the nest. The
lower part of the nest is a little produced, and is terminated by a cir-
cular orifice about two thirds of an inch in diameter.
On examining the texture of the nest with a very high-powered
lens, it is found to be composed of an infinity of shining and very
slender silken lines crossing each other in every direction: from the
strength of its texture, therefore, the labour employed in its con-
struction must be very great. On the whole, this nest has much
the appearance of some of the Paper-making Wasps’ nests, such as
Vespa chartaria.
On making a longitudinal incision from the bottom of the nest a
remarkable appearance presented itself, not fewer than a hundred
chrysalides being attached both to its inner surface, occupying the
upper half of the dome of the nest, and to the lower part of the
twig descending through its neck.
The nest is therefore the pendent habitation of the social cater-
pillars of a species of butterfly, and is, in fact, the most perfectly
formed nest of any Lepidopterous insect yet described. It appears
to be a specimen of the nests mentioned by Mr. Hardy in his
‘Travels in the Interior of Mexico,’ lately published (p. 32.). This
author, however, neither describes the caterpillar, nor notices the
species of butterfly whose constructions excited his observations.
He says: ‘‘ After having ascended for about an hour we came to the
region of oaks and other majestically tall trees, the names of which
I could not learn. Suspended from their stately branches were innu-
Species of Butterfly from Mexico. 39
merable nests, inclosed apparently in white paper bags, in the man-
ner of bunches of grapes in England to preserve them from birds
and flies. I had the curiosity to examine one of these, which I found
to contain numberless caterpillars. The texture is so strong that it
is not easily torn, and the interior contained a quantity of green leaves
to support the numerous progeny within.” Respecting this state-
ment, it is however to be observed, that the white paper bag did
not, in the specimen under examination, inclose, but on the contrary
formed the nest itself. Moreover, when we consider the ‘‘ number-
less caterpillars”? which one of these nests must contain, and their
amazing voracity, it will be at once perceived that the few leaves
attached to the sprig inclosed within the nest cannot be sufficient
support for the numerous progeny within, but that on the contrary
each of them must be under the necessity of making constant ex-
cursions for the purpose of feeding. And when we further consider
that from the firmness of the texture of the nest it has in all proba-
bility formed the habitation of the entire brood from the time of their
first exclusion from the egg, instead of being abandoned and a fresh
nest formed in a more commodious situation, for the supply of the
inhabitants when the immediately adjacent stock of food has been
consumed, (as is the case with those social caterpillars which merely
form slight webs for their habitations,) the instinctive knowledge of
the caterpillars becomes evident, as. by the time that they are full-
fed, they must be under the necessity of travelling to a considerable
distance from their habitation for fresh food; and were it not for
this faculty they would not be able to retrace their steps to the
nests. Reaumur, indeed, asserts that the larve of Hriogaster la-
nestris, which live in society, pave their passages with silk, in order
to render them more easy for the insects to walk upon; but in the
‘Insect Architecture’ it is more broadly stated that ‘‘no individual in
these communities moves an inch without constructing such a path-
way both for the use of his companions and to facilitate his own re-
turn.” As, however, this idea is clearly generalized from Reaumur,
and as the insect instanced by the latter is eminently a silk-weaving
insect, it is not improbable that in other instances (especially as in
the present,) where the larve are not general spinners, the return of
the larva to the nest is effected by the possession of the same in-
stinct as that which directs the bee when at a surprising distance to
her hive, and which appears to me to result neither from extensive
powers of vision, as some authors have endeavoured to prove, nor
from the operation of memory, as supposed by Rogers in his ‘ Plea-
sures of Memory ’*.
* Hark! the bee winds her small but mellow horn,
Blithe to salute the sunny smile of morn ; O’er
40 Mr. J. O. Westwood on a gregarious
Another interesting inquiry arises as to the manner in which this
nest is enlarged from time to time by its inhabitants, as its general
form and appearance do not exhibit any trace of additions*.
This principle of sociality has been ascertained to exist in very
few other species of butterflies; examples of it occurring in the Va-
nessa Urtice and V. Ié upon nettles, and also in Melitea Cinzia upon
the plantain—but their nests are of the slightest texture.
The inclosed chrysalides were suspended by the tail, no girth
being fastened around their bodies as in the white butterflies. In
this respect, therefore, they resemble the Vaness@; but the chrysalides
have no angular projections.
Description of the Pupe.—Vhey are about four fifths of an inch
long, and of a reddish brown uniform colour. The anal extremity
is terminated by a flattened slightly bent plate, armed at the point
by numerous short bent spines, by which it is attached to the little
bundle of silk spun by the larva for its attachment. Beneath this
appears a nearly rounded raised plate, with a line in the centre,
which seems to cover the anus of the imago. The abdominal seg-
ments are rounded at the lateral margins, and gradually become nar-
rower to the tail. A slight keel runs along the ridge of the back of
the mesothorax, which is very convex. ‘The head is terminated by
an obtuse point. ‘The base of each of the upper wings is also a
little bulged out, forming an obtuse angle.
The antenne are laid along the margin of the wings: next to the
antennee are placed the middle legs, then the anterior legs, and in
the middle the two divisions of the maxille, which reach as far as
the extremity of the legs.
On dissecting several specimens of these chrysalides which were
ready to assume the imago state, I found no difficulty in raising these
parts from the body of the chrysalis, each on its distinct sheatht. I
O’er thymy downs she bends her busy course,
And many a stream allures her to its source.
*T is noon, ’t is night. That Eye so finely wrought,
Beyond the search of sense, the soar of thought,
Now vainly asks the scenes she left behind,
Its orb so full, its vision so confined :—
Who guides the patient pilgrim to her cell ?
Who bids her soul with conscious triumph swell ?
Hail, Memory! hail! thy universal reign
Guards the least link of being’s glorious chain.
* Inthe Bombyx processionea the larve do not unite in forming a general habi-
tation until they have attained two thirds of their growth; their nests, therefore,
will not need enlarging like those which live in society from their birth. The
Mexican butterfly may possess similar habits, which will account for the non-ap-
pearance of additions to the nest.
t See Kirby and Spence, vol. iii. p. 245. to the contrary.
“Species of Butterfly from Mexico. 41
also discovered that the palpi were Jaid along the breast immediately
beneath the base of the maxille. I was much perplexed at first in
not discovering the third pair of legs, and as I could only meet with
two pair in the first two or three specimens which I dissected, I con-
cluded that these were the only legs the insect possessed, and that the
other, or, as I supposed, anterior pair, (which in the Vanessa, &c.,
are rudimental,) had here become totally obsolete. Subsequently,
however, by examining the place of insertion of the legs, I found that
a third posterior pair existed, but that in the pupa state they were
laid under the lower pair of wings.
In these chrysalides I also observed the lunate levigated piece on
the inner side of the eyes, which Messrs. Kirby and Spence con-
sider may perhaps transmit some light to the inclosed butterfly.
It is here to be observed that the lower part of the interior of the
nest was stained with a fluid similar to that emitted by newly hatch-
ed specimens of our English Vanesse, which has in certain seasons
been regarded as bloody rain. Moreover, it is evident that, as in the
case of the Pomegranate Butterfly*, the imago as soon as hatched
must quit the nest before its wings are expanded, otherwise it would
be unable to make its exit through the small orifice at the bottom of the
nest.
My next object was to ascertain the structure of the butterfly in-
closed in these chrysalides, and after much labour I discovered that
the upper wings are entire, with a transverse nerve closing the large
elongated discoidal cell. They are of a dark brown colour, with a row
of irregular-sized cream-coloured spots at about one third of the di-
stance from the outer margin of the wing, and with three or four very
slender short lines between the latter and the margin. The lower wings
are oval and entire, with the outer posterior angle rather acute; they
are also dark brown, with a central row of irregular cream-coloured
spots, and another submarginal row of a much smaller size: the large
discoidal basal cell is also closed by a transverse nerve. I have care-
fully figured the nervures occupying the exterior angle of the upper
wings, as this character appears of much importance in the very
difficult classification of the Lepidoptera.
These wings, as they lay within the pupa-skin, exhibited all their
markings, of course of a reduced size, as represented in fig. 3. The
wings themselves appeared perfectly flat; and it was difficult to con-
ceive how these organs could expand to their full dimensions, all the
spots preserving their relative sizes. The difficulty was, however,
* The history of this butterfly will form the subject of a memoir to appear in the
next Part of these Transactions.
4X Mr. J. O. Westwood on a gregarious
removed on denuding the wings of their scales, when their surface
was discovered to be entirely covered with an innumerable series of
minute wrinkles, giving the wing an elasticity which enabled me to
stretch them to nearly double their size on moistening them with
water: they immediately, however, returned to their former size on
withdrawing the hand. If we imagine the scales to be placed upon
the upper edge of each ridge, and that they increase in size as the
wings expand, we shall be furnished with a further clue to the
solution of the interesting question of the mode of the expansion of
the wings in this interesting order of insects.
The antenne were found to terminate in a gradually elongated
club, which from the dried state of the specimens had sunk on one
side as represented in my figure.
The palpi are rather longer than the head, distinctly three-
jointed, the third joint being as long as, but slenderer than the second
joint.
From the interesting discoveries of Dr.Horsfield, the structure of the
legs however proved of the highest interest, the anterior pair being
eminently perfect, the coxze nearly as long as, and the tibiz shorter
than the femora. ‘The tarsi in the fore legs of all the specimens
which I examined were rather longer than the femora, distinctly five-
jointed, with a large fleshy pulvillus, a pair of strong bifid claws, and
a pair of elongated membranous appendages. The middle legs were
rather larger, of a precisely similar structure, except that the cox
were not free but united to the mesosternum, whence this pair of
legs cannot possess such extensive powers of locomotion as the ante-
rior legs. The hind legs were also similar, but somewhat shorter and
more slender.
The body in a mutilated specimen which had arrived at the imago
state, but was unable to escape from the nest, was about 4 inch long,
and an upper wing which I also found in a mutilated state was about
13 inch from the base to the extremity, whence we may calculate
the expanse of the wings at about 2+ inches.
This butterfly, however, is equally interesting in another point of
view. Respecting its situation in the series of diurnal Lepidoptera, it is
to be observed, that from the mode of suspension of the chrysalis
and its smooth exterior, united to the structure of the butterfly, and
especially that of the fore legs, it will neither enter into any of the
present genera, nor even into any of the great divisions established
amongst butterflies.
Latreille, in the new edition of the ‘Régne Animal’ (tom. v. p.375),
lays it down asa rule that those butterflies which have the chrysalides
suspended vertically, and simply attached by the extremity of the
Species of Butterfly from Mexico. 43
body, “‘ sont constamment tétrapodes.”’ ‘The insect in question af-
fords a striking contradiction to this rule*.
The form of the pupa excludes it from the two typical families
Nymphalide and Papilionide, as characterized by Mr. Swainson in
the Philosophical Magazine for March 1827 ; whilst the mode of sus-
pension and structure of the legs conjointly remove it from his three
aberrant families Hesperiide, Polyommatide and Heliconiide. From
the Hesperiide, Nymphalide and Lycenide, as characterized by Mr.
Stephens, the structure of the fore legs and antenne remove it;
but it would fall into his remaining family Papilionide, except that
the pupa is not girted across the body.
On referring, however, to the valuable remarks contained in the
most scientific work hitherto published upon the Lepidoptera, I mean
Dr. Horsfield’s ‘ Lepidoptera Javanica,’ we gain a clue to its real situa-
tion, which, however, appears to me to disturb the series of transitions
proposed in that work. ‘This situation I consider to be osculant be-
tween the stirps typified by Papilio (Chilognathomorpha, Horsf., also
containing the genera Pieris, Pontia, &c.) and the Thysanuriform
stirps of Dr. Horsfield, containing Hipparchia, &c.
In some respects this genus might be regarded as osculant be-
tween the Chilognathiform and Chilopodiform stirpes of Dr. Horsfield,
but this author has satisfactorily shown that this situation is occu-
pied by the genera Huplea, Idea, Acrea, and Heliconia.
On the other hand, in the mode of suspension, the nearly smooth
chrysalis, and the tarsal appendages, it seems to approach the Hippar-
chiide, whilst the obtuse head of the chrysalis, perfect anterior legs,
and the form of the palpi, as well as the tarsal apparatus, show an
equal affinity with such of the Papzlionide as approximate towards
Pieris, Pontia, &c.
From these observations, the necessity will be at once perceived
of establishing a distinct genus for the reception of this insect, and
which may be named, from the perfect structure of the fore tarsi,
* It is a circumstance of much singularity, and one which appears not easily
reconcileable with our ideas of the instincts of animals, that those butterflies which in
the perfect state are furnished with six perfect legs, attach themselves, on assuming
the pupa state, in such a position that on arriving at the perfect state they will have
occasion only to burst their fetters and creep at once along the surface upon which
they have been affixed ; whilst those butterflies which have the fore legs rudimental,
and apparently incapable of rendering any assistance, suspend themselves by the
tail in such a position that they must necessarily come into the perfect state head
downwards, and have to ascend the outside of the fragile pupa-case, with the assist-
ance of their four hind legs, before they can obtain a sure footing on the twig or
leaf from which they have been suspended.
+ Ilust. Brit. Ent., Hausiell., vol. i. p. 5.
44 Mr. Westwood on a gregarious Butterfly from Mexico.
Evucuerra, Westw.
Palpi capitis longitudine articulis 3, duobus ultimis subeequalibus.
Antenne capitulo elongato sensim incrassato.
Pedes antici insigniter perfecti, coxis valde elongatis, tarsis elonga-
tis 5-articulatis. Tarsi pedum omnium unguibus elongatis bi-
fidis pulvillo magno centrali appendiculisque duobus laterali-
bus membranaceis instructi.
Ale antice integre; postice rotundate, angulo postico paulo pro-
ducto, cellula postice clausa.
Larve ? nidi subpapyracei communis incole.
Pupe cauda tantum suspense, capite obtuso, tuberculis destitute.
Genus osculans Hipparchiidas cum Papilionidis conjungens*.
Sufficient information is also afforded by the specimens extracted
from the chrysalides to enable me to give the following specific cha-
racter.
Evucuerra sociauis, Westw.
Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis macula parva albida versus apicem cel-
lule discoidalis, serie macularum (magnitudine irregulari) pone ake
medium et cum margine postico parallela, serieque altera macula-
rum 4 parvarum, elongatarum, submarginalium, albidarum ; posticis
serie centrali macularum irregularium alteraque serie punctorum
submarginalium albidarum.
Expansio alar. circ. 24 lin.
Habitat in Mexico.
* TI do not adopt Dr. Horsfield’s terms for the stirpes of the Butterflies, dnoplu-
rimorpha, &c., since the same system of names is applied to them as secondary divi-
sions of an order, as that established by Mr. MacLeay (upon similar analogical con-
siderations) for the primary divisions of the Coleoptera. Moreover, Dr. Horsfield’s
groups seem quite equivalent to the groups, to which, in adoption of Mr. Kirby’s
admirable views, the family termination in zde@ is affixed.
PLATE VI.
Fig. 1. The nest described in the pre- Fig. 5. Anantenna stripped of its case.
ceding memoir, represented one half |} Fig. 6. A labial palpus, ditto.
of the natural length. Fig. 7. An upper wing, ditto.
Fig. 2. The same opened, showing a || Fig. 8. A lower wing, ditto.
portion only of the pupe. | Fig. 9. A fore leg, ditto.
Fig. 3. A pupa nearly arrived at the per- Fig. 10. A hind leg, ditto.
fect state, with the wing-case scaled | Fig. 11. The claws and pulvilli more
off, seen sideways. | strongly magnified.
Fig. 4. Ditto, seen from the front.
Mr. G. R. Gray’s new Species of Phasmata. 45
X. Descriptions of several Species of Australian Phas-
mata. By GrorGcE Rospert Gray, Hsq., M.E.S. France
and London.
{Read February 3, 1834.]
In my published Monograph of the Australian species of the genus
Phasma, I have described sixteen species, thirteen of which are for
the first time noticed ; since its publication several new species have
reached me, aud I am induced to lay them before the Society for
the purpose of extending the monograph.
The species to which I first wish to call your attention belong
to the second section formed by me under the denomination of
Diura.
5*.1 Paasma (Drura) Gouratu.
Viride, mesothorace scabriusculo; alis hyalinis, glaucis; area
costali tegminibusque supra viridibus, maculis lineisque rubro-
albis, subtus sanguineis ; foliolis brevibus in medio carinatis.
Long. corp. 8 unc. 6 lin. Exp. alar. 8 unc. (Anten. mutilatis.)
In size it approaches Ph. Titan, but differs in having much longer
and broader wings than are usual in this section, which, when closely
applied, cover two thirds of the abdomen. ‘The leaflets are rather
short, keeled down their length so as to form a V reversed. The
colour of the head and prothorax is pinkish white; that of the
mesothorax is yellow, with a bluish green line along the centre.
The abdomen is green, with the joints yellow, and margined on
each side with black. The fore legs are rather short; the two
posterior pairs are of moderate length, and strongly spined on their
inner margin, the spines being somewhat depressed.
The specimen from which the above description is taken is in the
collection of New Holland insects belonging to Mrs. Dunn, who
is uncertain from what part of the country it was obtained. Mr.
John Curtis also possesses a specimen; but both individuals have
lost their antenne.
6*. Puasma (Diura) Brrarevs.
Brunneum, mesothorace vix scabro; foliolis brevissimis, latis ;
pedibus brevioribus, posticis quatuor spinosis.
Long. corp. 5 unc. 9 lin. Exp. alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.
This insect is allied in several respects to Ph. Chronus. The
description is taken from a female, the other sex at present being
1 These numbers refer to the corresponding ones in my Monograph of the
Australian species of this genus.
46 Mr. G. R. Gray’s new Species of Phasmata.
unknown. In size it is less, and the legs are shorter in proportion
than in Ph. Chronus, added to which the totally different form of
the leaflets gives it a distinctive character.
The specimen is described from Mrs. Dunn’s collection, who
received it with Ph. Goliath.
From the knowledge I have obtained of the differences which the
insects of this extensive family undergo in their progress to maturity,
I am induced to describe the two following insects as distinct,
although neither cf them has advanced to its perfect state.
7*. Puasma (Diura) Osiris.
Pallide brunneum, mesothorace scaberrimo; foliolis brevissimis, tri-
gonis ; pedibus (anticis mutilatis) intermediis et posticis brevi-
bus, lineis elevatis striatis, tibiarum apice et basi parum dilatatis.
Long. corp. 4 unc. 6 lin.
The peculiar form of the leaflets, which are trigonal, at once
distinguishes this species from those previously described. ‘The
specimen belongs to the Rev. F. W. Hope, who states that it was
brought from Melville Island.
7**, Puasma (Diura) ACHERON.
Albidum brunneo admixtum, thorace subglabro; foliolis longis,
sublatis ; pedibus brevioribus, anticis foliato-compressis, inter-
mediis et posticis paulum incrassatis, his spinosis, tibiis interne
spinis latis duabus in medio armatis; tarsorum articulo primo
erecto dilatato.
Long. corp. 4 unc. 8 lin.
The anterior legs having a compressed foliation along their outer
margin, and the tarsi being compressed above, sufficiently charac-
terize this species. It is contained in Mrs. Dunn’s collection, who
received it with the Ph. Goliath.
The fifth species which I shall here describe belongs to the
Apterous division, and is supposed to form part of the Latreillian
subgenus Bacteria, its position being at present doubtful on account
of the antennz of both specimens being imperfect.
12*. Puasma (BACTERIA ?) SPINOSUM.
Thorace, abdominis articulo primo pedibusque fortiter spinosis;
6 filiforme, flavescenti-brunneum, lined in medio nigra.
Long. antennarum corporisque ob fracturas partium ignota.
@ cylindricum albidum, lined in medio ened.
Long. corp. 4 une. 3 lin.
This species was received from Swan River by the Rev. Frederick
William Hope, who kindly lent me the specimens now exhibited.
Mr. R. H. Lewis’s new British Homopterous Genera. 47
XI. Descriptions of some new Genera of British Womo-
ptera. By R.H. Lewis, Esq., WES.
[Read February 38, 1834. ]
Ipiocrrus*. Plate VII. fig. 2.
Caput thorace latius ; vertex perbrevis arcuatus medio brevissimus.
Facies subturbinata. Oculi magni. Ocelli 2 in facie, inter
oculos dispositi. Antenne triarticulate, in facie inter oculorum
marginem inferiorem inseri@ ; articulus primus brevissimus, se-
cundus cylindricus, ultimus setiformis, in mare apicem versus in
clavam subovatam compressam dilataius. Prothoraxr trans-
versus, subovatus, postice excisus. Scutellum magnum, trigonum.
Ale superiores corpore mulio longiores, apice sese involventes.
Tibie postice valde spinose et ciliate.
Head broader than the thorax; the verter very short, with the
anterior margin slightly convex, the posterior very concave.
Face subturbinate. yes very large. Ocelli 2, placed in the
face between the eyes, to which they are a little closer than to
each other. (Fig. 2, a.) Antenne inserted in slight depres-
sions or excavations between the inferior margin of the eyes;
the first joint very short, the second short, cylindric, the last
long, setiform, with two lateral bristles near the base ; in the
male, towards the apex, dilated into a nearly oval, much com-
pressed club, with the apex very slender. (Fig. 2, 6.)¢ Rostrum
about as long as the prothorax. Prothorax transverse, ovate,
posteriorly excised. Scutellum large, trigonate. Superior
wings much longer than the abdomen, of a membranaceous
texture; their extremities dilated internally, and one covering
the other; the nervures completed, without extending far into
the internal dilated portion, leaving there a margin of pure
membrane. (Fig. 2, ¢.) Ovipositor short, slightly curved up-
wards. (Fig. 2,d.) Anterior and intermediate tibie very short ;
the anterior internally, densely, and finely ciliated ; the inter-
mediate internally, with a few fine cili. Posterior tibie long,
slightly curved, somewhat prismatical; externally, with the
* [dios peculiuris, xegus cornu.
+ I have stated the antenne to be three-jointed; I think it not improbable, how-
ever, that the base of the seta, which bears the lateral bristles, may be a distinct
joint.
48 Mr. R. H. Lewis’s Descriptions of
superior margin densely clothed with spinule; the inferior
margin with seven or eight spines, gradually increasing in size
from the base of the tibia to the apex; internally, with a
scanty row of spinule, directed downwards, and a very dense
row of fine cilia, directed inwards; the apex surrounded with
small spines. Tarsi triarticulate; the anterior with the ter-
minal joints, and the posterior with the basal joints longest.
Allied to Agallia, Curt., Bythoscopus, Germ.*, &c.; but the form
of the head and apex of the anterior pair of wings will readily
distinguish it from these. The very remarkable form of antennz
of the male does not, I believe, exist in any other Homopterous genus,
nor have I found it noticed by any author. In addition to this, the
males of some species possess another peculiarity : the costa is in
the middle incrassated and obtusely dentate (fig. 1, c.) ; in others
it is simply incrassated, and in others simple. As far as I have
been able to ascertain, all the species are inhabitants of various
species of willows. Their wings are for the most part beautifully
iridescent.
Sp. 1. Id. stigmaticalis. Suwb-fuscus, mas, maculd stigmaticali
ochred ; fem. capite sub-ochreo, maculd obcordatd nigricante medio
frontis, maculdque trigonatd distinctd prope oculos nigrd.
Long. corp. 24 lin. Exp. alar. 6 lin.
Male. Beneath pale ochreous. Head, particularly the face,
bright ochreous; the forehead with a semicordate dusky mark, on
each side with a small black excavation. Thorax posteriorly
greyish brown variegated with fuscous, anteriorly pale ochreous
with black spots. Scutellum pale ochreous; on each side at the
base with a black trigonate spot; in the middle with a black fork-
shaped mark, having on each side a fine black dot. Superior wings
semitransparent ; the place of the stigma with a brilliant ochreous
spot; the costa obtusely dentated, at the base ochreous, in the mid-
dle black ; the nervures dark fuscous ; in the middle of the wing very
dark, with fuscous diffused over the wing, forming, as it were, an
oblique fascia; beyond which are three white nervures, forming an
oblique hyaline fascia; the sutural margin dark fuscous. Inferior
wings hyaline, with black nervures. Abdomen above black, with a
slender pale margin to each segment. ‘Tibi externally with black
lines. ;
Female. Beneath dirty cream colour. Head very pale ochreous ;
the forehead in the centre with a large obcordate blackish mark, on
* Vide a paper of Professor Germar’s in Silbermann’s ‘ Revue Entomologique.’
Fassus lanio, Fab., is the type.
new British Homopterous Genera. 49
each side with a small black excavation and a very distinct trigonate
black or fuscous spot near the eyes. Prothorax posteriorly greyish
brown, variegated with fuscous ; anteriorly pale ochreous, with black
spots. Scutellum pale ochreous; at the base on each side with a black
trigonate mark; in the middle with a black, lanceolate, abbreviated
line, the forked part being obsolete, having on each side a fine
black dot. Superior wings semitransparent; the nervures pale
brown, at the apex darker; the costa in the middle and the sutural
margin variegated with dark fuscous. Inferior wings hyaline, with
black nervures. Abdomen above black, with a slender pale mar-
gin to each segment. Intermediate and posterior tibie at the base
with a black spot.
Willows, Battersea. August.
The male may be at once distinguished from all other British
species by its yellow stigmatical spot. ‘The female may be known
by its more distinctly maculated head and thorax. Ihave deposited
a specimen of the female in the Museum of this Society.
Macropsis*. Plate VII. fig. 3 and 4.
Caput latitudine thoracis ; vertex perbrevis, arcuatus. Facies subrhom-
boidea, apice truncata. Oculi mediocres. Ocelli 2 in facie inter
oculos dispositi. Antenne triarticulate in excavatione infra oculos
inserte ; articulus primus brevissimus, secundus cylindricus,
ultimus setiformis, longitudine prothoracis. Prothorax trans-
versus, subovatus, postic? excisus. Scutellum trigonum. Ale
superiores vel semicoriacee vel membranacee, abdomine longiores.
Oviductus fere rectus. Tibie postice vald? spinose et ciliate.
Head as wide as, or a little wider than the thorax; the anterior
margin convex, the posterior concave. Face subrhomboidal,
with the apex truncate. (Fig. 3, b. and fig. 4, b.) Hyes mo-
derate. Ocelli 2, small, placed in the face between the eyes,
to which they are closer than to one another. Antenne placed
in excavations at the side of the face beneath the eyes, hav-
ing a lateral direction and stretching downwards; the two
first joints very short, cylindrical; the terminal one a stoutish
seta, about the length of the prothorax. Rostrum as long as
the prothorax. Prothorar transverse, subovate, posteriorly
excised. Superior wings much deflexed, longer than the
abdomen, and either of a semicoriaceous or membranaceous
texture. Inferior wings ample. Oviposiior long, nearly
straight, or slightly curved downwards. (Fig. 3, c.) <Anie-
* uuxoos longus, ov aculus.
VOL. I. E
50 Mr. R. H. Lewis’s Descriptions of
rior and intermediate tibie apparently without spurs, though
when viewed under a good magnifier, having their internal
margin clothed with a series of short fine cilie, the inter-
mediate tibize being less ciliated than the anterior. Posterior
tibie but slightly curved, somewhat prismatical; externally,
with the superior margin clothed with fine spinule, the in-
ferior margin with eight or nine spines of nearly equal size,
or stouter in the middle of the tibia; internally, with a scanty
series of spinule directed downwards, and a dense row of
ciliz directed inwards ; the apex surrounded with small spines.
Tursi narrow, triarticulate ; the anterior and intermediate with
the terminal, and the posterior with the basal joints longest.
Allied to Agallia, Curt., from which, however, it may be readily
distinguished by the antenne. In that genus they are inserted in
the face between the inferior margin of the eyes; the two first
joints very distinct and not concealed, the last a fine seta, as long as,
or longer than the head, prothorax, and scutellum taken together :
in this the two first joints are very short, and almost concealed in
the excavation, the last joint the length only of the prothorax.
From Bythoscopus, Germ., the length of the face and shape of the
ovipositor, which in that genus is short and much curved upwards,
will at once distinguish it.
In some species the superior wings are semi-coriaceous, in others
with some portion hyaline, and in others wholly membranaceous.
This genus will, however, be more correctly divided, from the form
of the head and thorax, as follows :
A. (Fig. 3.) Facies plana; (Fig. 3, b.) Prothoraz transversus,
obcordatus.
Sp.1. M. virescens, Fab. Flavo-viridis.
Long. corp. 24 lin., lat. corp. 1 lin.
Cicada virescens. Fab., Ent. Syst. 4. 46. 84. Syst. Rhyng. 79.
Yellowish green; superior wings semicoriaceous, subhyaline,
the nervures towards the apex whitish green; inferior wings hyaline,
with white nervures; apex of the outer sheaths of the ovipositor
orange ; the ovipositor castaneous.
Willows, Battersea, Coombe. July, August.
I have deposited a specimen in the Museum of this Society.
B. (Fig. 4.) Facies disco tumido ; (Fig. 4, b.) Prothorax trans-
versus, ovatus, postice excisus.
Sp. 2. M. flavicollis, Linn. Fusco-ferrugineus, capite thoraceque
viridi-flayis.
new British Homopterous Genera.
qn
—
Long. corp. 24 lin., lat. corp. 1 lin.
Cicada flavicollis. Linn., Syst. Nat. 709. Faun. Suec. 891.
Scheff. Icon.
A very variable species, sometimes ferruginous, with the head,
thorax, and scutellum greenish yellow; sometimes entirely ferru-
ginous; the superior wings generally with large diaphanous spots.
Common near London, at Birch and Coombe Woods. July.
There are many other varieties, but it seems unnecessary for me
now to describe them. Fabricius’s Cicada flavicollis seems distinct,
as are probably some of Scheeffer’s varieties. The unicolorous
varieties resemble some species of the first division; the sectional
character must therefore be attended to. I have deposited a nearly
typical specimen in the Museum of this Society.
Barracomorruus*. Fig. 5.
Corpus depressum. Caput thorace vix angustius ; vertex lunatus.
Facies transversa, subovata. Oculi minimi. Ocelli 2 in faciet
margine superiori dispositi. Antenne in excavatione inter oculo-
rum marginem inferiorem inserte ; articulus primus brevissimus,
secundus cylindricus, ultimus setiformis. Prothorax transversus,
subovatus, posticé excisus. Scutellum magnum, subtrigonum, Ale
superiores longitudine abdominis. Oviductus falcatus (fig. 5, 6).
Tibie intermedia interne et externé paucis spinulis ; postice externe
bifariam spinosa, interne spinulose et ciliate.
Body depressed. Head nearly as wide as the thorax, the anterior
margin very convex, the posterior slightly concave, forming a
lunate or crescent-shaped vertex. Hyes small. Ocelli 2,
placed near the superior margin of the face. (Fig. 5 a.) Face
transverse, subovate. Antenne inserted in large excavations
in the face between the inferior margin of the eyes, short, tri-
articulate; the first and second joints very short, cylindrical,
the last a short stout seta. Rostrum rather shorter than the
prothorax. Prothoraxr transverse, ovate, posteriorly gently
excised. Scutellum large, broad, trigonate. Superior wings
slightly deflexed; the apex of the suture with small over-
lapping projections. Inferior wings ample. Ovipositor much
curved upwards. Anterior tibie internally densely ciliated.
Intermediate tibie both externally and internally with a few
small spines. Posterior tibie curved, compressed; externally
with two rows of strong spines; internally with a row of
spmule directed downwards, and a series of ciliz directed
inwards. Tursi triarticulate; the anterior and intermediate
* Barourns rana, wogdn forma.
13) 4
52 Mr. W. E. Shuckard on the Habits
with the terminal, and the posterior with the basal joints
longest.
This genus partakes of the characters of two groups: by its de-
pressed form, lunate vertex, and slightly spiny intermediate tibize it
approaches that to which Professor Germar has restricted the name
of Lassus, (Phrynomorphus, Curt.,) &c.; but the position of the an-
tenne, ocelli, &c. evidently allies it to Bythoscopus, Germ., from
which its depressed form will at once distinguish it. There is but
one British species, which appears to be undescribed.
Sp.1. B. irroratus. Flavo-viridis; alis superioribus fusco-punctatis.
Long. corp. 24 lin., lat. corp. 14 lin.
Yellowish green; superior wings finely sprinkled with minute
fuscous punctures.
Three specimens were taken by Mr. Waterhouse near London,
to whom I am indebted for the specimen I possess. A specimen
will be found in the Museum of this Society, presented by that
gentleman.
XII. A few Observations upon the Habits of the Indige-
nous Aculeate Hymenoptera, suggested hy M. de St. Far-
gau’s Paper upon the Genus Gorytes in the first Number
of the * Annales de la Société Entomologique de France.’
By W. E. Saucxarp, Esqg., M.E.S.
[Read March 3, 1834. ]
Ir is rather a remarkable circumstance, that entomologists in general,
in this country, have hitherto paid but little attention to the Aculeate
Hymenoptera; a tribe so peculiarly interesting from its ceconomy
and habits, that we might reasonably have expected that some
portion of the attention which has been lavished upon several other
orders should have turned upon this. We might easily account for
this neglect, were there much difficulty in observing or collecting
these insects; but when we remember that every sunny bank and
sandy spot will furnish them, I am induced to attribute this general
indifference, partially, to the deficiency of an easily accessible and
collective work upon the subject. But it is far from being thus
satisfactorily answered, for we possess a work upon a portion of this
tribe,—the Bees of Great Britain,—which, I conceive, has never been
of the Aculeate Hymenoptera. 53
surpassed in the annals of entomology for accuracy or acumen,—it
will be readily understood that I allude to our esteemed Honorary
President’s ‘Monographia Apum Anglie ;’ a book to which (al-
though published thirty years ago) but very few additions could as
yet be made, and which is, perhaps, the most beautiful model of an
entomological monograph extant. And yet this work, which should
be the canon of practical writers, has stimulated but few to attend
to our bees, and the majority of collections are either very de-
ficient in them, or in great confusion. We must therefore seek
elsewhere for the true cause of this neglect, and shall perhaps find it
in the predominant taste of the more influential entomologists, whose
zeal excited a spirit of competition, which directed attention solely
to those orders to which they themselves had been almost exclusively
devoted.
The insects I chiefly allude to in these observations, and par-
ticularly where I complain of the indifference shown to them, are
comprised in a subsection of the Aculeate Hymenoptera, and are what
are generally called Sand-wasps. They form Latreille’s second family,
of the second section of the order, to which he has given the name
of Fossores, or ‘burrowers,’ from the circumstance of the majority of
the family forming little burrows in sand or earth, for the purpose
of depositing their eggs therein, with a sufficiency of food, consisting
of other insects, either in their undeveloped or their perfect state, for
the nurture of the larva upon the hatching of the egg. In their
second, or larva state, they are consequently all carnivorous, as well
as the true wasps, or Diploptera ; thus differing from the Mellifere, or
bees, which supply their larvae with an admixture of honey and the
pollen of flowers made into a kind of paste. Into these two divisions
of Bees and Wasps, the Aculeate Hymenoptera are thus readily sepa-
rated by the very nature of the pabulum upon which the larva is
fed; the wasps (I take the term in its broadest signification,) forming
a tribe which, although much fewer in numbers than the bees, may,
I think, certainly vie with them in the interesting nature of their
ceconomy and in their personal history, for their habits are de-
cidedly as varied as the habits of the solitary bees; and the social
bees may find competitors for attentive and interesting observation in
the ceconomy of the true wasps, and the family of ants, if we insti-
tute the comparison without reference to their uses to man.
But the chief object of my present address (admitting, however,
my earnest wish to call the attention of practical entomologists to
this very interesting tribe,) consists in my anxiety to stop, as early
as possible, the diffusion of error which might ensue from the gene-
valization of a fact discovered by a very eminent French Hymenopterist,
54 Mr. W. E. Shuckard ox the Habits
Le Pelletier de St. Fargeau, unless previously restricted within certain
limits,—which, I hope, I am enabled to do with precision, from the
knowledge obtained from that only safe source, the patient and at-
tentive observation of nature ; truth, and not theory, being the object
of my quest.
The study of structure frequently either leads to the corroboration
of observations upon the ceconomy of insects, or throws out sugges-
tions which experience confirms. ‘This has been remarkably the case
with the Aculeate Hymenoptera. ‘The Rev. Mr. Kirby, whose work
I so recently mentioned, was induced to surmise, from the absence
of polliniferous instruments in the genus Melecta, one of the bees,
that it might be a parasite upon another of the family; and this
supposition derived additional strength from its being found by Mr.
Trimmer in the nest of Anthophora retusa, which subsequent obser-
vation ascertained to be the insect whereon it was parasitic. Several
other genera of bees are in the same predicament; but no investiga-
tions hitherto made will enable us to ascribe these cuckoo bees to their
relative fosterers. (See Note 1.) But the term parasite must be here
understood in a different acceptation to which it is received in refer-
ence to the [chneumones and the Chalcidide, these being strictly in-
ternal parasites; whereas the larva of the parasitic bee or wasp is sup-
ported at the expense of the larva of the insect which collected the
food, by consuming what she had laid up for the use of her own pro-
geny. ‘This naturally suggests the idea that the egg of the parasite
may possibly be disclosed more rapidly than that of the insect which
laid up the store; but of this we have no certain knowledge, nor in-
deed of anything that takes place within the nest: but that the larva
of the parasite is carnivorous, may, I think, be absolutely negatived
with respect to the bees; and, therefore, although the food is con-
sumed, the larva itself is left untouched, but is starved to death in
consequence of the failure of its supplies: but with respect to the
wasps, I have not the least doubt that the heir is consumed as well
as his inheritance.
M. de St. Fargeau followed up this hint upon perceiving, in his
examination of the structure of the Fossorial Hymenoptera, that some
possessed the anterior tarsi ciliated on the outside; and when thus
armed, the posterior tibiz were likewise furnished, through their
whole length, also on the outside, with spines or teeth: but in others
the cilia were wanting, and, that, always when thus formed, their con-
comitant, the spines of the hinder tibiz, were either deficient or obso-
lete. Well acquainted with the burrowing habit of the majority of
these insects, he was induced to infer that the cilia of the tarsi were
employed to facilitate the insect in forming its burrows, and that the
of the Aculeate Hymenoptera. 55
spines of the posterior tibize (not the calcaria which arm the apex of
the limb,) assisted it to carry its prey ; and consequently such as were
unfurnished with these auxiliaries were unable to burrow or convey
a prey, and must therefore be parasitic. This theory he has stated
in several articles of the tenth volume of the ‘ Encyclopédie Métho-
dique,’ in an early number of Guerin’s ‘ Magazin d’Entomologie,’
and has made practical use of it in an analysis and subdivision of
Latreille’s genus Gorytes, in the first Number of the ‘ Annales de la
Société Entomologique de France.’ I was highly gratified when I first
heard of this, and considered it a discovery of an analogous value to
that made by Mr. Kirby, of the males of the Aculeate Hymenoptera
having one joint in the antennz, and one segment in the abdomen,
more than the females. But my pleasure was much decreased, upon
inspecting my collection, to find that it furnished me with a negative
to the general application of the rule. For chance led me to apply
it, in the first place, to the genus Crabro, and here I found C. cepha-
fotes with simple tarsi, but with the posterior tibie spinose; an
anomaly that I could not account for at the time, as I have taken it
repeatedly with its prey, and watched it while employing its man-
dibles in forming a cylindrical cell in decaying trees: thus the ap-
plication of St. Fargeau’s theory here would treat as a parasite one
of the most ferocious and predatory of this tribe. ‘This is precisely
the case also with several other species of the same genus. I next
took the genera in regular sequence, and found the genus Sapyga
simple in both tarsi and tibiz, and this genus, by St. Fargeau’s own
admission in his remarks upon it in the ‘Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ is
certainly predatorial, as he states having captured Sap. punctata
with its prey, which it dropt when caught, but which he detected to
be a larva. (Note 2.) We may therefore safely treat it as a true
Fossor, although from the nature of the material in which it nidifi-
cates it would certainly use its mandibles instead of its tarsi, in exca-
vating its little cylindrical cells, and we accordingly find that Nature
has provided it with the former excessively strong, and the latter
very slender and simple. These instances induced me to suspect
that I had detected a clue to the probable cause of this apparent
anomaly (Note 3.); for, knowing that these insects nidificate in
wood, I surmised that their habit was a consequence of their struc-
ture, and that therefore the theory must be limited to such as are
strictly burrowers in sand or earth; and which subsequent investi-
gation has tended to confirm; for I have invariably found such as
nidificate in wood, deficient in the ciliz of the anterior tarsi, although
having the posterior tibiz occasionally spinose, which seems to sup-
port St. Fargeau’s opinion, that they are used to assist in conveying
56 Mr. W. E. Shuckard on the Habits
their prey, an opinion however that I cannot coincide in for reasons
which I shall presently state. In the genus Pompilus, some, as the
P. bifasciatus of Fabricius and the P. petiolatus of Van der Linden,
are simple in the tarsi and posterior tibie; but I suspect they nidifi-
cate in wood. The black species of Psen, as I have observed, nidifi-
cate in wood, although their tarsi and tibie are simple; hence the
species of this genus cannot be placed in the class of Parasites.
With respect to Trypoxrylon, I think there can be no doubt as to its
being a parasite, as it is a very common insect, and constant oppor-
tunities occur for detecting it with its prey, were it predatory. In
the genus Pemphredon,1 suspect that only P. insignis is parasitic, —the
majority of them nidificate in wood; but the P. minutus I have taken
only in sand, and as its anterior tarsi are simple, although the pos-
terior tibize are spinose, it may possibly be a parasite; but future
observation will determine this point, as well as decide which may
be treated as parasites among the sand-burrowers in general. But
I think we may entertain little doubt as to the genera Ceropales,
Dolichurus, and Nysson being assignable to that class, and Gorytes
mystaceus is, I have no doubt, also a parasite, and has thus acquired.
a certain degree of celebrity by suggesting this discovery. Those
which I have not named are all true Fossores, taking them as they
appear in the published lists.
With respect to St. Fargeau’s auxiliary character, the spines of
the hinder tibiz, which he considers as assisting the insect in con-
veying its prey, I have already indicated that I do not subscribe to,
and for the following reasons: they are invariably placed on the
outside of the limb, and the insect in carrying its burthen would
necessarily clasp it with the inside; exclusively of the fact of my
knowing only one genus that uses its posterior legs for this purpose.
Were this, therefore, their sole use, it would be derived merely from
the strength they might add to the member ; but I conceive their chief
importance is to assist the insect in burrowing, for although some
species convey the particles of sand or earth out of their burrow
by their mouth, and pile them at its entrance for the purpose of
closing it after having deposited their progeny within, to secure them
from the ingress of ants or their parasites (Note 4.), yet many
species burrow lke a fox, tossing the sand out behind them with
their posterior legs; and in the same way those which nidificate in
wood pass the particles beneath them, and eject them behind by means
of the spines with which their tibie are armed, which fact I have
frequently observed while watching the habits of Crabro cephalotes.
Besides the evidently ill-adapted position of the spines for aiding
the insect in carrying, I have noticed the genus Ovzybelus alone, to.
of the Aculeate Hymenoptera. 57
convey its prey by means of its hinder legs. Pompilus and Ammo-
phila walk backwards, dragging it with their mandibles; and the
perseverance with which they overcome all difficulties, and place it
where they have selected their hiding-place, is remarkable. Astata,
Tachytes, Psen, Crabro, Mellinus, and Cerceris fly boldly and directly
forward with it in their mandibles, assisted by their fore legs. It would
be desirable to ascertain if the several species are restricted to one
kind of prey. As far as my observation goes I have found it to be the
case, and generally that prey consists of larve, I suppose from their
being more succulent, and yielding more nutriment than the perfect
insect ; and itis a remarkable circumstance that, however sanguinary
and bold they may be in their attack upon their victims, I have never
observed any but the species of the genus Vespa feeding upon their
ravin, nor have I observed any but females make the attack. It would
therefore seem that maternal solicitude alone prompts them in their
apparent rapacity, for it is to the nectar of flowers that they resort
for their own subsistence. They differ much with regard to their
prey, as far as my observation goes: the prey of Pompilus viaticus,
Suscus, exaltatus, and gibbus consists of different species of spiders ;
P. niger attacks a small sandy-coloured larva. Ammophila hirsuta
and vulgaris I have detected dragging along large black spiders,
very much swoln, I presume from the effects of the venom with which
the insect renders them torpid. Psen equestris and bicolor bring
home the larve of Homopterous insects, which differ; and it is a curi-
ous fact that the bicolor is gregarious and the equestris solitary in its
habits. Astata Boops diminishes the numbers of the larvee of Pen-
tatoma bidens, for I have frequently taken it on Hampstead Heath
with that prey. Pemphredon unicolor preys upon an Aphis. Lyrops,
or more properly Tachytes pompiliformis, I have caught with the
larva of a small Lepidoptera; Orybelus uniglumis, with a small Di-
pterous perfect insect; Crabro cribrarius and patellatus, with Diptera
also, as well Mellinus arvensis. Cerceris leta, according to Latreille,
quoted by Mr. Curtis, preys on an Andrena, and Philanthus Diadema
upon a species of Halictus.
These few observations will show what a field lies open for the
observer, and what a harvest remains to be reaped.
I think I have sufficiently proved, what I set out with the intention
of doing, that the discovery made by St. Fargeau does not admit of
general application, and must be restricted to the Fossores that ni-
dificate in sand and earth; and that the use of the spines of the
hinder tibiz is certainly not to aid immediately in the conveyance
of prey, although it generally accompanies the ciliation of the anterior
tarsi, but may rather be considered as instruments for assisting the
insect to burrow.
58 Mr. W. E. Shuckard on the Habits
I have only further to remark, that the seemingly most trifling
observation may become of paramount importance in teaching us the
function of an organ, or by its intercalation with other observations
may, like a link in a chain of circumstantial evidence, convey the
strongest conviction, and give corroboration to what was previously
built upon presumption alone.
I will conclude, but I must first apologize for having wasted so
much of your time, and I fear entirely exhausted your patience ; but
I beg this may be imputed solely to my zeal for our science : and these
cursory remarks will have attained their purpose should they stimu-
late our practical entomologists to record all,—even their most mi-
nute observations, and impart them to the Society, whether individu-
ally or, if so fortunate in their collection of these fugitive emissions,
in a body. They will speedily accumulate, and enrich us with a
series of facts which must in themselves give an importance to our
proceedings, and add a stability to our lucubrations by fixing them
upon the explicit confession of Nature herself.
NOTES.
Note 1. page 54.—The genera of British bees supposed to be parasitic are Hyleus,
Sphecodes, Nomada, Epeolus, Stelis, Ceelioxys, Melecta, and Psithyrus (first separated
from Bombus, but notnamed, by Mr. Kirby; kept separated as Divisio 2. by Dahlbom
in his Monograph of the Scandinavian Bombi, but raised into a genus with the pre-
ceding name by St. Fargeau in the fourth Number of the ‘ Annales de la Société
Entomologique de France’). All that is known of the habits of the parasitic bees
(and that is but very Jittle,) rests upon mere conjecture, and to which I now con-
tribute my mite. I have the strongest possible reason for supposing that Nomada
Schefferella is parasitic upon Eucera longicornis, for I have taken it several times
this year entering the burrows of that bee, and nowhere else; but I hope to confirm
this supposition next year by breeding it from the store laid up by the Ewcera: and
Nomada ferruginata is, I suspect, a parasite of Andrena fulvescens, for I have con-
stantly taken it entering the cell of that insect. The Nomada rujficornis flies chiefly
about hedge-rows, and is probably parasitic upon dndrena Trimmerana or A. nitida,
which both burrow in hedge-banks as well as 4. cingulata, thus differing from
those which nidificate in bare sandy situations. I would throw out the suggestion
that as some of the Andrene@ are distinguished from the rest by the greater density
and length of their scopa and flocculus, it is probable that these latter chiefly may
nourish parasites. I suspect we may have more than one species of the genus
Melecta, for Ihave taken specimens differing widely in the colour of their hirsuties,
infesting the nests of Anthophora retusa, A. Haworthana, and Eucera longicornis.
Note 2. page 55.—Mr. Bakewell of Nottingham has recently informed me that
he has captured this insect while thrusting its abdomen into the cells of Osmia
ceerulescens. Ihave taken Melandria Caraboides repeatedly doing so, this year,
into the cell of Chelostoma mavillosa, and with the ovipositor exserted to its utmost
Jength. I am not aware of this circumstance having been previously noticed. It
of the Aculeate Hymenoptera. 59
seems that Chelostoma mazillosa nourishes several parasites, as Manus Jaculator and
Pimpla Manifestator are said to deposit their eggs in her nest.
Note 3. page 55.—The theory itself is rendered very doubtful by my having
captured Gorytes campestris of St. Fargeau (which, accordine to him, should be a
parasite, from its simple legs and tarsi,) conveying its prey, the pupa of Teétigonia
spumaria, into its cell, excavated in the vertical section of a sand-bank: the burrow
was about four inches deep, and took rather an oblique direction inclining down-
wards. By the absence of provision, this was evidently its first journey after com-
pleting its labour of digging the cavity. It would have pleased me better to have
captured it the following day, when doubtless there would have been a store of
food laid up, as well as eggs deposited, but I was too anxious to secure its testimony
to emancipate it, and I therefore preserve it with its prey in my collection. The
fact related by Mr. Westwood in a short paper recently read by him, of having taken
Odynerus Antilope with a green larva, does not bear so strongly upon the point as
my instance, as St. Fargeau’s theory does not extend to the Diploptera, none of
which have either cilia or spines to their tarsi and legs, although in habits they
differ materially; but I much doubt whether any but the genus Vespa are social. It
will be understood that I allude to British ones only.
Note 4. page 56.—I here embody in a note the few observations that were read
on the 5th of May 1834, and which were drawn up by me as supplementary to this
paper. “ Since the reading of my paper upon the habits of the Aculeate Hymenoptera,
but chiefly the Fossores, and wherein I was induced to express much doubt as to
the plausibility of the supposition of St. Fargeau, that the spines which arm the
tibize of the majority cf this tribe were for the purpose of enabling the insect to
convey its prey, it has been my good fortune to meet with a specimen of the female
of Crabro cribrarius which will possibly tend to solve satisfactorily this problem.
From the observed habits of some of these insects it is a well-known fact that the
female closes the aperture of the burrow wherein she has deposited her egg and the
supply of food for the nourishment of the larva when disclosed. Instinct guides
her to do this to secure her delicate progeny from the attacks of the insects that
might be fatal to it, or might possibly consume its provision, and perhaps also for
the exclusion of the atmosphere, which in some situations would too quickly absorb
the moisture of the provision laid up in store, (for the cell is always excavated beyond
the mere dry exterior crust into the damp sand beneath), although I expect that
the egg is speedily hatched, and the insect changes into a pupa before winter, in
which state it lies dormant until it is called into active existence in the ensuing
spring, when it comes forth to revel in the enjoyment of life, and to perform its
more important functions in the ceconomy of Nature.
This fact of their stopping up the hole of their burrow being well attested, and
indeed a matter of almost daily observation with such entomologists as prefer watch~
ing and investigating the habits of insects, and who in their rambles through the
fields delight in contemplating Nature generally, finding
“ Tongues in trees,
Books in the running brooks, sermons in stones,
And good in everything,”
to the mere acquisition of specimens, may, I think, safely be applied by analogy even
to such (not being parasites) from which good fortune or recorded observation has
not yet lifted the veil.
The specimen of the female of Crabro cribrarius which I mentioned above, has
the posterior tibiz loaded on each side with a thick plaster of clay. The riddle is
60 Mr. W. W. Saunders on the Habits
thus solved, the spines are thus evidently intended to enable the insect to convey
the materials with which she closes her burrow, which a smooth surface could not
accomplish. The apex of the intermediate and anterior tibiz on one side have also
some portion of this substance, the greater part of which may perhaps have been
rubbed off in its capture, or Itook her before she had quite completed her task. It is
but in very few of these insects that the anterior tibize are spinose and restricted to
such as are absolutely fossorial in the strictest application of the term, and not ex-
tended to the non-parasites which burrow in wood. That the anterior and interme-
diate tibiz, as well as the plante of the latter, are occasionally employed to convey
building materials, I have a very strong proof in a specimen of Bombus terrestris
in my possession, which has all these limbs thickly covered with clay, and the pos-
terior corbiculz loaded to a degree which must have been a great encumbrance even
to so robust an insect; and which I think tends to prove that it went some distance
to fetch it, or that its use was very urgent, otherwise, with its well known rapidity on
the wing, it would have accomplished several journeys in nearly the same space of
time as from the impediment offered to its flight by being so loaded it executed this
single one. I have also this year taken a female Psithyrus which has some clay on the
superior surface of the apex of the posterior tibie and planta, which perhaps indi-
cates that although supposed to be strictly parasitic, it yet takes some share in the
domestic ceconomy of the nest, and which supposition is strengthened by the cir-
cumstance that it is most certainly not an accidental adhesion, noris it so in either of
the cases cited above. We thus see that Nature never works without a purpose,—
she is too strict an ceconomist of time and material,—and we may therefore rationally
infer that where an organ exists, a function necessarily coexists, although too re-
condite for our ready apprehension, and which analogy or chance may ultimately
discover.
XIII. On the Habits of some Indian Insects. By W.W.
SAUNDERS, Lisq., F.L.S., &e.
[Read April 7, 1834.]
In the hope that the following remarks on the habits of a few In-
dian insects may not be thought uninteresting to entomologists, I
am induced to submit this communication to the Entomological So-
ciety. The facts are chiefly taken from a note-book in which I re-
corded the observations as they occurred.
I captured many specimens of the Lamia Rubus, Fab., in the neigh-
bourhood of Calcutta on the Pipal tree (Ficus religiosa) during the
months of May and June. These insects cling very tightly to the
branches, so much so that it is dificult to detach them, except by
violent shaking. When on the wing, they fly well in a direct line, and
their great size gives them somewhat the appearance of small birds.
Their food consists of the round buds of the Pipal, and not the leaves
of some Indian Insects. 61
as might be supposed by those who had not paid attention to the
subject. I ascertained this fact by carefully watching the insect seve-
ral times whilst feeding, and I invariably observed it eating the buds,
whilst the leaves around were untouched. ‘This species of Lamia
may at times be detected in the tree by a grating noise, caused
by rubbing the back part of the head against the anterior mar-
gin of the thorax. When handled, this noise seems to be pro-
duced louder and more rapidly than on the tree, so much so that at
twenty paces distant it may be heard. The mandibles of the insect
possess great strength, a fact I am particularly aware of from having
once been bitten by one on my little finger, when it made its jaws
meet in the flesh, paining me exceedingly, and causing a wound
which, from not healing well, I shall long bear the mark of. While
the operation of feeding is going on, the antenne of the insect are
motionless, but upon touching them on the body ever so slightly, a
quick horizontal motion of these organs (probably the result of fear,)
immediately commences, and is continued for some time. I have only
observed this insect upon the Pipal tree, where however it may be
taken abundantly. I was not able to obtain any information re-
specting the immature states of this species.
If diligent search be made under the bark of the Mango (Man-
gifera indica) and Lichi (Dimocarpus Litchi), the Cossyphus planus,
Fab., (depressus, Lat.,) will be found. The remarkable flatness of this
insect allows it to creep into very narrow cracks and crevices of the
bark, so that in searching for it every interstice ought to be well
examined. When the bark is removed, the insect is found adhering
to the tree ; and as it remains motionless in that position, it may
easily escape notice, the colour of the bark being very similar to that
of the insect. I have taken several of these insects near Calcutta,
in Garden Reach, but never in any abundance; generally singly.
The Cicindela sexpunctata, Fab., is frequently taken during the
evening in the apartments at Calcutta. They are attracted by the
light of the lamps, and to an accustomed eye may easily be distin-
guished by the rapidity with which they dart round the light, and
almost immediately settle on something near. It is somewhat diffi-
cult to catch them in their night excursions, they are so very quick,
and fly off the moment an attempt is made to capture them. Although
frequent in the rooms during the evening, I have never seen the in-
sect but once during the day ; a circumstance arising, I should think,
from my not knowing where to find it at that time.
Another species of Cicindela, which I propose calling limosa, and
which is probably undescribed, was captured by me one evening in
abundance, and only on that one evening, whilst in a boat at anchor
62 Mr. W. W. Saunders on the Habits
off a mud bank near Diamond Harbour in the river Hooghly. It was
in the beginning of June, and the tide failing us, we were obliged to
anchor ‘ciose to the bank. Whilst thus situated we observed many
of this species of Cicindela fly into the cabin, and dart towards a light
which was in a lantern, striking so violently against the glass that
they immediately fell upon a bench on which the lantern stood, so
that I was able to take specimens of them. Unless where given by
myself, I have not met with them in the cabinets of entomologists.
A third species of Cicindela is found on pathways at Ackra in the
neighbourhood of Calcutta. It is a most active insect, flying rapidly
and running very fast. Being of a dark brown colour, it is very difficult
to be seen when on the path, a difficulty which is increased by its
small size, so that I took but very few specimens of it. A description
of this species, which appears to be unknown, will also be found at
the end of this paper; it is named Prinsepii after James Prinsep,
Esq., F.R.S., of Calcutta, a zealous promoter of science in all its
branches, and whose labours are not sufficiently known in this
country.
Euchlora viridis, MacLeay, is frequently attracted into the rooms
at night by the light of the lamps, and the large Copris Molossus is
an occasional night visitor.
On the banks of the Hooghly, a few miles below Calcutta, two
new species of Mr. Hope’s subgenus Anthelephila were captured
in the month of April, running about the roots of grass among
sand in abundance. Some British species of Anthicus, a genus
from which Anthelephila has been separated, are found also at the
roots of grass among sand, a fact indicating that Anthelephila and
Anthicus are nearly allied in habits as well as form. These two
species are described under the names of ruficollis and mutillaria ;
the latter, from the insect resembling a small Mutilia, as suggested
to me by Mr. Westwood.
At Saugor Island, in the mouth of the Hooghly, I have frequently
noticed the cells, which are built of mud, by a species of Humenes.
The cells are generally placed under some projection, or in an
angle, where they are very firmly fixed. They are of an oval
shape, sometimes two or three together, placed side by side.
Each cell is somewhat smaller than a pigeon’s egg, and before
being closed up, is well stored with green caterpillars, which I have
often amused myself by watching the Humencs carry into the
cells. When the cells are sufficiently stored, they are filled up
so very neatly with mud that it is difficult to discover the entrance.
One of these nests was found in a keyhole, closing the aperture ;
another, in a bungalo at Ganga Saugor, was beautifully constructed
of some Indian Insects. 63
inside an old flute, the insect having chosen one of the note-holes
for the entrance to the nest. At Mud Point, Saugor, I observed
several of these nests already built and sealed up; others the
EHumenes were storing with caterpillars, while some were in progress
of completion. I took down one of the sealed nests and broke it
open to examine the interior, and was surprised to see a species of
Pelopeus come out lively and strong, an insect not known to subsist
on the stores of others, as this fact seems to prove. This Pelopeus
was a male, with a black body, excepting the peduncle, which was
yellow ; two spots behind the head, and a third a little behind the
junction of the wings with the trunk, are of the same colour.
The antenne are black. Legs black and yellow. Wings of a
brownish yellow cast, with the tips gradually growing dusky.
Length half an inch. A female of the same species in my posses-
sion is seven tenths of an inch long. The species of Humenes
whose ceconomy is detailed above is about an inch long. Body
chestnut brown, with an undefined black band across the first joint
of the abdomen beyond the peduncle. Antenne and legs of a
chestnut brown, but rather lighter than the body. Wings yellowish
brown, with the tips dusky.
Pelopeus has never been considered a parasite, but as building
nests resembling those of Humenes. My observations go far to
prove that they are parasitic, and I presume that in former descrip-
tions the Pelopeus has been described as the architect of the nest,
instead of Eumenes, the real constructor: this error might easily
occur to those who had not witnessed the Humenes at work.
Having frequently noticed cases of an oblong oval shape attached
to the walls of rooms in the houses at Calcutta, and supposing them to
be the abode of the larva of some insect, I opened some of them and
inclosed others in a bottle. In some of the specimens examined a
chrysalis was found, in others a larva, and in others merely exuvie
of a chrysalis. From those in the bottle there proceeded in time
some small moths. The cases are generally attached to walls or
partitions by silken threads of considerable tenacity, and are to be
seen sometimes pendent from a beam or the ceiling. They are
half an inch long by one fifth of an inch broad in the widest part,
nearly flat, the longitudinal and transverse sections being lens-
shaped, and margined along the sides. They are open at both
ends, although attached to the walls at one end, the attachment
being so managed as not to stop the entrance. The inside is lined
with a silky substance, the outside covered with small grains, re-
sembling sand. The larva when full grown is about three tenths of
an inch long, with the head and first three segments of the body
64 Mr. W. W. Saunders on the Habits
dark brown, the remainder white. It has six legs placed on the
first three segments of the body, two on each segment. The
chrysalis is of a pale yellow brown, and about a quarter of an inch
in length. The moths were lost by an accident, and therefore can-
not be minutely described. They approached in size the cloth-
moth, and the upper surface of the wings were of a silvery brown.
The larva has the power of turning within its abode, and if watched
when fixed to a wall may often be seen protruding its head and
legs, sometimes at one end, sometimes at the other, as if in
search of food. I have always found the cases tightly fixed, yet
the larve have the power of locomotion. One of the larve with
its envelope, which I detached from a wall and placed upon a table,
was very active in moving it about, by protruding the head and
legs ond then laying hold of the table, when by a contraction of
the body the case was moved forward, and as these jerks were
rapidly repeated, the larva and its abode made considerable pro-
gress. When the progress of the larva was obstructed, it imme-
diately withdrew into its home, and turning itself, began to re-
treat at the other end. Whilst on the table, it fixed its house
several times, an operation so quickly performed as scarcely to be
perceptible. I always found the cases nearly of the same size,
whence we might be induced to suppose that at first the larve had
the instinct to make an abode sufficiently large to suit themselves
when fully grown. I could never determine the food of the larva,
nor the manner in which it constructs its interesting habitation,
particulars which I hope some other observer will supply. In so
vast a field as India, where there are so many Europeans who have
leisure, it is much to be regretted that there are so few observers
of the insect creation. Valuable discoveries might doubtless be
made, and many new facts brought to light, which would be
highly interesting to the naturalist and particularly to the ento-
mologist.
Descriptions of the New Species of Coleoptera referred 10 in the pre-
ceding Observations.
CicinDELA of Authors.
CicrnpDELA Limosa, Saunders. Plate VII. fig. 6.
Olivaceo-viridis, subcupreo-nitens, elytris margine tenui ochra-
ceo cinctis.
Long. corp. +4, unc.
of some Indian Insects. 65
Habitat Diamond Harbour, flumine Hooghly, Indie Orientalis.
Description —Olive-green, with coppery shades. Head rather
broader than the thorax, with two punctate impressions be-
tween the eyes. Mandibles and palpi ochraceous, tipped with
black. Labrum ochraceous. Thorar cylindric, ovate, trun-
cated before and behind, with a transverse, punctate impres-
sion towards the head and another towards the scutellum, with
a faint impression joining the two, down the centre. Elyira
minutely punctured, with a narrow, ochraceous margin, ex-
tending from the base to the apex. Legs very long, pubescent.
Femora shining green; the knees red. Tibie red, with the
apex green. The female has two polished, green, round, dis-
coidal spots, one on each elytron.
Found at Diamond Harbour, River Hooghly.
CicinpELA Prinseriz, Saunders. Plate VII. fig. 7.
Obscure nigro-fuscescens, elytrorum singulo maculis tribus parvis
ochraceis, pone medium, notato.
Long. corp. 2% unc.
Habitat in semitis apud Ackra prope Caleuttam.
Description.—Black-brown. Head with the eyes very prominent.
Thorax narrower than the head, long, and nearly cylindric.
Hlytra rather broader than the head, very convex ; each elytron
marked with three small ochraceous spots, a little below the
middle, placed in a triangle; two on the margin, linear, and
at right angles to it; the third discoidal, round. Body beneath
shining purple. Legs with shades of brassy green, particu-
larly beneath.
Inhabits pathways at Ackra, near Calcutta.
ANTHELEPHILA, Hope.
ANTHELEPHILA RUFICOLLIS, Saunders. Plate VII. fig. 8.
Nigra, nitida, pubescens, thorace femorumque basi rufescentibus.
Long. corp. +25 unc.
Habitat in sabuletis, ad ripas fluminis Hooghly.
Description.—Glossy black, except the thorax and base of the
thighs, which are reddish brown. The head is slightly punc-
tured, and the whole insect covered with very short pubes-
cence.
Inhabits sandy places on the banks of the Hooghly.
VOL. I. F
66
Mr. W. W. Saunders on some Indian Insects.
ANTHELEPHILA MUTILLARIA, Saunders, Plate VII. fig. 9.
Rufescens, albo longe pilosa, capite fasciaque transversa elytro-
rum nigris.
Long. corp. +3, unc.
Habitat cum precedenti.
Description.—Head black, deeply punctured; some long hairs
proceeding from just behind the eyes. Antenne black, with
the three basal joints reddish brown. Thorav reddish brown,
deeply punctured, pubescent. H/ytra reddish brown, with a
broad black band across, a little beyond the middle, clothed
with long white hairs, particularly from the posterior margin of
the band to the apex. Zegs hairy, dull black, with the base
of the thighs reddish brown. The thorax in this species is
not so long and attenuated as in A. ruficollis, and the coleoptra
are less oval.
Hab. the same as the last.
Mr. Waterhouse on LRemphan Hoper. 67
XIV. Description of a new Species of Longicorn Beetle from
the East Indies. By G. R. WaternouseE, Esq., late
Curator of the Entomological Society.
[Read March 3, 1834. ]
Fam. PRIONIDE.
Genus Rempua‘n.
CapuT longius quam latum: mandibule prominentes bidentate.
Labrum transversum, parte anteriori emarginatum. Labium
minutum, apice bilobatum. Palpi mavillares modici, 4-articu-
lati; articulo primo brevi, sequentibus feré equalibus. Palpi
labiales 3-articulati; articulo primo brevi, secundo elongato ;
tertio modico, apice truncato. Antenne filiformes, 11-articu-
late ; articulo primo crasso, secundo brevi, tertio primo zquanti,
posticeque spinis armato; articuli septem sequentes fere eequa-
les, graciles ; articulo apicali ceteris longiori.
Thorax subquadratus, marginibus lateralibus spinis armatis. E/y-
tra subcoriacea. Pedes modici, femora tibizeque triplici serie
spinarum armata.
Abdomen subdepressum.
Species 1. Remphan Hopet.
Plate VIII. fig. 1.
Obscuré niger ; thoracis disco utrinque macula triangulari nitida-
que ornato; elytris pallide brunneis.
Habitat in India Orientali circa Singapore.—Long. capitis cum
mandibulis lin. 11.—Long. corporis 2 unc. 11. lin.
Description.—Obscure black. Head obovate, obscurely rugose
throughout, with an indistinct ochreous pubescence ; a longi-
tudinal line dividing the head into two equal parts, reaching
from the base to the apex, and which is depressed between the
eyes, and slightly elevated posteriorly. yes large. Mandi-
bles long and prominent, bidentate internally. Thorax trans-
verse quadrangular, and narrower anteriorly, the sides and an-
terior angles thickly set with spines, a triangular glossy patch
on each side of the disc, and another which is smaller between
that and the lateral margin; also a glossy rugose ridge reach-
ing from this last to the posterior angles of the thorax ; at the
anterior angle of the first-mentioned triangular patch is a shal-
VOT I ——PART IT. G
68 The Rev. F. W. Hope on Amycterus Schinherri.
low depression, which is filled with a short ochreous pubescence.
Scutellum rather large, semiovate, pitchy black, obscurely punc-
tured, and having an indistinct longitudinal elevated line. Ely-
tra pale pitchy brown, inclining to a chestnut colour towards
the base and at the suture, finely punctured throughout, and
furnished with three obsolete raised strize on each side; the
elytra are elongate, and nearly parallel, slightly attenuated pos-
teriorly ; each elytron is furnished with a minute spine at its
apex. Legs moderate, femora and tibie rugose, and thickly
armed with small spines. Tarsi broad and flat, and of a brown
colour. Antenne with the eight terminal joints pitchy brown,
the third, fourth and fifth joints are each furnished with a minute
spine at the apex; the basal joint is coarsely punctured.
I have named this fine species in honour of the Rev. F. W. Hope,
in testimony of his kindness in allowing me the free use of his most
extensive and valuable collection.
Note.—In the drawing, the head is represented as bent forwards,
consequently some additional length must be allowed for the fore-
shortening of the mandibles.
XV. Description of a new Curculionideous Beetle from the
Swan River. By the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S. &c.,
President.
[Read May 5, 1834. ]
Fam. CURCULIONID.
Genus. AmycTerus, Schonherr.
Species. Amyct. Schénherri.
Plate VIII. fig. 2.
Nicer; rostro brevissimo, lateribus medioque thoracis seriatim no-
dulosis, elytris spinosissimis.
Long. corp. lin. 14. lat. 5.
In Mus. Dom. Hope.
Habitat in Nova Hollandia, apud Swan River.
Totum corpus nigrum.
Rostrum breve et crassum ; supra ineequale canaliculatum ; apice
emarginatum. Thorax suborbiculatus, lateribus feré in spinam
Mr. Westwood on Arcturis. 69
utrinque productis; anticé posticéque constrictus, depressus,
marginibus medioque dorsi duplici serie noduloso. Hlytra spi-
nis horrentia. Femora inermia, tibiis unicalcaratis.
In honorem celeberrimi Schénherri denominatus.
PLATE VIII.
Fig. 2. The insect of the natural size. 2a. The head scen in profile.
2b. The tarsus.
XVI. Observations on the osculant Crustaceous Genus
Arcturus of Latreille ; with the Description of a British
Species. By J. O. Westrwoopn, F.L.S. &c.
[Read March 3, 1834. ]
Taxine advantage of the presence of those distinguished men who
this evening honour us with their presence*, I beg leave to offer
to the notice of the Society the description of a curious genus of
Crustaceous animals, interesting not only on account of its com-
prising a species which has hitherto been found only in the Arctic
Seas, but also from the peculiar situation which its singular structure
entitles it to hold in the class of animals to which it belongs.
The great division named by Dr. Leach Malacostraca Edrio-
phthalma, comprises those hard-shelled Crustacea which have three
pairs of foot-jaws, five pairs of legs, and two other pairs of organs
resembling legs, but which in the Lobsters and Crabs are converted
into additional foot-jaws; they have also the thoracic portion of the
body divided into segments, and their eyes are not placed at the ex-
tremity of footstalks.
This division comprises three orders: 1st, the Amphipoda, or Leap-
ing Shrimps, having the fore-legs generally large and cheliferous, and
the body compressed and narrow; 2nd, the /sopoda, having the legs
of equal size and unarmed, with the body oval and depressed, and
composed of equal segments,—containing the Wood-lice and allied
groups; and 3rd, the Lemodipoda, a singular group, having the body
slender and cylindric, with unequal-sized legs, some being chelifer-
ous, and the segments unequal.
The genus 4rcturus of Latreille, although agreeing in many of its
* Captains Sir John and James Ross were present at the Meeting when this
memoir was read.
G 2
70 Mr. Westwood on Arcturus,
essential characters with the [sopoda, appears to me to form the con-
necting link between that order and the Lemodipoda.
The genus was established by Latreille in the 2nd edition of the
Regne Animal*, published in 1829 (having been indicated by name
only in the Familles Naturelles, published in 1825). [ts characters
were derived solely from the legs; and it would appear that a mutilated
specimen had been examined, as the form of the fourth pair of legs
is not noticed. Latreille adds: ‘Sous le rapport de la longueur des
antennes et de la forme du corps ils se rapprochent des Stenosomes.”
Latreille also states, that he had seen only a single species (Arcturus
tuberculatus), which had been brought from the Northern Ocean in
one of those British expeditions to the polar regions, which have
not only rendered immortal those intrepid heroes by whom, in spite
of the most fearful dangers, they have been accomplished, but have
also conferred an additional and distinguishing honour upon the
national character of our country, which it is difficult to reflect upon
without a glow of enthusiasm or a burst of patriotic feeling.
The situation assigned to this genus by Latreille was in the midst
of the Isopoda, between the genera Stenosoma and Asellus.
No description was given by Latreille of the species, but from its
name and locality it seems to me to be identical with the /dotea
Baffint of Sabine, figured and described in Captain Parry’s Voyage
of Discovery, published four years previously (1821), with which
Latreille does not appear to have been acquainted.
In Sowerby’s British Miscellany, however, we find several figures
of a very remarkable insect, named Oniscus longicornis, which, al-
though disagreeing in several material points with the [dotea Baffini,
must evidently be considered to belong to the same genus; and it
is remarkable that these figures should have been overlooked by
crustaceologists}. For several specimens of this insect I am indebted
to Dr. Johnston, the celebrated zoologist of Berwick-upon-T weed, by
whom they were collected in Berwick Bay; and, as they were pre-
served in spirits, I have been enabled to give a complete series of
figures illustrative of the structure of the genus. As this insect,
however, possesses characters of sufficient weight to warrant its
* Mr. Curtis in 1830 gave the same name to a genus of Moths, which must con-
sequently be rejected: perhaps he will himself take an early opportunity to re-name
it, notwithstanding his recently expressed determination not to throw down any
generic name published with characters, although such name may have been pre-
viously employed.
+ Since this memoir was read, I have learned that Dr. Johnston published a de-
scription of this animal in Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ., vol. xiii. 1825, p. 219,
under the name of Leacia lacertosa. In this memoir the structure of the trophi and
of the internal branchial plates was not noticed, the large middle segment is stated
——
~~
an osculant Genus of Crustacea. ~ 1
establishment as a subgenus distinct from the Idotea Baffini, I shall
restrict the generic characters to those possessed in common by the
two groups. Moreover, as Latreille evidently proposed the genus for
the reception of the Arctic species, I shall consider the former as en-
titled to a distinct subgeneric name, although, perhaps, in strictness,
(in consequence of its being evidently further removed from the
typical structure of the adjacent genera than Idotea Baffini,) the ty-
pical subgeneric name (adopted from the generic one, as suggested
by Mr. Jenyns in the No. of the Mag. Nat. Hist. for March 1834)
ought to be given to Oniscus longicornis.
The following are the characters of the genus ;
Corpus elongatum, gracile, cylindricum.
Antenne 4, interne 2 breves, externe corporis toti saltem longitu-
dine, divisione ultima articulata, et articulo 4to multo breviori.
Pedes antici dissimiles, 2 breves, compressi, supra os applicati.
Pedes 6 sequentes mediocres, gracillimi, directione antica, ciliati,
articulo ultimo preecedentis fere longitudine, simplici.
Pedes 6 postici crassiores, directione postica, unguibus bidentatis.
Abdomine segmentis 3, segmentum ultimum elongatum, apice sub-
ulato.
The want of mandibular palpi and of vesicular appendages at the
base of the legs, as well as the structure of the subabdominal respi-
ratory plates covered by a large pair of basal appendages (resembling
a pair of cupboard-doors), clearly indicate that this genus belongs to
the Jsopoda; whilst the structure and number of segments of the ab-
domen and its branchial appendages place it in the family Idoteide
of Leach, in which the only elongate genus is the British Stenosoma,
from which the characters above detailed will sufficiently remove it.
The cylindric and elongated form of the body, however, joined to
the dissimilar formed legs, the length of the 4th segment of the body,
the ovarial pouch beneath this segment in the ?, and the posterior
direction of the hind legs, make a much nearer approach to the Le-
modipoda than any other Isopodous genus.
The genus may be divided into two subgenera.
to be destitute of legs, and doubts are expressed as to the situation of the genus.
The male alone is described. In the New Edinb. Phil. Journ. for October 1827,
it is noticed that, as Leacia lacertosa is identical with Oniscus longicornis, the spe-
cific name must be changed; but that, as the animal was sufficiently generically di-~
stinguished from the other allied groups, the generic name Leacia might be retained.
I believe, also, that Dr. Fleming published a description of the same animal in 1830,
under the generic name of 4stacella, which must of course be rejected. Amongst
the Crustacea preserved in spirits at the British Museum, I have observed specimens
incorrectly labelled Corophium longicorne.
72 Mr. Westwood on Arcturus,
Subgenus 1. Arcturus proper.
Char. Subgen.
Corporis segmentum 4um preecedenti tanttm paullo longius. An-
tennarum externarum divisio ultima multi-articulata. Pedum 2
anticorum divisio ultima precedenti longior. Pedes 6 postici
(e figura) longitudine decrescentes. Abdomen articulis 2bus
anticis distinctis.
Type. Idotea Baffint. Sabine, App. Parry’s Voy. Pl. I. fig. 4—6.
Syn. Arcturus tuberculatus. Latr. Regne An., 2nd edit. vol. iv.
pp 139:
Several specimens belonging to this subgenus, and apparently to
distinct species, are contained in the collection of the Zoological
Society, and formed part of the collection of Arctic Annulosa brought
home in Captain Lyon’s voyage. Their size is much larger than
that of our English species, being nearly 3 inches in length; they
are also much more rugose.
Two of these specimens exhibit a remarkable peculiarity relative
to the natural history of the genus.
The antenne appeared, at first sight, to be covered for a consider-
able distance with a mass of sea-weed, of more than half an inch in
diameter, so that these organs are thrust out of their natural posi-
tion. On examining this mass more minutely, it was, however, disco-
vered to be composed of the young of the animal, about a quarter of
an inch in length, assembled in musters of 40 or 50 upon each an-
tenna. One of these young ones was more advanced, being more
than half an inch in length.
Subgenus 2. Leacia, Johnston.
Char. Subgen.
Corporis segmentum 4tum valde elongatum. Antennarum divisio
ultima 3-annulata. Pedum 2 anticorum divisio ultima prece-
denti multo minor. Pedes 6 postici equales. Abdomen seg-
mentis 2bus anticis in unum coalitis.
Type of this subgenus Oniscus longicornis, Sow. Brit. Misc., pl. 10.
The body is long, narrow, rugose, and cylindric, with the head
and terminal segments rather broader in the male, but of an equal
breadth throughout in the opposite sex. This latter is more than
twice the size of the males; and in both, the body is of a whitish
colour, with the terminal portion generally directed upwards.
an osculant Genus of Crustacea. 73
The head is almost square, with the eyes prominent and nearly
circular; its anterior angles are produced in front of the latter,
forming a deep frontal emargination, in which the interior or upper
pair of antenne are inserted. The head is convex above, and ru-
gose. The interior antenne are not longer than the head, and 4-
jointed, the basal joint large, the next two short, and the fourth
long, cylindric, and terminated by sete. ‘The lower antenne are
nearly as long as the body, robust, and 8-jointed, the first joint very
short, the second rather longer, with a deep external notch, the third
about as long as the head; the two next are very long, each being
about one fourth of the whole length of the body; the remaining
joints are very short, and finely serrated beneath, each being gra-
dually smaller, and the last being terminated by a minute acute joint.
The antenne are carried with a downward direction.
The parts of the mouth are very minute and delicate, varying in
some respects from the trophi of [dotea, as figured in the great Work
on Egypt, pl. xii. fig. 6. The lip is transverse, rounded at the sides,
and emarginate in front.
The mandibles are small, horny, broad, with several teeth, one of
which seems to represent the mandibular palpi of the Spheromide, &c.
The interior pairs of foot-jaws are very thin, transparent, and
deeply ciliated, without any appendage. The second pair of these
organs are larger, with a terminal lobe, and a large external subarti-
culated appendage. The third or outer pair of foot-jaws are still
larger, and furnished with a broad palpus composed of four joints, of
which the second is the largest, and the fourth the smallest; they
are also furnished with a large external basal appendage.
The first three segments of the body are very short, with a pro-
duced margin concealing the base of the legs, the first pair of which
is unlike all the others, and evidently seem to perform the office of
foot-jaws, notwithstanding their size; indeed, from the manner in
which this as well as the three following pairs of legs are carried
over the mouth, it would seem that they are employed rather as
auxiliary organs of the mouth than as instruments of motion. The
very slender structure of these three pairs of legs, which are all formed
alike, and are strongly ciliated within, is also confirmatory of this
opinion. The first pair of legs are long, also ciliated within, the
cilie arising in a double series, and being often bearded: this also
occurs in the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, but only in two
hairs situated near the extremity of the penultimate joint. What
can be the cause of this peculiarity ?
The fourth segment of the body is very long, occupying more than
one third of the whole length of the insect, and being perfectly cylin-
74 Mr. Westwood on Arcturus,
dric in the males, in which sex it is without any orifice or inferior
lamellz, and is the narrowest part of the body; but in the females
it is as wide as the head, and furnished beneath with two thin mem-
branaceous plates lapping over each other, and serving as an en-
velope for the eggs.
The fourth pair of legs is attached at the anterior angles of this
segment beneath.
The three following segments of the body (terminating the tho-
racic portion) are short, rounded at the sides, and respectively fur-
nished with a pair of strong legs, evidently formed for prehension,
having the last joint terminated by a bifid hook. These legs are not
ciliated.
There are only two apparent remaining segments, of which the
first resembles the preceding, and is furnished beneath with a pair
of long thin plates, which are articulated to this joint and the fol-
lowing at the outer edge, and are capable of shutting and opening
like a pair of cupboard-doors. They are terminated by a slender
acuminate process. On opening this pair of organs a most beau-
tiful apparatus, consisting of no less than twenty-two distinct instru-
ments, is exhibited, and which, under a magnifier of high power,
presents the most elegant appearance.
At the base (in the male at least) is a pair of minute organs, ter-
minated by two somewhat cultrate plates, and which are probably
connected with the office of generation. The first double pair of
subabdominal respiratory plates (which cover all the rest) succeed
these, each of which is composed of a rather long and bent flat foot-
stalk, having on the outside four curious bent ciliated sete, and ter-
minated by two long plates of a very delicate texture, and slightly
scolloped at the extremity in a double series for the insertion of the
cilie, which are very long and beautifully bearded: the base of the
internal plate is also furnished with several long bearded sete.
The second double pair of these organs is nearly similar, except
that the basal portion is shorter and one of the plates is much nar-
rowed.
The third double pair is very different, being composed of a very
short footstalk and two large oblong-oval plates, one of which is
plain on its margins, whilst the other is setose at the extremity, and
is notched on the outside for the insertion of two longer bearded
sete.
The fourth and fifth pairs of these organs are also double, and like
the third pair, except that the outer plate is not ciliated, and is fur-
nished with a single plain seta at its outer margin.
The terminal segment of the body is large, convex, and terminated
an osculant Genus of Crustacea. 79
by an acute process, without any lateral swimming-apparatus, and
exhibits at its base rudiments of an incipient articulation: more-
over, there also appear traces of articulation at the base of the acu-
minate terminal portion of the joint; whence it is evident (as well
as from the circumstance of there existing five sets of subabdominal
respiratory plates,) that the abdomen consists of the ordinary num-
ber of segments, more or less soldered together, each of which pos-
sesses its own appendages as in the more developed types of the sec-
tion.
The male is about 5 lines long, and the female nearly 10, exclu-
sive of antennz.
The specimens of this insect figured by Mr. Sowerby were caught
by Mr. T. W. Simmons entangled in nets off Dysart, near Inch-
keith.
Its appearance is so remarkable that the head may often be mis-
taken for the tail, especially if the antennz are hidden. Sometimes
it assumes the appearance of a tumbler or posture-master; and at
times the abdomen is recurved beneath the thoracic portion.
The eggs are red, and adhere to the underside of the largest seg-
ment of the body.
Of its habits we are entirely ignorant, as well as of its motions,
which, from the peculiar formation of the legs, must be curious.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX.
Fig. 1. Arcturus longicornis 8, magnified. The two outlines below exhibit the
natural length of the male and female (the former being the smaller).
2. One of the inner antenne. 3. The extremity of one of the outer
antenne. 4. The lip. 5. One of the mandibles. 6. One of the
inner maxille. 7. One of the second maxille. 8. The outer lobe
seen in another position. 9. One of the foot-jaws. 10. One of the
first pair of legs. 11. One of the six following legs. 12. One of
the six posterior legs. 13. The front of the body seen sideways.
14. The large thoracic segment of the female seen beneath, showing the
subthoracic pouch. 15. One of the ova, highly magnified. 16. The
abdomen seen from beneath, with the outer valves of the respiratory ap-
paratus closed. 17. One of the outer valves detached. 18. One
of the external respiratory plates. 18a. The same, more magnified.
18d. One of the curved basal lateral appendages, still more magnified.
18c. Part of one of the terminal feathered hairs. 19. One of the
second pair of respiratory plates. 19a. The same, more highly mag-
nified. 20 and 20a. One of the third pair of ditto. 21 and 21a. One
of the fourth pair of ditto. 22. One of the fifth ditto. 238. One ofa
pair of internal organs above described in the g , and supposed to be con-
nected with the organs of generation.
76 Mr. Stephens on Sphina Ephemereformis.
XVII. On the apparent Identity of Sphinx Ephemerefor-
mis of Haworth, with Psyche plumifera of Ochsenheimer.
ByJ.¥F.STepuens, F.L.S. Z.S., V.-Pres. Ent. Soc.,§c.
[Read June 2, 1834. ]
PLATE X. Fig. 1.
Waar is Sphinx Ephemereformis of Haworth ?—is an inquiry which
has been repeatedly, but fruitlessly, made during the last thirty
years; an inquiry rendered more interesting from the very peculiar
characters which have been assigned to the insect in question,—
characters* totally at variance with those which distinguish any in-
sect of the group in which it has been placed. One of our col-
leagues has published an essay, contaiming some ingenious and sin-
gular theoretical views, in order to investigate the identity, and the
place in nature, of Sphinx Vespiformis of Linneus (42geria asilifor-
mis of English writers); but I shall content myself with a short
paper only, unshackled by theory, with a view to identify the insect
now under consideration, and to assign it to its proper location in
the system.
This insect, rendered thus conspicuous from having been described
in aslightly mutilated state, has by chance fallen into my possession,
having recently obtained it at an auction of some of Mr. Donovan’s
insects, in the sale catalogue of which it was announced as an ‘ un-
described Cossus ligniperda”’ !
By the assistance of my friend Mr. Westwood, I am enabled to
present the Society with a figure of this unknown (for so it may
justly be termed) insect, which, upon the most cursory inspection,
proved to be no Sphinz, nor even to belong to that section of which
Sphinz is the type, but to the singular group known by the name of
“« Sacktrigers” + by the Germans, and considered by some writers as
belonging to another order of insects}: in fact, it appears to be a
Psyche of Ochsenheimer—(Ps. plumifera)—so far as can be ascer-
tained by the remains of the unique specimen described in Lepido-
ptera Britannica, p. 72, by the following short characters :
« Antennis pectinatis, apice setaceis, alis fenestratis venis fusco-
lutescentibus, abdomine ezonato.
‘Obs. Magnitudo et statura Ephemere minoris.”’
* © Antennis pectinatis, apice setaceis.”
+ Tinee, Canephore, Hubner.
} Mr. Newman, in the essay above referred to, places them with the T'richoptera;
Scopoli places two species with Phryganea; and Poda one with Tenthredo.
~ ea
Mr. Stephens on Sphina Ephemereformis. Th
An examination of the accompanying figure will at once show the
correctness of the above concise description, drawn up, as my la-
mented friend Haworth assured me, at the period of Drury’s sale,
at which the insect was purchased by Donovan; since when it has
been hidden from view, till the mutability of human possessions once
more brought it into light: but, at the same time, it is manifest that
its location is not amongst the d’geriide (see Alg. formiciformis,
the insect next to which it is placed in Lepidoptera Britannica, p.72.),
the structure of the antenne, neuration of the wings, &c. being dis-
similar; neither has it any alliance with Zeuzera, to which genus it
would appear Donovan assigns it, the sole resemblance thereto
arising from the apparent simplicity of the tip of the pectinated an-
tenne; the neuration of the wings in Zeuzera and its congeners
being totally unlike, the discoidal areolet being singularly inter-
sected with nervures, whereas, in the insect now under examination
that areolet is simple; the only resemblance being that the first
posterior nervure is bifid in both insects.
From the mutilated state of the insect it would be mere waste of
time to attempt an amended description of the specimen; I shall
therefore merely add, that upon examining it, with reference to its
genus, by inspecting the antenne, it was palpable that the latter had
been injured, and that the pectinations had been partly destroyed ;
but I am not positive whether or no the extreme apex might not
originally have been simple, as in Stauropus Fagi g, several of the
male Geometride, &c. ‘The antenne may be described as being
rather long, and simply pectinated on each side, the pectinations
apparently extending nearly to the apex; the thorax is broad, ovate,
robust; the anterior wings long and narrow, rounded behind, with
rather strong nervures, and hyaline; the posterior abbreviated and
small; the abdomen long, robust at the base, and gradually atte-
nuated to the apex; so that its discrepancies from Psyche are sufhi-
ciently great to remove it from the same genus: in Psyche the an-
tenne are short, curved, with short, twisted pectinations, extending
evidently to the apex ; the thorax slender; the abdomen linear, atte-
nuated merely at the apex; the anterior wings broad, subtruncate
on the hinder margin, with slender nervures ; the posterior elongate
and ample; but in both insects all the wings are nearly diaphanous,
but mostly so in the Kphemereformis. I therefore propose to distin-
guish the latter as a genus by the name
‘THYRIDOPTERYX,
Hiibner’s genera of the Canephore being all named from the peculi-
arities in the wings; and shall conclude by quoting Ochsenheimer’s
78 Mr. Westwood on the Habits of Odynerus Antilope.
characters of the insect which appears to be synonymous with it; but
as I cannot sufficiently decipher his German description, I cannot
be positive that the two insects are identical. Ochsenheimer* says :
«Ps, alis angustis hyalinis, corpore atro hirsuto, antennis plumosis.”
Upon this last character there exists considerable doubt ; and what
may be the real colour of the body it is impossible to state, but the
wings appear to agree. Of Ochsenheimer’s insect (which appears
to have been taken in Portugal,) I have not seen a specimen; the
English one was found by Mr. Bolton in Yorkshire upwards of fifty
years since.
It may be added, that the first notice of this insect was given by
Mr. Haworth in his Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum, p.35.
as a new species, under the name of Tinea fenestrella, associated
with the species of the genus Fumea; but at the period of the publi-
cation of that work (1802), Psyche fusca, its nearest ally, had not
been detected in Britain.
XVIII. Notice of the Habits of Odynerus Antilope. By
J.O. WEstwoop, F.L.S., Sc.
[Read June 2, 1834. ]
I see leave to offer to the Entomological Society a notice of some
facts which I have recently observed relative to the habits of Ody-
nerus Antilope, and which seem to present another exception to the
theory of M. St. Fargeau respecting the ceconomy of the fossorial
Hymenoptera, as well as to throw some light upon the mode of em-
ployment of the legs in the construction and provisioning of the
nest, both which subjects, it will be remembered, have already upon
several occasions occupied the attention of the Society.
It has been long known that the species of Odynerus form their
nests in the old mortar of walls or in sand-banks, and that each of
these nests is provisioned with about ten or twelve caterpillars,
which are arranged in a spiral direction.
Some exceptions as to situation are mentioned in Curtis’s Brit.
Ent., and in the Mag. Nat. History.
Yesterday morning, 3lst May, 1834, in walking at the side of an
old brick wall, exposed to the sun, I noticed several specimens of
FV olsaiile pls
Mr. Westwood on the Habits of Odynerus Antilope. 79
Odynerus flying about, settling on the wall, and creeping into the
holes which abounded in the rotten mortar. This induced me to
watch the spot, in the hope of securing a few good specimens for
my cabinet, which possessed only a broken example of the insect.
I soon, however, observed what was to me of far greater interest.
One of the wasps flew down with something held beneath the whole
length of her body, which she succeeded in carrying into her bur-
row: another soon appeared, which I endeavoured to catch, in order
to discover what the burthen consisted of; but the insect was too
quick for me, unprovided as I was with entomological traps; and
with that solicitude which marks all the proceedings of these crea-
tures in the construction of their nests, she wheeled upwards to a
considerable height, and made a circuit of several minutes’ duration,
and again attempted to reach her hole, which I again prevented by
unsuccessfully attempting to knock her down with my pocket-hand-
kerchief, when she soared away, and did not again return. I was,
however, more fortunate with another, which I allowed to settle
on the wall, and caught as she was creeping with her prey into
her burrow: this consisted of the green caterpillar of a Crambus (?)
which is about the length of the insect’s body, and which I noticed
was held by the hind legs of the Odynerus, and consequently ex-
tended from the head to the extremity of the abdomen of the latter.
Hence the Odynerus is essentially a fossorial Hymenopterous insect,
furnishing its nest with larve, and yet neither the anterior nor pos-
terior legs are armed with those very remarkable spines* which cha-
racterize those real fossorial Hymenoptera which provision their own
nests. Here, therefore, we have another exception to the theory of
M. St. Fargeau in addition to those observed by Mr. Shuckard.
It may be said, indeed, that this instance ought not to be brought
forward against the veteran French author, in as much as the insect
belongs to the Diploptera or Vespide, and not to the Fossoria or
Sphegide ; but when we look at the ends in view, namely, the con-
struction of a nest by burrowing, and the provisioning it with living
insects, we are surely warranted in expecting that, if the theory
were correct, Odynerus and Sphexr would be similarly organized.
In this point of view we also necessarily arrive at the conclusion,
that it will be expedient to place the theory of M. St. Fargeau even
within narrower limits than those suggested by Mr. Shuckard, since
some of the Odyneri burrow in sand, and are yet destitute of spines.
Some of the Odyneri which I noticed yesterday were employed in
carrying a round pellet under the breast, larger than the head of the
* The joints of the anterior tarsi of the females are very slightly produced at the
lateral extremity, forming several teeth.
80 Mr. Babington on Dromius.
insect; I was, however, unable to catch one of these, but have no
doubt that this consisted of the clay or earth with which the insect
lines its cell, and which presents another proof of the necessity for
spines on the fore legs were the theory above mentioned correct.
On examining some of the specimens which I captured, I found
they were males. I had noticed that some of the Odyneri flew about
the walls very leisurely, and as though they were quite unconcerned
in the construction of the nests; and it is most probable that these
were the males.
I also noticed a great numer of Chrysides flying about the walls
and entering into the different holes, evidently for the purpose of de-
positing their own eggs in the nests of the Odyneri. They were of
different sizes, from the largest to a very small size, and I have little
doubt were all varieties of the same species, C. ignita. When on
the wing, the antennz are stretched forward, with the extremities
bent downwards. I also observed that the Chrysides kept flying
about in the midst of the Odyneri, which did not seem to be in the
least aware of the intentions of their companions, nor to offer them
any molestation.
XIX. Observations on certain Species of the Genus Dro-
mius. By Cuarves C. Basineton, M.A., F.L.S., &c.
{Read July 7, 18384. ]
Havine long turned my attention to the genus Dromius, I now beg
leave to submit to the Entomological Society a few observations on
some of the species included in it. I have endeavoured more par-
ticularly to unravel the confusion that has occurred in the works of
our English entomologists amongst the species included by Fabri-
cius under the name of Carabus fasciatus. I have also ventured to
alter the characters of some of the other species, in the hope of
making their specific distinctions more apparent. I must be allowed
to add, that the thanks of the Society are due to my friend Mr.
Westwood for the drawings which accompany this paper, he having
kindly offered to employ his pencil in its illustration.
St. John’s College, Cambridge,
June 1, 1834.
1. D. agilis, Dej.
Oblongus ; capite thoraceque ferrugineis aut fuscis, thorace qua-
Mr. Babington on Dromius. — 8]
drato: elytris fuscis, disco duplici serie punctatis; antennis
pedibusque testaceis.
Longitudo corporis 3, latitudo 1 lin.
D. agilis. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 240. Steph. Ill. (M.) i. 21. Aud.
et Brullé. Hist. Ins. iv. 185.
Car. agilis. Fab. Syst. Hleut. i. 185.
Leb. agilis, var. a. Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 184.
Car. 4-maculatus, var. d. e.g. Sch. Syn. Ins. i. 218.
@. Car. atricapillus. Panz. xxx. f. 9.
Leb. agilis, var. 6. Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 184.
y. D.fenestratus. Steph. Ill.(M.) v.367. Steph. Nom. ed.ii. col.i.
Car. fenestratus. Fab. Syst. Eleut. i. 209.?
Cararcticus.- Olw: ii. 97.\¢. 125,7.-145.
Leb. agilis, var. e. Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 184.
Car. 4-maculatus, var.c. Seh. Syn. Ins. i. 218.
Oblong; head and thorax reddish, the latter nearly square, rather
narrower behind, with the hinder angles somewhat prominent ;
elytra dark brown, with two series of slightly impressed dots
upon each, one between the 2nd and 8rd, and the other be-
tween the 7th and Sth striz from the suture.
In var. (3. the head is dark brown.
Var. y. has a pale reddish spot on the anterior part of the elytra,
and sometimes one at the apex; the head also is dark. I cannot
suppose this variety to be the C. fenestratus, Fab., which, from all
the continental specimens that I have seen, from his description, and
from the figure in Sturm’s Deuts. Faun. vii. t. 168, appears to have
a truly fenestrated spot nearly in the centre of each of the elytra, and
to be a perfectly distinct species. I have no doubt that the insect
described by Mr. Stephens, as quoted above, is only a variety of
D. agilis, as I have captured specimens of this species which, when
alive, had a pale mark such as he describes, but after death could
hardly, if at all, be distinguished from the other specimens taken in
their company.
This insect is not uncommon under the bark of trees.
2. D. meridionalis. Dej.
Oblongus ; capite thoraceque ferrugineis aut fuscis, thorace trans-
verso, angulis posticis rotundatis ; elytris fuscis, linea e punc-
tis parvis impressis; antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. 3, lat. 1 lin.
D. meridionalis. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 242. Steph. Ill. (M.) i. 16.
Car. agilis. Panz. Faun. lxxv. f.11.?
82 Mr. Babington on Dromius.
This insect very much resembles D. agilis, but may always be
distinguished from it by the characters given above.
The thorax is rather broader than long, narrower behind, and
has the hinder angles less prominent. The elytra have only one
series of punctures upon the disk of each, i.e. on the 6th stria from
the suture.
A variety is sometimes found at Cambridge with the centre of
each elytron ferruginous.
This insect does not appear to be rare, but is generally confounded
with D.agilis. A good many specimens have occurred at Cambridge,
and it is probably pretty generally distributed throughout this coun-
try.
3. D. quadrimaculatus. De).
Oblongus; capite nigro; thorace subquadrato, angulis posticis
rotundatis, rufo; elytris fuscis, maculis duabus, altera prope
basali, altera terminali; antennis pedibusque pallidis; subtus
piceus, pectore rufo.
Long. 21—3, lat. 1 lin.
D. 4-maculatus. Dej. Spec. Col.1. 239. Steph. Ill. (M.) 1. 21.
Aud. et Brullé, Hist. Ins. iv. 188.
Car. 4-maculatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 11. 673. Faun. Suec. 809.
‘ab. Syst. Eleut.i.207. Sch. Syn. Ins. i. 217. Marsh, Ent.
Brit. 459.
Head black; mouth, palpi, and antenne pale ferruginous ; thorax
quadrate, a good deal contracted behind, and the angles round-
ed, red; elytra with the humeral angles rather prominent,
nearly rectangular, with the angular point rounded, brown,
having two pale spots on each; one large oblong placed near
the base and extending nearly to the middle; the other smaller
transverse, sometimes wholly covering the apex, at others
leaving a narrow dark line on the suture and external margin.
In some varieties the spots on the elytra join, and in others
the apical one is nearly or totally wanting.
Common under the bark of trees and in moss, but the varieties are
rare.
4. D. quadrinotatus. Dej.
Elongatus ; capite nigro; thorace subquadrato, postice attenuato,
angulis posticis prominentibus ; elytris fuscis, maculis duabus,
antennis pedibusque pallidis; subtus piceus.
Long. 14--2, lat. —4 lin.
D. 4-notatus. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 238. Steph. Ill. (M.) i. 21.
Aud. et Brullé, Hist. Ins. iv. 189.
a
Mr. Babington on Dromius. 83
Car. 4-notatus. Panz. Faun. Germ. \xxiii.5. Sch. Syn. Ins. i. 221.
Leb. fasciata, var. 6. Gyll. ii. 190.
Leb. 4-notata, var. 6. Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 459.
Car. puncto-maculatus. Marsh, Ent. Br. 460.
B. Steph. Ill. (M.) i. 22. t: 1. f. 4.
Oblong; head black; mouth, palpi, and antenne pale testaceous ;
thorax dark brown, rather elongated, narrowed behind, with
the hinder angles acute prominent ; elytra brown, faintly stri-
ated, having two pale spots, one large and nearly oval at the
base, the other small and placed near to the extremity of the
suture ; body beneath dark brown; /egs pale.
In var. (3. the elytra are more deeply striated, and slightly punc-
tate, the base nearly quite pale, and the apical spot very small; the
antenne and legs are redder.
This insect does not appear to be uncommon under the bark of
trees and in moss; the variety occurs in company with the type, but
not near so frequently.
5. D. fasciatus. Dej.
Niger; thorace subquadrato, ferrugineo aut piceo; elytris sub-
striatis, angulis humeralibus rotundatis, antice pallidis postice
fuscis, maculis apicalibus pallidis ; subtus piceus.
Long. 14, lat. 4 lin.
D. fasciatus. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 238.; Iconogr. t.12.f.1.* Steph.
Ill. (M.) i. 24. Curt. Brit. Ent. fol. 231. Aud. et Brullé, Hist.
Ins. iv. 189.
Carabus fasciatus. Payk. Mon.97.60. Faun. Suec.i.149. Fab.
Ent. Syst.i. 139. Syst. Eleut.i. 186. Schin. Syn. Ins. i. 189.
Panz. Faun. Germ. i. 366.?
Lebia fasciata. Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 459. et etiam, ut mihi videtur,
il. 189. exclud. var. b.
f. Dr. notatus. Steph. l.c. p. 24. Curt. 231. “ Long. 13—2
lin.” (Steph.)
Head black ; thorax quadrate, narrowed behind, fusco-ferruginous
or piceous ; elytra gradually widening from the base, pale, with
a dark angulated transverse fascia behind the middle and pro-
longed on the outer margins to the extremity, the suture also
* It may be as well to observe, that persons using Dejean’s Iconographie must
trust to the descriptions, and not the figures, as the latter are done in such a manner
as only to give a general idea of the respective insects, and not their specific charac-
ters.
ViOl. L——PART Ir. H
84 Mr. Babington on Dromius,
dark, leaving, therefore, two pale patches at the end of the
elytra; antenne and legs pale; abdomen dusky beneath.
D. notatus of Stephens does not appear deserving of distinction
as a species; ‘‘its chief differences consist in its superior size and
deeper colour.” Gyllenhal in his Appendix has described an insect,
under the name of L. fasciata, which he appears to think different
from that to which the same name is given in his vol. ii. p. 189, and
which latter he now calls L. 4-notata. This last may probably be
referred to D. notatus, Steph., as I can only find that it differs from
L. fasciata, Gyll., in its darker colour.
Taken at Southend, in Devonshire, and at Berwick-upon-Tweed.
6. D. bifasciatus. Perroud.
‘“‘Capite nigro; thorace quadrato, rufo; elytris substriatis, fus-
cis, maculis duabus magnis, altera humerali, altera postica lu-
nata; antennis pedibusque pallidis; subtus piceus.
saLong.1 = lat. lin. 7 De;.
D. bifasciatus. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 237.; Iconogr. t. 11. f. 8.—not
of Steph. Nomenclature, ed. 1 or 2.
Much resembles D. 4-signatus, but is a good deal less; the band
on the elytra is dentate in the middle both anteriorly and pos-
teriorly ; it is a little narrower and more straight, and is dilated
both ways on the outer margin, so as anteriorly almost to join
the triangular patch at the base, and posteriorly along the outer
margin until it joins the extremity of the dark suture, so as to
form one spot upon each elytron ; the breast and abdomen be-
neath dark brown, almost black ; /egs and antenneé pale.—De-
jean.
Found in France; but not yet, as far as I can learn, in England,
Mr. Stephens’s specimens being D. bipennifer.
7. D. quadrisignatus. Dej. Plate X. Fig. 2.
Pallidus; capite nigro; thorace quadrato, rufo; elytris basi, su-
tura, fasciaque postica fuscis, angulis humeralibus prominen-
tibus ; subtus piceus.
Long. 2, lat. lin.
D. 4-signatus. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 236.; Iconogr. t.11. f.7. Ba-
bington in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 328. Steph. Nom. ed. 2.
col. 1.; Illust.(M.) v.367. Aud. et Brullé, Hist. Ins. iv. 190.
D. sigma. Steph. Nom. ed.1. p.1.; but not of his [//ustrations,
nor of Curtis’s Guide and Brit. Entom.
Mr. Babington on Dromius. 85
Head black; thorax quadrate, rufo-ferruginous, with the margins
paler; elytra pale yellow, with the humeral angles prominent
and nearly rectangular, at a little behind the middle a broad
transverse brown fascia, dilated posteriorly on the outer mar-
gin, and connected at the suture with a triangular spot of the
same colour at the base, the exterior angles of which are a little
produced along the outer margins, so as to form an elongated
patch on each side of the elytra; apex of the suture pale; ab-
domen piceous beneath, the thorax paler; legs and antenne
pale.
Taken at Cambridge by the Rev. A. W. Griesbach, J. A. Power,
Esq., and myself; ‘in Lord Spencer’s Park at Wimbledon, not at
Dorking,” by G. Waterhouse, Esq.; and at ‘Colney Hatch” by
W. E. Shuckard, Esq.
8. D. sigma. Dej.
“ Pallidus; capite nigro; thorace quadrato rufo; elytris substri-
atis,” angulis humeralibus prominentibus, “ sutura fasciaque
postica dentata fuscis ;” subtus pallidus.
«Long. 14, lat. 3. lin.” Dejean.
D. sigma. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 235.; Iconogr. t.11. f.6. Fisch.
Entom. Ross. iii. 87. Steph. Ill. (M.) 1.176.; not of Curtis’s
Guide or Brit. Ent., nor of Steph. Nom. ed. 1., but Steph. Nom.
ed.2.col.i. Aud. et Brullé, Hist. Ins. iv. 190.
Car. sigma. Russi, Faun. Etrus. i. 266. no. 564.2? Schén. Syn.
Ins. 1. 226.?
Leb. fasciata. Duft. 11. 255.?
Head black; mouth, palpi, and antenne pale yellow; thorax reddish,
quadrate, a little contracted behind; elytra pale yellow testa-
ceous, having the suture dark. brown, that colour not extend-
ing to the base or apex, and a little behind the middle a broad
transverse dark brown band, slightly dilated on the suture, den-
tated in the middle of each elytron anteriorly, and dilated pos-
teriorly on the outer margins, along which last it sometimes
extends almost to the extremity of the suture, when the pos-
terior part of the elytra appears to form a rounded pale patch
on a dark ground; underside of the body and legs pale yellow
testaceous.
The above description is abridged from that given by Dejean, as I
have not been able to obtain sight of a specimen.
The descriptions given by Rossi and Duftschmid are such as to
agree with this species or bipennifer ; that of Rossi will also include
H 2
86 Mr. Babington on Dromius.
Sturmii; but as they have omitted the width of their insects, it is
quite impossible even to guess which is the species intended. All
the synonyms given by Duftschmid belong to fasciatus. Fischer’s
description is copied from Dejean.
This insect has not as yet been discovered in Britain, all the re-
corded specimens being either 4-signatus or bipennifer, to the former
of which the locality given by Mr. Stephens belongs.
9. D. bipennifer. Babington. Plate X. Fig. 3.
Capite nigro; thorace subquadrato, rufo; elytris substriatis, an-
tice pallidis, angulis humeralibus rotundatis, sutura, et pone
medium fascia subdentata, fusca, macula terminali pallida ;
corpore subtus, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Long. 13—14, lat. +—+ lin.
D. bifasciatus. Steph. Nom. ed.1.p.1.; ed. 2. col. 2. excl. syn.
of Sturm.
D. sigma. Curtis’s Guide, p.3.; Brit. Ent. fol. 231.
Elongated ; head shining, black; thorax quadrate, narrowed be-
hind, rufous; elytra obsoletely striated, with the humeral an-
gles rounded, the base pale, suture dark, and behind the middle
a dark transverse fascia slightly dentate in the middle of each
elytron anteriorly and dilated posteriorly on the outer margins,
but not to the apex, which is pale; antenne and underside of
the body pale.
This insect stands in the cabinet of Mr. Stephens under the name
of D. bifasciatus, De}., from which it differs in not having a triangu-
lar dark spot at the base of the elytra, the fascia not dilated anteri-
orly on the outer margins, and the underside of the body pale.
It is very nearly related to D. sigma, under which name it appears
in the cabinets of Mr. Curtis and others, from which species it dif-
fers totally in size, (bearing the same proportion to D. sigma as
D. bifasciatus does to D.4-signatus,) that species being much wider in
comparison with its length, and by having the humeral angles of the
elytra rounded instead of being nearly rectangular, as I believe them
to be in that species, which Dejean describes as agreeing exactly in
form and size with 4-signatus, and also somewhat in form with 4-
maculatus. It also appears to have been confounded with D. sigma
by the continental entomologists, and probably by Dejean himself,
as it has been received under that name from various parts of Eu-
rope by the Rev. F. W. Hope, to whom I take this opportunity of
returning thanks for his kindness in granting me the use of his spe-
cimens of this and other species of Dromius.
Mr. Babington on Dromius. 87
Taken at Whittlesea Mere, Hunts, and sent from the North of
England to the Cambridge Philosophical Society ; also at “ Dorking,
and on Cardew Mire near Carlisle,’ Mr. Curtis; and at “ Aberist-
wyth,” Rev. F. W. Hope.
10. D. Sturmii. Babington. Plate X. Fig. 4.
Capite nigro; thorace subcordato, truncato, rufo; elytris palli-
dis, angulis humeralibus rotundatis, pone medium fascia fusca,
sutura pallida; corpore subtus, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
“Long 14 lin.” Stu.
D. fasciatus. Sturm, Deutsch. Faun. vi. p. 43. t. 69. f. C.
Head black; thorax subcordate, rufous; elytra paler than the
thorax, the humeral angles rounded, behind the middle a trans-
verse fascia slightly dilated at the suture, and very much so at
the exterior margins both anteriorly and posteriorly, suture
pale ; antenne, legs, and underside of the body pale.
This insect I only know from the figure in Sturm’s beautiful work
above quoted; but as it is clearly a distinct species, I have ventured
to describe it under the above name. It differs from D. fasciatus in
having the suture and underside of the body pale, and from sigma
and bipennifer by having the fascia on the elytra not dentate in the
middle and dilated both ways on the exterior margins, and the suture
pale.
Sturm’s description will agree with either this species, D. sigma,
or bipennifer: he says that it was found in Austria.
11. D. melanocephalus. Dej.
Pallidus; capite nigro; thorace quadrato; elytris immaculatis ;
abdomine ferrugineo.
Long. 14—13, lat. +— lin.
D. melanocephalus. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 234.; Iconogr. t.11. f. 5.
Steph. Ill. (M.) i. 22. t.1. f.5. Sturm. Deutsch. Faun. vii. 44.
t.169.f.D. Aud. et Brullé, Hist. Ins. iv. 188.
Leb. linearis, var. 6. Gyil. 11. 187.?
f. D. scutellaris. Steph. J. c.
Head black ; thorax pale red, quadrate ; elytra pale, very faintly
striated ; antenne and legs pale; body beneath rather darker,
particularly the abdomen.
Var. 3. has a triangular dark spot surrounding the scutellum ;
the abdomen and tips of the antenne brown.
A common species in gravel-pits, under moss, &c. The variety is
more rare, but is found in company with the type.
88 Mr. Babington on Dromius.
12. D. linearis. Oliv.
Elongatus, fusco-ferrugineus; fronte striis plurimis longitudinali-
bus; thorace subcordato; elytris punctato-striatis, pallidioribus,
postice infuscatis; antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Long. 2—24, lat. +—# lin.
D. linearis. Dej. Spec. Col. i. 233.; Iconogr. t.11. f.4. Sturm.
Deuts. Faun. vii.t.169.2? Steph. Ill. (M.)i. 25. Aud. et Brullé,
Hist. Ins. iv. 187.
Car. linearis. Oliv. Ent. iii. 111. ¢. 14. f. 167. Marsh. Ent.
i. 463.
Dusky ferruginous above ; thorav rather paler than the head, qua-
drato-cordate ; head with numerous longitudinal striz between
the eyes; elytra deeply punctate-striate, rather pale ; body be-
neath ferruginous, with the abdomen darker.
Very common, as I believe, throughout England.
13. D. longiceps. Dej. Plate X. Fig. 5.
Elongato-linearis, pallide fusco-ferrugineus ; thorace subquadra-
to; elytris striatis obsoletissime punctatis, sutura et macula
communi subapicali cuneata nigris; antennis pedibusque pal-
lidis.
Long. 3, lat. 3—4 lin.
D. longiceps. Dej. Spec. Col. ii. 450.; Iconogr. t. 11. f.3. Ba-
bington in Lond. Mag. of Nat. Hist. v.327. Steph. Ill. (M.)
v. 368.
Head with two oblique longitudinal punctate fovez between the
eyes; elytra with the suture dark, that colour gradually in-
creasing in width till near the apex, when it is rounded off so
as to leave the apex pale.
Taken in small quantity from the sedge-boats at Cambridge, in the
spring, but not from moss, as it is incorrectly stated in the Mag. of
Nat. Hist. and Steph. Illustr. It also occurs at Whittlesea Mere,
Huntingdonshire.
Mr. Westwood on Thysanura. 89
XX. Thysanure Hibernice, or Descriptions of such Species
of Spring-tailed Insects (Podura and Lepisma, Linn.,) as
have heen observed in Ireland; by R.TEmPueton, Esq.,
R.A., Cory. Member of the Natural History Society of
Belfast : with Introductory Observations upon the Order,
by J. O. Westwoon, F.L.S. &c.
[Read June 2, and July 7, 1834. ]
Introductory Observations upon the Thysanura, by J.O. Wesrwoop.
My friend Robert Templeton, Esq., previously to his departure from
England, placed in my hands, for the purpose of its being submitted
to the Entomological Society, the following paper, containing de-
scriptions of various species of Thysanurous insects which he had
observed in Ireland, accompanied by numerous figures, allowing me
to make such additional remarks thereon as appeared serviceable by
way of introduction.
If we look at the Thysanura merely as an order of animals whose
characters and distinctive peculiarities have hitherto been greatly
neglected, the attempt to investigate their structure and specific dif-
ferences could not fail to meet with approval; but there are other
circumstances which render the group of insects in question more
especially worthy of attention. Firstly, from the rank which they
hold amongst annulose beings, being one of those questiones vevate
which it is most desirable should be set at rest, and which it is na-
tural to suppose can only be done by a series of minute investiga-
tions: thus, whilst Latreille and Leach consider these animals as
true insects, Mr. MacLeay removes them far asunder, and places
them with the Centipedes, Worms, and Lice in his class Ametabola.
In the next place, these insects offer a very valuable field of in-
quiry from the great modification which the various parts of the
mouth undergo in the different groups, and which, when thoroughly
investigated, may perhaps lead to the solution of those interesting
questions respecting the real analogies of the parts of the mouth
amongst the Myriapoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea, respecting which
at present scarcely any two entomologists are agreed.
In some of these animals we find a development of the trophi as
great as in some of the most perfect of mandibulated insects ; whilst
in others the mouth is so obscurely organized that neither Latreille
nor Savigny has been able to trace its formation.
90 Mr. Westwood’s Observations
Other portions of the structure of these insects are not less in-
teresting. The simple construction of the eyes, formed of a few
ocelli alone in some of these insects, as in the Julide, whilst in others
they are short and perfectly reticulated ;—the composition of the
body, as in the typical Annulosa; but more especially the beautiful
scales with which the body is covered, and the singular apparatus
with which the tail is furnished, whereby the insect is enabled to
leap to very considerable distances, and especially the peculiar or-
gans with which the underside of the abdominal segments are fur-
nished, and which being evidently the analogues of the false legs of
the Scolopendra, prove the near approach made by these animals to
the Myriapoda,—all deserve notice ; but a more important peculiarity
exists in the apparent want of spiracles along the sides of the body,
and which Latreille, notwithstanding a very minute examination,
was unable to discover.
There is still another circumstance which renders these insects
especially interesting to the naturalist in general, resulting from
those principles of natural arrangement which Mr. MacLeay has
Jaid down in the ‘ Hore Entomologice’. Thus, if we consider those
annulose animals which are the least perfectly organized as forming
a distinct class, containing within itself types not only of the other
great divisions of the class, but also of each of the various subdivi-
sions, we shall find the Thysanura holding an important place with
respect to the distribution of the Annulosa in general. ‘Thus they
have been regarded by Mr. MacLeay as determining the situation of
the Orthoptera amongst mandibulated insects, and of the Amphipoda
amongst the Crustacea, on account of the saltatorial powers possessed
in common by these different groups, and the setiform appendages of
the tail. So in the groups into which the different orders are divided,
Ichneumon, Gryllus, Perla, Tenthredo, and Panorpa are placed in ana-
logous connexion, on account of the caudal appendages which they
possess in common with the Thysanura.
In like manner, in the distribution of the Coleoptera into five
groups, one of them is regarded as analogically representing the
Thysanura, on account of the abdominal appendages of the body, al-
though this group is but very slightly defined; whilst in the Lepi-
doptera Dr. Horsfield, by applying the same principles, has considered
such genera as Apatura, Paphia, Hipparchia, &c. as analogically re-
presenting the Thysanura, especially in consequence of the two very
strongly marked lengthened filiform or spinous appendages with
which the abdomen of the larve is furnished.
And the same principle has been carried to a still further extent by
Mr. Swainson in his ‘ Zoological Illustrations,’ in which work it is
upon the Thysanura. 91
to be observed that the name of the order is invariably misspelt
Thrysanura.
We are indebted to Latreille for a very valuable memoir upon this
order, published last year in the first volume of the ‘ Nouvelles Annales
du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle’, in which the most ample details
are given relative to the structure of the different groups. He has
not, however, given descriptions of the numerous species of the Po-
duride. This blank has in part been filled up by Mr. Templeton.
It is to be regretted that even in this small group confusion has
arisen in the nomenclature of the genera, resulting, as is so repeat-
edly the case, from proper regard being neglected to be paid to those
particular species which constitute the types of the genera as origi-
nally constituted.
It is evident that the Forbicina of Aldrovandus was intended for the
Lepisma saccharina of Linneus. Geoffroy, although aware of this,
sunk the Linnean generic name Lepisma, and adopted that of For-
bicina, adding a second species, la Forbicine cylindrique. Latreille,
adopting the Linnean name of Lepisma for the saccharina, properly
considered that as Forbicina was evidently synonymous therewith, it
would be improper to employ it even for Geoffroy’s second species,
to which he accordingly gave the name of Machilis. He, however,
referred Geoffroy’s species to the Lepisma polypoda of Linneus, a step
which, from the description of Dr. Leach, would appear to be incor-
rect. The last-named author, by sinking Latreille’s name of Ma-
chilis and adopting Geoffroy’s Forbicina, acted, as it seems to me,
neither with correctness nor respect to his friend Latreille. He de-
scribed the genus as having the antenne shorter than the body,
giving the Lepisma polypoda of Linnzus, and yet gave as synony-
mous the cylindrique of Geoffroy, who expressly says that these
organs are longer than the body.
He likewise established another genus, Petrobius, upon a species
found upon our coasts.
Latreille, however, in the memoir above noticed, considered the
latter as not sufficiently distinguished from the other species of
Machilis, which he divided into two sections: Ist, with antenne
longer than the body, including the Forbicine cylindrique of Geoffroy,
under the new name of Machilis annulicornis, and the Petrobius mari-
timus of Leach; and, 2ndly, those with antennz shorter than the
body, including the species figured in his ‘Genera Crustaceorum’,
and which he regards as the Forbicina polypoda of Leach, but doubts
whether it be the polypoda of Linneus*.
* Thad hoped to have been enabled to clear up this doubt by an examination of
the Linnean specimens ; but notwithstanding a careful and repeated search through
92 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
For want of specimens I haye been unable to make such a minute
examination of these insects as would enable me to speak upon the
propriety of Latreille’s entirely sinking the Petrobius of Leach; but
I may be allowed to observe, that the littoral habits of that group
seem to give it as great a claim to be considered distinct from the
others, as that which separates the Nebrie and Helobie, or Bledius
and Hesperophilus amongst the Coleoptera.
Descriptions of the Irish Species of Thysanura,
by R. TemMpueton, Esq.
INSECTA.—Ametrasotia, Leach.
Tuysanura, Leach.
Lepismap#. Leach.
Lerpisma, Linn.
Sp. 1. Saccnanrrina, Linn.
Common, John Templeton.
Forsicina, Geoff.
Sp. 1. Potypopa, Linn.
Plate XI. Bie. 1:
Very common in dry stone ditches and mossy places.
Fig 1. Outline of the animal magnified. la. Head seen in front. 16. Su-
periorly. lec. Antenna. 1d. Last joint of the palpus. le. The
fore leg. 1f. The hind foot. lg. Jaws, which are very thin and
membranous. 1h. Inside, showing the auxiliary legs; the back is
placed to the right. 17. The auxiliary foot, with which it ascertains
the presence of the object against which the tail is adpressed. 1k. A
scale, much magnified, to show the lines producing the iridescence, from
9,000 to 11,000 in an inch.
Prerrosivus, Leach.
Sp. 1. Maririmvus, Leach.
Common everywhere on our rocky shores.
Popuraps#, Leach.
ORCHESELLA, 2.9.
Antenne 6- or 7-jointed, nearly as long as the body, filiform; fork
developed.
the Linnzan cabinet, | have not been able to find a single species of the order.
Mr. Templeton’s species, which he names polypeda, enters into the second section,
and is evidently identical with Dr. Leach’s polypoda.
the Irish Species of Thysanura. 93
Sp. 1. OrcHEsELLA FILICORNIS.
Rlate, 210) Bie.e 2:
Head globular, a little flattened at the sides, black, a brownish
patch posteriorly on the vertex and towards the neck. First
4 joints of the antenne with black bases and white tips; 5th
dark brown towards the apex, remaining joints pale, long, sub-
equal, with minute hairs. Thoracic rings very hairy or spiny,
especially towards the neck, including between the brownish
green centres and the black margins irregular white macule.
Abdominal rings not as hairy as the preceding; Ist pale green-
ish posteriorly, edges black, and parallel black lines at the an-
terior angles; 2nd jet black, except at the extreme lateral
margins, and a narrow pale line posteriorly ; 3rd pale, with a
black square macula and two included white specks; 4th black,
a triangular green space posteriorly, last ring green. Legs pale
greenish, annulated with black.
Length 0°16 inch.
Common at Cranmore.
The young have the macule brownish, and often interrupted.
Fig. 2. Insect magnified. 2a. Left antenna.
Sp. 2. OrcuEsELLA cIncTA (vaga, Fab.?).
Plate XI. Fig. 3.
Head globular, proportionably larger than in the preceding spe-
cies; lst, 2nd, and 3rd joints of the antenne dark brown at the
base, white at the apex; 4th intensely black, remaining joints
reddish brown basally, with minute white apices. Thoracic
rings intensely black, inclosing on each side an irregular longi-
tudinal pale greenish patch. ist abdominal ring pale greenish
at the base, white at the apex, not so dilated as in the preceding
species; 2nd and following rings intensely black, shining ; fork
white. Legs pale, annulated with brown.
Length 0°15 inch.
A few specimens at Cranmore.
Fig. 3. Insect magnified.
Popura, Linn.
Antenne 4- or 5-jointed, longer than the head; fork developed.
Sp. 1. Popura pLumBEA, Linn.
Plate XI. Fig. 4.
Body elongate cylindric, thickly covered with purphsh-blue scales,
94
Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
which when detached exposed the surface, of a golden yellow
colour. Head subtriangular; cephalic joints of the antenne
blackish, with yellow apices; last two joints livid, densely co-
vered with minute whitish hairs. A dense row of strong whit-
ish hairs directed forwards encircles the neck ; others are found
irregularly scattered over the thoracic and abdominal rings; a
tuft at the apex; beneath pale brownish. Legs yellow; tarsi
pale translucent, of last pair purplish red.
Length 0°14 inch.
Extremely common.
Fig. 4. The insect magnified. 4a. Left antenna. 4b. Configuration of the
left eyes. 4c. Represents the mouth; x, the positions of the an-
tenne; +, a cylindric rmg, moveable, and inclosing the manducatory
organs; °, the labium, transverse, striated longitudinally in the middle,
and with a minute hemispheric tubercle laterally, closely adpressed
against ° in the state of rest. 4°, The labrum fimbriated at its
apex along the diameters of two convex semicircles placed on the basal
part of thelipo. There is no appearance of lateral pieces internally, or
anything resembling maxilla. These lips are moved to and fro with
considerable rapidity, but seem to have little prehensile power, as they
were unable to seize upon the minute hairs of the sable pencil which I
passed into the mouth. A singular apparatus is protruded from the Ist
abdominal ring beneath, which will be noticed under Podura stagnorum :
it is common to all the Podure.
Sp. 2. PopuRA NITIDA.
Plate XI. Fig. 5:
Body obovate, smooth, shining; head globular, a little produced
anteriorly ; eyes reddish brown. Thoracic and abdominal rings
pale, with innumerable reddish brown streaks and spots, espe-
cially basally, and two or three strong hairs in the middle, a
collar of similar hairs encircling the neck, and minute ones over
the whole body. Antenne and /egs pellucid.
Length 0:09 inch.
Common at Cranmore in the grove.
Fig. 5. Insect magnified. 5a. Antenna of left side.
Sp. 3. Popura nigro-macuLata (minuta, Fab.?).
Plate XI. Fig. 6.
Body obovate, greenish or yellow, pale ; head small, subtriangular,
with a jet black fascia anteriorly including the eyes. Posterior
thoracic rings a little mottled at the sides; abdominal rings,
Ist and 2nd with a triangular black macula laterally near the
apex; 3rd scutiform, large, broad, on each side of the middle
the Irish Species of Thysanura. 95
line a tripod, arising at the apex and directed forwards; 4th
ring with its anterior angles black ; last minute, immaculate.
Legs and antenne pellucid, covered with minute hairs.
Length 0-06 to 0-08 inch.
Extremely common in the garden at Cranmore.
Fig. 6. Insect magnified. 6a. Antenna of left side, seen in profile.
Sp. 4. Popura aLBo-cINCTA.
Plate XLT. Figs 1.
Body oval, black, covered with long hoary hairs. Head subglo-
bular, rather large, whitish, a little obscured anteriorly. 2nd
thoracic ring with its apical half white; 3rd abdominal ring
with its basal half white. Antenne and legs pellucid.
Length 0:04 inch.
Not uncommon at Cranmore, beneath tiles.
Fig. 1. Insect magnified. la. Antenna of left side.
Sp. 5. Popura Cineuta.
Plate XII. Fig. 2.
Body cylindric, greenish, with brown sides. Head subglobular,
truncate, posteriorly brown; eyes black. 2nd abdominal ring
with a black base, the apical half white, shining. Legs and an-
tenne pale brown.
Length 0°05 inch.
A few specimens under a brick at Cranmore. This species will
at some future period form the type of another subgenus.
Fig. 2. Insect magnified. 2a. Antenne, the Ist joint extremely large.
2b. The profile of the fork. 2c. A leg. 2d. Tarsus and
claws.
Sp. 6. Popura Fuviernosa (grisea, Deg.?).
Plate XII. Fig. 3.
Body subcylindric, greenish black. Head subtriangular. Antenne
not much longer than the head; joints nearly equal. Ist tho-
racic ring much larger than the succeeding ; 3rd abdominal also
very large; a black line down the middle of the back. Legs
short, tapering, pale greenish.
Length 0:05 inch.
A few specimens at Cranmore, under the bark of a rotting tree.
Fig. 1. Animal magnified.
96 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
Sp. 7. Popura Sracnorum.
Plate XII. Fig. 4.
Body elongate obovate, pale. Head ovate; eyes black. Antenne
not much longer than the head. Thoracic and abdominal rings
equal in length, pale, with a greenish transverse fascia occupy-
ing the posterior half of each ring, interrupted in the middle, an
elongate triangle, with its base at the apex of each ring, oc-
cupying that part.
Length 0:05 inch.
In some varieties a double row of black points down the back.
Extremely common at Cranmore, on the surface of little pools of
stagnant water. March 1808.
Fig. 4. Animal magnified. 4a. The antenne. 4b. Leg. 4c. The Ist
and 2nd abdominal rings beneath, to show the position occupied by a
singular erectile body, which is seen in profile when fully distended at
fig. 4d. The animal has the capability of jutting this out at pleasure;
and in some species its head is swollen beyond the dimensions of the
peduncle, and stands up between the extremities of the fork, so as to
lead me at first to suppose that it was useful in the springing of the
little animal, but I now believe it to be the external sexual organ; when
retracting, the head is first drawn in, then each portion successively,
leaving ultimately a little depression in the ring.
ACHORUTES, 2.9.
Antenne 4-jointed, shorter than the head; fork obsolete.
Sp. 1. AcHorureEs DUBIvs.
Plate XII. Fig. 5. ¢:
Body subcylindrical, purplish black, shining ; wings tuberculate
and with scattered spines. Head large, subtriangular, truncate
anteriorly ; eyes remote from the base of the antennz, which
have the two first joints very short, the succeeding long and not
much contracted. Apex of the abdomen ending obtusely.
Length 0°03 inch.
At Cranmore, on water. It cannot leap. Can it be the young of
P. aquatica, Linn. ?*
Fig. 5. Animal magnified. 5a. Antenna. 5b. Under surface of the ab-
domen, showing the obsolete fork and the erectile process.
* Podura aquaticais common enough in Ireland. I had not, however, an oppor-
tunity of examining it attentively before I left Cranmore; but I should have placed
it under Achorutes as a third Irish species, had I not been startled by the description
given by Lamarck, An. sans Verteb. vol. v. p. 21, “ P. nigra, aquatica; antennis cor-
poris sublongitudine” ; and by the remembrance of the ease with which it leaps.
the Irish Species of Thysanura. 97
Sp. 2. Acnorures Muscorvum.
Plate XII. Fig. 6.
Body subcylindrical, turned posteriorly, and ending with two mam-
mill, dark purplish. Head short triangular; eyes not remote
from the base of the antenne, which are very short, and have
the Ist joint very large, the succeeding successively diminish-
ing in size; last acuminate. Legs pale blue. Rings with strong
spiny hairs in rows along the back; Aairs usually arising in pairs.
Length 0:07 inch.
At Cranmore, under a rotting stick: it moves very slowly, and
cannot leap.
Fig. 6. Animal magnified. 6a. The antenne. 6b. A foot.
Smyntuvurus, Latr.
Sp. 1. Smynruvurus virrpis, Fabr.
Plate XII. Fig. 7.
Head yellow, anteriorly a brown mesial fascia ending in a trans-
verse one at the vertex; posteriorly an irregular, broad trans-
verse fascia. Abdomen subglobular, green, a pale mesial line
ending in a black anal macula, and having two others contigu-
ous, anterior to which is a 4-angular lightish patch, anteriorly
bounded by irregular patches, ending in a dark transverse fascia ;
laterally dark green, mottled; near the neck two irregular trans-
verse fasciee, interrupted in the middle. Antenne yellow at their
base; apex darker brown. Legs pale brown, with darker coxe.
Length 0°06 inch.
Common at Cranmore among plum-tree leaves which have fallen
to the ground.
Fig. 7. Animal magnified. 7a. The mouth.
Sp. 2. Smyntuurvs atra, Fabr.
I have never seen more than one specimen in Ireland: it appears
very common in Britain.
Sp. 3. Smynruurus sienata, Fabr.
Plate XII. Fig."8:
Head yellow, transverse, an abbreviated brown mesial fascia ; eyes
black. Abdomen greenish yellow, lozenge-shaped, with three
triangular brown macule on the sides behind the middle, their
apices directed inwards; above the anus an intensely black
rectangular macula, from about which stands out a tuft of white
hairs. Beneath this macula a process separated by a channel,
hairy, and having a ferruginous triangle in its middle line.
98 M. Chevrolat on Microxylobius.
Antenne yellow at the base, ferruginous at the apex. Legs
pale, hairy, with two claws.
Length 0:06 inch.
Extremely common at Cranmore in the autumn under the fallen
leaves in the grove.
Fig. 8. Animal magnified. 8a. Profile. 8b. Left antenna. 8c. Ist
and 2nd joints of the same antenna. 8d. Last 2 joints (3rd and 4th)
of the right antenna, showing the hairs arising in circles, and giving it
the appearance of being numerously jointed, which it is not. 8e. The
tails.
XXI. Description @un nouveau Genre de Curculionites.
Par M. A. Cuevrouat, Membre de la Soc. Ent. de
France, &c.
[Read July 7, 1834.]
Fam. CURCULIONID.
MicroxyLosius,
Genus novum Curculionidum e divisione Cossonidum, Schh. |
Character Generis.
ANTENN crasse, 10-articulatee, ultra medium rostri inserte ; arti-
culo Imo (scapus) apice clavato, oculos attingente, funiculus
5 articulis; 2do conico; 3tio subtriangulari, 4—6 monilifor-
mibus, clava ovata 4-articulata.
Rostrum capite longius, cylindricum, subarcuatum ; scrobs obliqua,
recta, infra oculos desinens.
Caput sub convexum, infra gutturosum.
Oculi laterales, subdepressi, rotundati.
Thorax \atitudine longior, subcylindricus, in medio perparum exten-
sus, basi et apice truncatus circuatusque.
Scutellum nullum.
Elytra connata, subcylindrica, latescentia versus apicem, singulatim
rotundata extremitate.
Pedes tot approximati; femoribus crassis inermibus; tibiis subar-
cuatis, apice unco recurvo armatis; articulo 1mo tarsorum co-
nico, 2do brevi, 3tio bilobo, ultimo longo, biunguiculato.
Sp. 1. Micr. Westwoopi.
PLAX. Rig 6:
Nigro-eneus, glaber; capite rostroque punctulatis, thorace con-
Lieut.-Col. Sykes on Indian Ants. 99
stricto infra apice, elytris subrugatis, corpore subtus punctatis-
simo.
Long. corp. circiter lin. 1, lat. 3 lin.
Ex museo Dom. Saunders.
Habitat Insula S* Helena.
Ce genre de Coléoptére, qui a quelques rapports avec certains Bari-
dius, me parait devoir appartenir plutot a la famille des Cos-
sones : trompe deux fois aussi longue que la téte, un peu gibbeuse
au dessus de l’insertion des antennes; ?¢éfe trés gonflée des-
sous, un peu aplatie sur le front; corse/et deux fois et demi aussi
long que large; elytres de la largeur du corselet, allant en s’e-
largissant jusqu’a la marge extérieure, finement ridées en travers
et marquées de quelques stries interrompues, la marge de la base
est elevée ainsi que la suture: le dessous parait plus fortement
ponctué que le trompe et la téte; le corselet en dessous a une
impression cintrée en ayant des pattes; les cuisses sont tres
épaisses et arquées; la couleur générale de cet insecte est d’un
noir bronzé.
Mr. Westwood, qui a figuré avec grand soin, le petit Curculionite
dont il s’agit, a souhaité, ainsi que le plupart des entomologistes de
Londres, que j’etablisse les caracteres de ce genre. Je leur en te-
moigne ici toute ma reconnaissance. J’ai pensé faire plaisir au savant
et zelé naturaliste leur compatriote en lui dediant cette espéce.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE X. Fig. 6.
Microxylobius Westwoodii magnified. 6a. Ditto, natural size. 6b. Antenna.
6c. Rostrum seen sideways. 6d. Extremity of tibia and tarsus.
XXII. Descriptions of new Species of Indian Ants. By
Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Syxts, F.R.S., &c.
[Read August 6, 1834. ]
I pEEM it necessary to preface my paper by stating that my friend
Mr. Hope has been good enough to draw up the Latin specific cha-
racters of the following insects.
Myrmica Kirsi, Sykes.
Plate XIII. Fig. 1.
? Aptera, ferruginea, antennis pedibusque rufis, squama petiolari,
VOL, I.—PART IT, I
100 Lieut.-Col. Sykes’s Descriptions
2?-nodosa, abdomine fuscanti. Caput parvum; oculis nigris ;
antennis extrorsum increscentibus. Mandibule sublatee intus 4-
dentate. Labrum superius membranaceum, ciliatum. ‘Thorax
subquadratus, elevatus, postice spina brevi acuta utrinque ar-
matus. Abdomen antice latum, postice acutissimum, piceum.
S magnitudine precedenti equalis at pallidior et alata. Caput
parvum, tribus stemmatis ornatum. ‘Thorax niger et inflatus.
Squama petiolaris brevissima. Abdomen parvum. Ale corpore
longiores.
Long. corp. +25 unc.
Habitat in India Orientali circa Poona.
Mus. Dom. Sykes.
Neuter: Wingless, ferrugincus. Abdomen of a darker colour, ap-
proaching to mahogany. Head half the size of the abdomen.
Eyes two, large, black, consisting of a multitude of lenses: no
false eyes. Mouth armed with two strong jaws, somewhat
broad, nearly square at their ends, and each furnished with four
minute teeth. No palpi discoverable with the highest power of
a double French microscope. Upper lip membranaceous, fringed
with a few hairs. Antenne forming an elbow; lower joint the
longest; upper joints setaceous, but obscurely club-shaped. Tho-
rax of two segments, somewhat square, armed with a short, sharp-
pointed brown spine on each side posteriorly. The insect when
irritated carries the abdomen turned up and overshadowing the
thorax, and the petiole lies as in a groove between these spines.
Petiole of two joints or nodes. Abdomen broad at the petiole,
terminating in a very sharp point, armed with a minute sting.
Length of insect 72,ths of an inch.
Male, size of neuter: winged. Head small; jaws smaller than in
neuter; thorax larger, and inflated. No lateral spines. Petiole
very short. Abdomen smaller than in neuter. Wings a little
longer than the whole insect. Antenne setaceous ; lower joint
shorter than the remainder. Head with three stemmata or false
eyes. Insect of lighter colour than the neuter.
Queen: wingless, about half an inch long, of the size of a crow-
quill, white, the swollen abdomen having the appearance of five
or six ligatures like the queen of the white ants. Head small.
Legs little more than rudiments. The whole insect has the ap-
pearance of a diminutive queen of white ants.
Eggs very minute, white, oblong, nearly transparent, having a
longitudinal brown streak, which corresponds to the thorax of
the future insect. The larve as they increase in bulk would
of new Indian Ants. 101
appear to be removed from the neighbourhood of the centre of
the nest to apartments nearer to the exterior, pupe only being
found in the latter.
This species of ant is remarkable for forming its nest on the
branches of trees and shrubs. ‘The construction is not only singu-
lar, but indicative of considerable ingenuity and foresight. The
first I met with was near to Pahtun, a Kohlee village on the Goreh
river, in the mountain districts of the Poona Collectorate. It was
attached to the branches of a large Kurwund* shrub, and was some-
what globular in form; a second, subsequently met with, was bal-
loon-shaped. They consisted of a multitude of thin folia of cow-
dung, imbricated like tiles upon a house; the folium above all covering
the summit in an unbroken sheet, like a skull-cap on a man’s head.
The folia were put upon one another in a wavy or scolloped manner,
so that numerous little arched entrances were left, yet the interior
was perfectly weather-proof. A vertical section presented a multi-
tude of irregular cells, formed of the same material as the exterior :
near the centre the cells appeared more capacious than near the
surface, and a dried leaf or two had been taken advantage of in
their formation. The nurseries were in different parts of the habi-
tation ; those cells nearest the centre being filled with very minute
eggs; those more distant, with the larve enlarged; and the remote
cells, with the pupz coming into life: the last cells, indeed, had nu-
merous winged ants in them, probably the males of the community.
In the first nest examined I did not discover the queen, nor were
there any stores of provisions; the insects, therefore, must have re-
lied upon their daily exertions for subsistence. In a second nest,
formed on the bough of a large Mango-treet at Tullyghur, on the
table-land of Bhima Shunkur, I was more fortunate in meeting with
the queen. She was inclosed in a cell adapted to her size, and evi-
dently could not move, as I was compelled to enlarge the entrance
with my penknife to effect her liberation. She was very like a di-
minutive queen of white ants, and I have little doubt was the common
parent of the community. Many of the eggs in this nest were not
oblong, but plano-convex, the plane side being fixed to the branch
of the tree; they had a gelatine character, and the rudiments of the
future insect were observable in them. ‘There was not any store of
provisions, and in neither nest did I observe a distinct class of sol-
diers.
The inhabitants of the first nest occasioned ludicrous distress to
the Europeans in my office, the draftsman and clerk. The nest had
been obtained late in the evening, and was suspended from the tent-
* Carissa Carandos. + Mangifera Indica.
rt Ye
102 Lieut.-Col. Sykes’s Descriptions
pole of the tent in which they slept, preparatory to examination the
following day. In the night the men were awakened by repeated punc-
tures and general irritation of the skin, but the darkness prevented
them from discovering their tormentors, and they continued to toss
and tumble in their beds for some hours in no very complacent state
of mind: at last they got up, dressed themselves, and abandoned the
tent; but the evil was rather aggravated than abated, as parts of
their persons which had previously escaped had now their share of
suffering. At daylight they discovered to their consternation that
they were covered with minute ants, which had filled their panta-
loons, penetrated the sleeves of their coats, and every other part of
their habiliments. On inspecting the tent, they found the interior
teeming with multitudes of little angry beings, in busy progress, seek-
ing to resent the outrage which had been committed on the com-
munity by the removal of their abode.
My account of the natural history of this insect differs from that
of the genus in which it is provisionally placed. I simply describe
what I saw, and may have fallen into error in my deductions. I may
have mistaken an extraneous insect for a queen; and I may have
mistaken the winged ants for males only, while they really comprised
both sexes : I may have made these mistakes ; but up to the present
moment my original impression remains unimpaired, that the tree
ant, in its natural history, approximates rather to the Termites and
Bees than to the genus Myrmica, and ultimately it may be found to
be the type of a new genus*.
I had preserved the Queen ant, together with specimens of the
neuters and males, in a phial; but not being able at present to find
it, after a diligent search, I have every reason to fear it was one of
several broken in the voyage from India, and the contents must have
been lost.
The drawings were executed under the microscope, from nature,
with every possible care.
The specific characters have been chosen from the drawings, as-
sisted by a detailed description of the insect made at the time the
drawings were executed.
I need scarcely mention that it is to one of the most distinguished
entomologists of modern times that I have taken the liberty to de-
dicate this insect.
* Smeathman gives four lines comprising a loose mention of Termes arborum;
and in vol. vi. part 2, page 414, of Shaw, there is an engraving of the queen of this
species, from what authority is not stated, resembling my queen of the Myrmica
Kirbii. It would appear, therefore, as if Smeathman had an impression that the
tree ants in their ceconomy resembled Termes bellicosus.
of new Indian Ants. 103
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE XIII. Fig. 1.
la. The nest of Myrmica Kirbii reduced in size according to the subjoined scale,
with the ants of the natural size creeping upon it. 1%. The male.
lc. The neuter.
ATTA PROVIDENS, Sykes.
Plate XIII. Fig. 2.
9 Nigra, capite magno, mandibulis et antennis nigris tarsisque
flavescentibus. Caput maximum, oblongo-quadratum, postice
emarginatum, piceo-nigrum. Mandibule late arcuate, apice
truncate, dentibus duobus, antice minutis. Antenne nigre, ar-
ticulis tribus ultimis incrassatis. ‘Thorax parvus, subbipartitus,
antice convexus posticeque bispinosus. Squama anterior petio-
laris parva, transversa, posterior transverso-elevata, lateribus
acute productis. Abdomen rotundatum. Pedum femoribus et
tibiis piceis, geniculis ferrugineis tarsisque pallidioribus.
Long. corp. lin. 23, lat. corp. lin. 1.
Habitat in India Orientali circa Poona.
Mus. Dom. Sykes.
In illustration of the habits of this species of ant I shall give the
following extract from my Diary.
«Poona, June 19, 1829.—In my morning walk I observed more
than a score of little heaps of grass-seeds (Panicum) in several places
on uncultivated land near the parade-ground; each heap contained
about a handful. On examination I found they were raised by the
above species of ant, hundreds of which were employed in bringing
up the seeds to the surface from a store below: the grain had proba-
bly got wet at the setting in of the monsoon, and the ants had taken
advantage of the first sunny day to bring it up to dry. The store
must have been laid up from the time of the ripening of the grass-
seeds in January and February. As I was aware this fact militated
against the observations of entomologists in Europe, I was careful not
to deceive myself by confounding the seeds of a panicum with the
pupe of the insect. Each ant was charged with a single seed; but
as it was too weighty for many of them, and as the strongest had
some difficulty in scaling the perpendicular sides of the cylindrical
hole leading to the nest below, many were the falls of the weaker
ants with their burthens from near the summit to the bottom. I
observed they never relaxed their hold, and with a perseverance af-
fording a useful lesson to humanity, steadily recommenced the ascent
after each successive tumble, nor halted in their labour until they
104 Lieut.-Col. Sykes’s Descriptions
had crowned the summit and lodged their burthen on the common
heap.”
On the 13th of October of the same year, after the closing thun-
der-storms of the monsoon, I found this species in various places si-
milarly employed as they had been in June preceding: one heap
contained a double-handful of grass-seeds.
It is probable that the Atta providens, is a field-species of ant, as
I have not observed it in houses.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE XIII. Fig. 2.
2a. Atta providens, neuter, magnified. 2b. One of the mandibles. 2c. One
of the maxille. 2d. The labium and its appendages.
Formica INDEFEssA, Sykes.
Plate XIII. Fig. 3.
? Nigra, capite magno, thorace compresso, antennis pedibusque fer-
rugineis. Caput maximum atrum. Antenne ferruginee, arti-
culo primo longissimo nigro. Mandibulee porrectze 6-dentate.
Thorax antice rotundatus, medio constrictus continuus, postice-
que attenuatus. Squama petiolaris transverse elevata, nigra.
Abdomen ovatum concolor. Femora ferruginea. ‘Tibie tarsze-
que fuscantes.
Long. lin. €4, lat. lin. 2.
Habitat in India Orientali circa Poona.
Mus. Dom. Sykes.
? capite multo minore, abdomine dilatato.
This insect approaches F’. compressa, Fab., and infests houses.
(Among the insects collected from the same nest there are many
specimens, of different sizes, having small heads, but they are uni-
formly much smaller than the individuals of both sexes above de-
scribed. Can they be males which have lost their wings, or are they
varieties of neuters?'—F. W. H.)
The depths at which these ants have their nests under the foun-
dations of houses and about the roots of trees, baffled my attempts
to discover their internal ceconomy; but I observed ants of three
sizes, although not differmg very much in form, and not at all in
colour. The largest (of which a drawing is given) is the female, and
I have a specimen }$ths of an inch long: the next size is probably
the male; the head and thorax are much smaller than in the female,
but the abdomen in proportion is larger. The third size is probably
the neuter, and differs only from the male in being more slender.
of new Indian Ants. 105
The magnitude of these ants, their voracity, and remarkable tact
in discovering saccharine matters, render them repulsive, trouble-
some, and costly insects in a house. I have had the greater part of
a tub of sugar-candy, left in my store-room at Poona, and weighing
nearly half a hundred weight, consumed by them during a few months’
absence from home; and my friends have related to me instances of
similar depredations carried to the extent of the consumption of a
whole tub of sugar-candy. However incredible the fact may appear,
I will not omit to notice an instance of their instinct literally border-
ing upon human intelligence. It was the practice in my family to
leave the dessert, consisting of fruit, cakes, and particularly China
preserved fruits, constantly standing upon a sideboard in an inclosed
verandah off the dining-hall: a cloth was thrown over it, and to
prevent the access of insects, the legs of the table were placed upon
low pedestals in little stone pans filled with water. When I first
took possession of the house, the inhabited part was not infested
with this species of ant, but the attractions of the sideboard soon
occasioned their introduction. The channel of water surrounding
the pedestals did not prove a sufficient barrier ; the pans were shal-
low, and the channel not wider than two lengths of medium sized
ants: when the water was low they waded across, and when the
pans were full they boldly pushed over, and succeeded in catching
hold of the opposite bank with their fore-legs ere they sunk, and
once over, they soon reached their rich repast by the legs of the
table, and in the morning | found hundreds congregated on the
China sweets: they were put to death, but each succeeding day
presented similar hordes of equally bold and successful adventurers.
I now had the legs of the table surrounded daily with a belt of tur-
pentine, just above the level of the water, and this proved effectual,
either from its nauseous and deleterious scent, or from its clammi-
ness holding them by the feet. For some days the sweets were un-
molested, but eventually the ants found their way back to them,
although not in such numbers as before, and I did not readily dis-
cover by what means. The edge of the table was about an inch
distant from the wall, and with greater facilities of access, they did
not risk the danger of passing the gulf between the table and the
wall, but reduced to extremities by my precautions, the largest ants
now essayed to pass it, holding on the wall by the hind legs, whilst
the front legs were stretched out to touch the edge of the table, and
the contact enabled very many to cross. The table was now re-
moved from the wall beyond the maximum stretch of the largest
ants, and I flattered myself I had triumphed over their perseverance
and ingenuity; but, to my infinite surprise, in a few days the sweets
106 Lieut.-Col. Sykes’s Descriptions
teemed as usual with the intruders, and I was puzzled in no small
degree to account for their re-appearance. Accidentally passing the
table, I observed an ant upon the wall, about a foot above the level
of the sweets: it fell, and instead of passing between the wall and
the table and alighting upon the ground, the insect fell upon the
table. Can it be possible, I said to myself, that this fallis designed ?
I stood to observe with the most intense curiosity: another ant
ascended, and dropped with similar success; another and another
followed; and there were was no longer doubt that instinct (if in-
stinct I must call it) had made them in this instance a match for
reason. But what is this “instinct,” or “impulse of nature,” which
enables an animal to do that which, in those things that man can do,
results from a chain of reasoning, and in things which men cannot do,
is not to be explained by any efforts of the intellectual faculties ;
by which the captive and expatriated pigeon on its release flies
directly and unhesitatingly through the pathless air to its distant
home; by which the far-removed dog returns to his master by pre-
viously untravelled and unknown routes; by which the bed-bug, it
is said, if cut off from access to the bed by the feet or draperies,
ascends to the ceiling and falls upon the canopy; and by which the
Formica indefessa was enabled to defeat all my precautions ?
I could multiply instances of similar mysterious power in the ani-
mal world from personal observation, but am debarred from indulg-
ing in further details by the specific object of this paper and the na-
ture of our Transactions. Let it suffice to remark, that the reflective
mind finds new causes of wonder and admiration, and new lessons of
humility, in almost every new inquiry into the ceconomy, relations,
and structure of the animate or inanimate world.
In concluding this paper, I may add, as a suitable accompani-
ment, two extracts from my Diary respecting the swarming of ants.
“‘ Poona, October 6, 1829.—At ten o’clock m the morning, during
a hot sun, but after a continued fall of rain on the preceding night,
a nest of white ants in my garden sent forth a winged colony in
myriads; the small wingless labouring white ants were busily em-
ployed about the orifice whence the swarm issued, apparently super-
intending the emigration. Scarcely had they appeared, than the
domestic poultry were on the alert; Sparrows, Grackles, and Crows
collected in numbers, and within a quarter of an hour there were
some scores of Kites (Milvus Cheel) making short circles within a
few feet of the ground, and catching the ants as they rose upon the
wing. The dexterity with which these large birds avoided coming into
contact with each other, in rapid and whirling pursuit of their prey
within a very limited space, excited my surprise and admiration.”
of new Indian Ants. 107
“Poona, June 10 to 12, 1830.—A good deal of rain fell between
the 10th and 11th of June, the first of the year, being, in fact, the
setting in of the S.W. monsoon. After the 12th, the moisture,
combined with the great heat, (heat alone being insufficient,) brought
into life myriads of insects of all kinds, which for months previ-
ously had been lying in the pupa state: colonies of ants, white,
black, and red, large and small, poured from their retreats in dense
columns, taking wing, and literally darkening the air. As in the
preceding year, birds of every description were in eager pursuit. In
an hour or two the volant power of the ants terminated, their wings
dropped off, and lay in such profusion on the ground around their
nests as to form a carpet, and the insects themselves were seen
hurrying away in every direction into concealment, or lying dead
upon the grass, having completed the term of their ephemeral exist-
ence. It would appear from the above dates that ants swarm at
different periods of the year, but whether or not the same nest sends
forth two colonies, or different nests swarm at different seasons of
the year, I did not determine.”
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE XIII. Fig. 3.
8a. Formica indefessa, neuter magnified. 3b. One of the mandibles. 3c. One
of the maxilla. 3d. The lower lip and its appendages.
Supplementary Note, read January 5th, 1835.
I take the present opportunity of exhibiting to the Society a gigantic specimen
of the Formica indefessa, an account of which was read some months since, mea-
suring }%ths of an inch in length. It is no doubt a female, and very many of them
are seen amongst the workers. I may here say with respect to the Termes belli-
cosus, Formica indefessa, and Atia providens, that I never saw winged ants amongst
them, excepting at the time of swarming; I believe, nevertheless, their communi-
ties to consist of queens, neuters, and males, the latter being wingless, unless at the
period mentioned. In an examination of very many nests of the Termites, I never
found a king shut up in the same chamber with the queen, as described by Smeath-
man, and I fully believe that a complete, patient, and philosophical investigation
into their economy is still a desideratum.
108 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Monograph
XXIII. Monograph on Mimela, a Genus of Coleopterous
Insects. By the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S., &c.
[Read September 1, 1834.]
LAMELLICORNES.
Fam. RuTenip#.
Mimeta, Kirby.
Character Essentials.
ManpiBvuL# dorso rotundate, apice compress, bidentate; dente
inferiori truncato. Antenne novem articulate.
Character Artificialis.
Labium urceolatum, emarginatum.
Maville apice sex-dentate, nempe 3, 2, 1.
Mandibule dorso rotundate, apice compresse bidentate; dente in-
feriori truncato.
Labrum brevissimum, transversum, medio depresso-excavatum, vel
emarginatum.
Antenné novem articulate.
Podex tectus.
Character Naturalis.
Corpus ex oblongo obovatum, convexum, glabrum, alatum. Ca-
put ex triengulari subrotundum, declive. Labrum transversum,
brevissimum, medio depressum, utrinque antice barbatum, ver-
ticale. Mandibule basi subtriquetro-trigone, intus orbiculate,
transversim sulcat, apice compressz, incurve, bidentate; dente
superiori obtuso, inferiori truncato subemarginato, dorso rotun-
dato. Maville valid mandibuleformes, apice incurvee sex den-
tate, dentibus nempe 3,2,1. Palpi mazillares* in nostris spe-
ciminibus desunt. Labium infra apicem et apud basin con-
strictum unde quasi urceolatum, apice emarginatum. Palpi
labiales triarticulati: articulo primo minutissimo, intermedio
subarcuato crassiori; extimo ovato acuto, Mentum subquadra-
tum. Antenne novem-articulate : articulo primo magno apice
incrassato, quasi dolabriformi; secundo brevi subturbinato ;
proximis tribus subcylindricis; sexto brevissimo fere patere-
* (4-articulati, articulis fere equalibus, ultimo paullo majori ovato, apice acumi-
nato.—F. W. H.)
on the Genus Mimela. 109
formi; tribus ultimis elongatis pilosis, clavam elongatam line-
ari-lanceolatam formantibus. Ocudi subhemispheerici prominuli.
Septum irregulare, a naso per tertiam fere partem oculi trans-
currit. Nasus s. clypeus transyersus, distinctus, antice rotun-
datus, marginatus: margine reflexo. Rhinarium verticale, bre-
vissimum.
Truncus: Thorax transversus, s. longitudine latior, tenuissime
marginatus, antice angustior; sinu magno ad _ recipiendum
caput exciso, postice obsolete trilobus: lobo intermedio ro-
tundato, supra ad latera, puncto ordinario impressus. Proster-
num inter pedes anticos elevatum, compressum, apice dilatatum,
oblique truncatum. Mesosternum lineare, inter pedes interme-
dios latitans. Metasternum basi et apice mucronatum : mucrone
postico bifido. Scutellum triangulare.
Coleoptra oblonga, striata, striis duplicatis ; podicem, excepto sum-
mo vertice, obtegentia. Pedes robusti: femoribus posticis in-
crassatis ; tibiis anticis apice bidentatis: dente exteriori lon-
giori obtuso; interiori brevi acuto; calcaribus 1. 2. 2. posticis
obtusis; tarsorum unguiculis simplicibus* inflexis.
Abdomen convexum; segmentis ventralibus sex; primo brevissimo;
ultimo depresso obtuso.
Probably no insect described by my much valued friend Mr. Kirby
more strongly evinces his peculiar tact in establishing sound genera
than the subject of the present monograph, viz. Mimela. From his
own account in the 14th volume of the Linnean Transactions, he
purchased this insect with a lot of Brazilian species, and at first
ranged it with Areoda, its general habit and aspect resembling a
tropical American type: meeting, however, afterwards with several
other specimens in a Chinese collection, he was induced to examine
it more closely, and the result of these observations was embodied
in his valuable paper in the Linnean Transactions, in which he
proves distinctly that many of the characters of Mimela appear as if
borrowed from South American types, while its most essential ones
approach nearer to Huchlora, the Asiatic type. Many entomologists
would, therefore, have rested contented with arranging it along with
Euchlora, as the French do at the present moment. Not so, how-
ever, Mr. Kirby; he immediately formed it into a sub-genus, and
added the preceding ample characters.
The distinguishing characters of Mimela appear to be the shape
* (Mr. Kirby’s specimens appear to have been destitute of the four anterior tarsi.
They differ from the posterior pair, as described by Mr. Kirby, in having one of the
claws on each of these four legs bifid.—F. W. H.)
110 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Monograph
of the insect as well as the presence of a prosternum: for a moment
it may be worth while to look to the use of this latter member. It
is probable that this attachment may serve to counteract the weight
of the body, which is posteriorly much dilated ; or else, why in the
allied genus Euchlora is this posterior dilatation wanting as well as
the prosternum? In some Adephaga we find it strongly developed,
particularly in Procrustes and the larger Carabide; and in several
genera, where the abdomen is large in proportion to the thorax, we
find the prosternum of a large size, particularly in Dynastide, and
also in Chiasognathus Grantii and Prionus Hayesiti. It would seem,
however, that this is not always a sufficient support to counteract
the weight of the body, or why do we find those hooks on the an-
tenne which support the latter insects when at rest? It is pro-
bable also that the prosternum is of great use to all insects which
are climbers, as we find it developed in Calosoma, Hydrous, &c.; and,
I think, in proportion as the mesosternum increases in size, there is
less need of a prosternum, as in Cefoniade it altogether takes its
place, and serves probably the same purpose. From an examination
of the Buprestide we may partly arrive at the use intended by this
member ; in the first section, viz. the exscutellati, containing the ge-
nus Sternocera, an example of which is S. Chrysis, Fab., the me-
sosternum is remarkably strong, projecting between the fore-arms :
in this instance the anterior part of the insect is greatly dilated,
while towards the apex it is greatly diminished, tapering off almost
toa point. In Catoxantha bicolor, Fab., we find nearly the reverse
of this; the posterior part of the body is greatly dilated, and instead
of the development of the mesosternum, we find only that of the
prosternum, which descends deeply into the breast. In the Indian
Rutelide this posterior dilation of the body is not always attended
with a prosternum, as an insect subsequently described under the
name of dprosterna, closely allied to Mimela (as well as the genus
Rhombonyz, Kirby,) both of which are without a prosternum. In
my forthcoming monograph of Huchlora this subject, however, will
be more fully detailed. At present it is time to say a few words on
the geographical distribution of this genus.
Mimela appears widely dispersed over the continent of Asia, and
eventually it will no doubt be discovered wherever Huchlora is found.
I have not yet been able to ascertain its occurrence in Sumatra,
Borneo, or Manilla, or even in New Guinea or the Isle of Timor;
and as the entomological character of the above countries appears to
resemble that of continental India, I have little hesitation in saying,
that we may ultimately expect several species from those quarters,
possessing as I do several species of Euchlora from the above places.
on the Genus Mimela. lll
The most southern range known at present appears to be the island
of Java; from Singapore it may be traced up to the Himalaya. On
the east its boundary is terminated probably by the Japan Isles, and
on the west by Madras. I am doubtful, however, if it can be traced
to Bombay, having repeatedly received numerous collections from
that country, but never a single specimen of Euchlora or Mimela.
According to Mr. Kirby, it is found also in the island of Ceylon.
China evidently appears to be its metropolis; and judging from the
immense numbers sent to this country, it must really there be quite
apest. When to the Mimele, emerging from the leafy coverts of the
wood, we add the swarms of Huchlore, and the hosts of booming
Beetles, the dazzling Lampyride, or Fire Flies, with genera of va-
rious orders, the air must literally teem with the countless myriads
of insect population, offering to the sight a picture which the warm-
est European imagination has not the power to conceive. These
Mimele have their use as well as all other insects, and the office
assigned them is probably to keep in check the over-luxuriance and
superfluity of tropical vegetation.
Genus MimeEta.
Type of the Genus, Mimela Chinensis, Kirby.
Section 1. With a Prosternum. (Mimela proprie sic dicta.)
Patria.
Species lis Chinensts,IKITDY: 4.2.) ele wee oe +s China.
Dr CON CLUS OPC ers tong. tate ese ce Ditto.
SmeDLUMNed, DC TAA ss. siete ote aiels. oes oe Java.
Ae atliamne, Opes sania us tien. esas oe China.
Bon dotlrn ADP s Gch Wah Arehin of. cidmicadig ole Japan.
Gams plendenss LODG ws fei. peat yell =: 21 Nepal.
PAUTONILENS: TA OQDE MA eters sis) at srafetla'sictel= Ditto.
Semi OnS (Clit MEL ODCa. ea. te etereretel agen: Ditto.
9. Leet, Swed. (fastuosa, Fab.)....=... East Indies.
RO CLrySOpnasus. FLOP Cue mre etc: oe:
Dept colors TOC. sin eee os oo ota Nepal.
NO rpS21tl2s; ELOPEs-at.cctors, eis site eos eK" a).« 4,01 Ditto.
Section 2. Without a Prosternum (Aprosterna).
eT Los be eee pian seahons one China.
1. Mimera Cuinensis, Kirby.
M. supra luteo-virens; capite thoraceque punctatis punctulatis-
simisque, antennis fulvis.
1]2 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Monograph
Long. corp. lin. 9, lat. lin. 5.
Syn. Mim. Chinensis. Kirby, Linn: Trans.
chrysea. Kollar.
splendens. Schonherr.
stilbophora. Wied.
Corpus glaberrimum, luteo-virens, colore sub luce mutabili, subtus
cupreo tincturi. Caput supra antice punctis confluentibus ru-
gulosum, postice punctis sparsis conspersum, interque puncta
creberrima minutissima, vix sine lente forti conspicua; subtus
fulvum. Antenne fulve. Thorax punctis sparsis punctulis mi-
nutissimis interjacentibus ut in capite. H/ytra subrugosa puncto-
striata: striis intermediis per paria ordinatis, interstitiis punc-
tatis et punctulatissimis ut in thorace, &c.; apice gibba.
Habitat in China.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
2. Mimeza Conrucius, Hope.
Supra tota viridis, subtus pallide bronzea, femoribus flavis tibiisque
roseo-cupreis.
Long. lin. 94, lat. lin. 54.
Caput cum clypeo subquadratum, antenne fulve, oculi fusco-ci-
nerei. Thorax angulis anticis subacutis, marginibus laterali-
bus flavescentibus, punctatissimus, punctulis minutissimis ut in
capite. Scutellum leve subtiliter punctulatum, punctis lente
vix distinctis. H/ytra parum rugosa, punctato-striata, striis
intermediis per paria ordinatis, interstitiis creberrime puncta-
tis. Pygidium antice aurato-viride, sparsim punctatum, foveola
transversa utrinque posita posticeque flavescens. Corpus infra
fusco-eeneum, punctatum, femoribus flavis eneoque colore tinctis.
Tibie unguibusque roseo-cupreis.
Habitat in China.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
3. Mimeza Buumet, De Haan.
Supra flavo-bronzea subviridique colore tincta, subtus testacea, ti-
bis unguibusque piceis.
Long. lin. 64, lat. lin. 4.
Caput cum clypeo subquadratum punctatissimum. Antenne fulve.
Oculi quasi iride aurata pupillaque nigricanti ornati. Thorax
angulis antice acutis, lateribus flavo marginatis, punctatissimus
punctulis minutissimis ut in capite. H/ytra rugosa, apice gibba,
punctato-striata, striis intermediis per paria ordinatis, intersti-
on the Genus Mimela. js.
tiis punctatis et punctulatissimis. Margo exterior elytrorum e
humeris fere ad apicem viridi colore tincta est. Corpus infra
testaceum, pectus pilis flavescentibus densum, abdomen con-
color pilisque flavis adspersum. Pedes validi, femoribus luteis,
tibiis unguibusque piceis.
Habitat in Java.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
This insect I received from my friend De Haan of Leyden, by
whom it was named Blume?.
4. Mimera Latuamu, Hope.
Tota supra viridi-inaurata, nitida humeris marginibusque elytrorum
igneo colore micantibus.
Long. lin. 83, lat. lin. 54.
Affinis M. lucidule (De Haan) at postice latior. Caput cum clypeo
subquadratum, glabrum et nitidum. Antenne fulve. Oculi
fusco-cinerei. Thorax foveola utrinque ignita, punctatissimus
punctis lente distinctis. Hlytra subrugosa, punctato-striata,
striis intermediis per paria ordinatis, interstitiis sparsim punc-
tulatis sub lente distinctis, viridi-inaurata, basi, marginibus, tu-
berculisque ad apicem positis igne micantibus, bine rugze inter
tubercula et suturam fortiter impressz (que cito in tenuitatem
desinunt). Pygidium glabrum, fulgore aurato conspicuum et
subtiliter punctulatum. Corpus infra viridi-bronzeum seu roseo
colore tinctum. Pectus pilis cinereis adspersum. Pedes virides.
~ Habitat in China et circa Singapore.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
I first obtained this splendid insect from my friend Mr. Latham,
after whom I named it. I have since received it from China, where
it appears to be an abundant species.
5. Mimeta tuciputa, De Haan.
Supra tota viridis, inaurata, marginibus elytrorum igneo colore mi-
cantibus, infra roseo-cuprea.
Long. lin. 84, lat. lin. 44.
Affinis preecedenti at minor. Caput cum clypeo subquadratum niti-
dum. Antenne fulve. Oculi nigri. Thorax foveola viridi
utrinque impressa, confertius punctatus. Hlytra subrugosa
striato-punctata strus sub lente parum distinctis, punctis minu-
tissimis ut in capite. Margo externus elytrorum aurea et ig-
nita. Pygidium leve et crebre punctatum. Corpus infra roseo-
cupreum, pedibus viridibus,
114 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Monograph
Habitat in Japonia.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
This beautiful insect I received from De Haan under the name of
lucidula: besides the difference of locality, it differs greatly in size
and punctation. Mimela Lathami is also a more brilliant insect,
and broader considerably at the apex of the elytra, while lucidula
has a more elongated form, and approaches in some degree to the
form of Euchlora.
6. MrimELa sPLENDENS, Hope.
Supra tota viridis, nitidissima, subtus testacea tarsis nigro-brunneis.
Long. lin. 7, lat. lin. 34.
Clypeus rotundatus, antenne ferruginee. Thorax subtilissime punc-
tatus, scutellum leve. Elytra viridia inaurata, striato-punctata,
binis sulcis versus apicem fortiter impressis, tuberculoque rotun-
dato apicali conspicua. Corpus subtus testaceum, zneoque colore
tinctum, femoribus et tibiis flavescentibus, tarsis unguibusque
nigro-brunneis.
Habitat in agro Nepalensi.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
This species was in the collection of Major-General Hardwicke, to
whom I am indebted for this and various other Coleoptera. It also
appears to be by no means uncommon in the Himalaya, as I have
seen it abundantly in the boxes sent from that country.
7. Mrmexa avuronirens, Hope.
Supra viridis, nitidissima, subtus picea, tibiis tarsisque viridibus.
Long. lin. 6,, lat. lin. 4.
Antenne picee. Caput cum clypeo subquadratum, viride, glabrum
nitidum. Oculi nigri. Thorax concolor, angulis anticis sub-
acutis. Hlytra nitidissima, humeris tuberculisque apicalibus igne
micantibus. Corpus subtus piceum, pectus pilis cinereis densis
tectum. <Abdominis penultimum segmentum violaceum. Fe-
mora picea. Tibie et ungues saturate virides, parum punctate
et pilose.
Habitat in Bengalia.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
8. Mimera Horsriextpi1, Hope.
Viridi-inaurata, sumptuosa, thorace aureo-maculato, elytrisque binis
igneo-auratis vittis ornatis.
Long. lin. 63, lat. lin. 34.
on the Genus Mimela. 115
Caput cum clypeo subquadratum, punctulatum, antice auratum, pos-
tice viride. Oculi fusco-cinerei. Antenne fulve, capitulo nigri-
canti. Thorax viridis, maculis duabus aureis, fere in medio
disci positis ; pars antica, marginesque laterales confertius punc-
tati; postica autem glabra et nitida. Scutellum leve. Elytra
nitidissima, vittis binis igne micantibus, una fere media, altera
marginali. Pygidium fla&mmeum, convexum et subtiliter punctu-
latum. Corpus infra viride, splendidum et punctatum. Seg-
menta abdominis antice violacea. Pedes virides, femoribus pos-
ticis incrassatis auroque fulgentibus.
Habitat in agro Nepalensi.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
Mimela sumptuosa? Zool. Journ. 5.
This beautiful insect I received from General Hardwicke, and
for a long time I imagined it was identical with M. fastuosa, Fab.
Having purchased at a sale the insect described by Fabricius, I have
been able to compare the insects, and find the present species is un-
known; it is named, therefore, in honour of Dr. Horsfield, who has
so ably written on the Lepidoptera of Java.
9. Mimeta Leei, Swederus et Olivier.
M. viridi-znea, nitida, elytris vittis duabus aureis. Fad.
Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 44.
Scarabeus Leet scutellatus muticus cceruleus nitissimus, capitis disco,
thorace fascia interrupta elytrisque vittis quatuor aureis.—Swe-
derus, Act. Holm. 1787, 188.4. Oliv. Ins. 1.5.30. t. 8. f. 87.
Mel. fastuosa. Fab. Ent. Syst. 1.168.57.; Syst. El. ii. 173.
Habitat in India. Dom. Lee.
M. viridi-inaurata, thorace auro maculato, elytris vittis duabus au-
reis. Statura Mel. vitis, at major. Clypeus rotundatus. Caput
thoraxque viridia inaurata, maculis aureis. H/ytra viridi-cceru-
lea, inaurata, vittis duabus aureis. Corpus subtus viridi-cceru-
leum nitidum. Oliv. vid. Sp. 32. Melolontha.
Viridi-inaurata. Caput cum clypeo subquadratum viridi-auratum,
nitidum, subtiliter parce punctulatum. C/ypeus brevis, trans-
versus, concolor, confertius punctatus, margine reflexo integer-
rimo. Antenne fusco-ferruginee. Oculi magni, atri. Thorax
antice emarginatus angulis acutis, lateribus rotundatus, puncta-
tus, supra viridis, macula magna aurea, utrinque dorso posita,
haud ad latera extensa, aut in medio disci conjuncta. Scutel-
lum breve, violaceum, postice fere rotundatum, leve, antice parce
punctatum. lytra apice truncata, punctato-striata, viridi-
VOL. I.—PART II. K
116 The Rev. F. W. Hope’s Monograph on Mimela.
inaurata, splendida, sutura violacea, binis vittis viridi-cyaneis,
binisque aliis aureis, igne micantibus, ornata. Ad apicem ruge
quatuor (in singulo due,) fortiter impresse. Podew lato-trian-
gularis, convexus, viridique-auratus et punctatissimus. Corpus
infra viridi-ceruleum.
I have described this species minutely from the identical specimen
which was in Lee’s cabinet, described by Fabricius, as I formerly
confounded a Nepal species with it, which is very distinct.
10. Mrmeta curysorrasus, Hope.
Totum corpus supra viride, femoribus flavescentibus.
Long. lin. 8, lat. lin. 4.
Caput cum clypeo subquadratum. Oculi fusco-cinerei. Antenne tes-
tacee. Thorax nitidus, punctatissimus. /ytra pallide vires-
centia, et aurato splendore nitentia, punctato-striata, striis in-
termediis per paria ordinatis, interstitiis sparsim punctulatis.
Pygidium viride. Pectus infra concolor, flaveolis capillis ad-
spersum. Segmenta abdominis flavescentia, nitida. Femora
aureo-testacea. Tvbie antice concolores, postice virides, tarsis
unguibusque atro-virescentibus.
Habitat in India, circa Singapore.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
11. Mimexa sicotor, Hope.
Supra testacea, subtus viridis.
Long. lin. 6, lat. lin. 3.
Clypeus rotundatus, testaceus aureo colore tinctus, subtilissime punc-
tatus. Hlytra striato-punctata levia. Corpus subtus nigro-
viride, unguibus solummodo testaceis.
Habitat in agro Nepalense.
Mus. Dom. Hardwicke.
12. Mimeuxa simitis, Hope.
Precedenti affinis. Testacea, elytris pallidioribus tarsisque vires-
centibus.
Long. lin. 53, lat. lin. 3.
Clypeus rotundatus, oculis nigris. Antenne testacez, capitulo nigri-
cante. Thorax rubro-testaceus, aureoque colore tinctus. Hlytra
pallide testacea, levia, striato-punctata. Corpus subtus testa-
ceum, pectore zneo-nigricante tarsisque viridi-auratis. Variat
quibusdam segmentis abdominis zneo-piceis.
Habitat in agro Nepalensi.
Mus. Dom. Hardwicke.
Mr. Westwood upon Acentria, &c. 1D i
Subgenus Aprosterna, Hope.
The type of which is Mimela nigricans, Kirby.
APROSTERNA NIGRICANS.
M. nigro-picea, capite thoraceque-punctatis, antennis brunneis.
Long. lin. 7.
Descr.—Corpus oblongum, glabrum, nitidum nigro-piceum. Caput
gneo tinctum, punctatum, punctulis haud interpositis ut in
M. Chinense; puncta antica confluunt. Antenne brunnee.
Prothorax neo tinctus, punctatus, punctulis haud interposi-
tis. Hlytra punctata, punctis quibusdam sparsis et aliis seri-
atim ordinatis, seriebus per paria dispositis. Punctula itidem
minutissima inter hec puncta interposita. In aliis M. Chinen-
sem exactissime refert hc species, sed minor est.
Habitat in China.
Mus. Dom. Hope.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE X. Fig. 7.
Mimela Chinensis, and its details.
7a. Labrum. 7b. Mandible. 7c. Mandible seen in front. Ze. Maxilla.
7 f. Instrumenta labialia. 7g. Antenna. 7h. Head and prothorax
in profile. 7i. Metastermum and posterior trochanter. 7k. Fore leg.
71. Middle leg. 7m. Posterior leg.
XXIV. Note upon the British Genera Acentria, Acentro-
pus, and Zancle. By J.O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c.
[Read July 7, 1834.]
In Mr. Stephens’s Catalogue of British Insects, Mandibulata, p. 316,
we find the following entry :
“Genus 28. (549), Acentria, mihi.
Phryganea, p. Olivier ?
*¢ 3562. 1: nivosa.
Ph. nivea, Olivier? Latr. t. xiii. 93?”
This genus is placed in the order Neuroptera, and family Perlide.
In Mr. Curtis’s Guide, col. 137, the same genus is introduced, but
it is inserted at the end of the Trichoptera, and is numbered 762.
K 2
118 Mr. Westwood on Acentria, &c.
In his British Entomology, No. 497, however, the latter author,
without the slightest reference to Acentria, has published a figure
and description of the same insect under the name of Acentropus
Garnonsii, which he has numbered 762°, thus indicating its con-
nexion with Acentria. Mr. Curtis has again placed the insect in
the order Trichoptera and family Phryganide, and has made use of
various arguments for the purpose of proving that the insect in
question is Trichopterous, and not Lepidopterous.
Having purchased a specimen of this very remarkable insect at the
sale of Mr. Haworth’s collections, I have carefully examined it, with
a view to the determination of its real situation. The result of this
examination has proved that Mr. Curtis has overlooked two charac-
ters which are peculiarly characteristic of the order Lepidoptera, and
which are possessed in so striking a degree by the insect in question,
that no reasonable doubt can any longer exist as to the impropriety
of its insertion amongst the Trichoptera.
In the first place, the front of the thorax is furnished on each side
with a pair of patagia, or tippets, which extend to the base of the
anterior wings; and, in the second place, the base of the second pair
of wings is armed with a long bent rigid bristle, connected with an
apparatus on the under side of the first wings at the base, and which
apparatus is distinguished in the ‘ Introduction to Entomology’ under
the names of the hamus, or hook, and tendo, or tendon. ‘The scales
on the wings are also eminently characteristic of a Lepidopterous
insect.
As to the genus, or even family of Moths, to which the insect in
question is most nearly allied, or of the propriety of the specific name
with reference to its identity with Olivier’s insect, I shall offer no
opinion on the present occasion, observing only that Mr. Haworth’s
specimen was labelled ‘* Alba Olivier.”
In Mr. Stephens’s ‘Nomenclature’, second edition, p. 118, we
find another genus established under the name of Zancle Hansoni.
Mr. Hanson having however allowed me, some years ago, to ex-
amine his insect, and having made at the time a series of drawings of
its different organs, I have ascertained, by a comparison thereof with
Acentropus or Acentria, that Mr. Hanson’s insect is congenerous
therewith, being probably the female of the Acentropus Garnonsii.
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Limnoria. 119
XXV. Observations on the Ravages of Limnoria terebrans,
with Suggestions for a Preventative against the same.
By the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S. &c.
[Read November 3, 1834. ]
In laying before the Society some specimens of wood perforated by
Limnoria terebrans, (a crustaceous animal allied to the marine Onis-
cide, or sea wood-lice,) my chief object is to elicit any observations
which may tend to counteract its ravages.
A very able paper, by Dr. Coldstream, appeared in April last in
Professor Jameson’s Journal, wherein its history, habits, and anato-
mical details are sketched with an accuracy which does honour to this
useful pupil of Leach. It lives on the wood, which it perforates, and,
as far as J have observed, so also does Ligia oceanica, and probably
othersof the Oniscide, marine as well as terrestrial. This fact, however,
I believe was first made known to us by Dr. Coldstream, who states
that the contents of the stomach resemble comminuted wood. From
finding the common wood-louse in outhouses, and zm and about
decaying timber, it appears to me not improbable that they also may
partly feed on wood.
I hope I may here be allowed to express a wish that some of the
members present will examine the contents of the stomach of the
common wood-louse under a powerful microscope. and give us at
some of our meetings the result of his investigation.
As the generic characters of Limnoria are well laid down, and as
the animal is figured in the above-quoted Journal, I pass on to the
objects of its attacks, and also to the remedies which have been
applied to counteract its effects.
Fir, birch, and oak were nearly all equally attacked by it. ‘Teak-
wood alone remained unperforated ; probably, therefore, other iron-
woods may be employed with like success. Among the experiments
made to resist this evil, the following were the most important :
lst. Covering the piles with broad-headed nails, called scupper-
nails, the oxidation of which impregnating the wood, yields a taste
disliked by the animal. This plan for a time succeeds: the rapid
consumption of iron, from the action of salt water, at length rusts
off the broad heads, and it is necessary continually to replace
them. Some have used copper-sheeting with partial success ; others
have used common tar, with which they daub the piles before they
120 The Rev. F. W. Hope on Limnoria.
bury them in the sea: but in a short time, from abrasion, the piles
are robbed of this coating, and become perforated by the Limnorie.
There is an announcement in the public Journals, that Mr. Ste-
venson has discovered a varnish capable of protecting wood from the
attacks of this destructive pest. What this varnish may be I am at
a loss to conjecture; I only hope that Mr. Stevenson will shortly
make his discovery known, and as publicly as possible, as he may be
the means of saving the wood-work of our floodgates, timber-
bridges, chain-piers and docks from inevitable destruction.
At the chain-pier at Southend in Essex the piles are daubed over
with gas tar; and from inquiries made on the spot from the work-
men employed, I found that there exists a general belief that where
common tar fails, gas tar succeeds, the insects, as the workmen
assert, not liking its taste.
Both the varnish of Mr. Stevenson and the gas tar may succeed
for a time; abrasion, however, will at length remove them: would
it not therefore be possible, by means of perforated iron pipes running
through the centre of the piles, occasionally to supply liquidated tar,
and so keep up this gaseous influence? The expense of the pipes
would probably be too great. It is ascertained that the Limnorie
attack neither the bottoms of ships, nor fresh-tarred piles newly placed
in the sea, partly, perhaps, as it requires time for abrasion to take
place, and partly as the effect of the tar is not neutralized by salt
water. Tar appears to be an antidote: gas tar may be more effica-
cious; and as the oxidation of iron is effective for a certain period,
probably by uniting two or more of these, we may preserve the piles
for a longer period than has hitherto been done. In the sea I would
form a bed of gas lime, next add a thick stratum of gas tar, and then
drive the piles into it, coating them well over with gas tar before-
hand: by these means some good might be effected. By nailing also
to the piles portions of honeycombed wrought-iron gas pipes, (which
might be purchased, I imagine, for a mere trifle,) the gaseous taste
might bekept up. Another remedy might be tried by saturating the
piles with strong solutions of corrosive sublimate. Moreover, should
the spirit of caoutchouc (or Indian-rubber) be found eventually to be
disliked by the Limnorie, we shall then have a cheap and easy remedy.
So long as wood is used in the bedding of our marine public works,
so long the annual loss must be great. As in five or six years the
wooden piles become perforated and nearly useless, might it not be
possible, by means of cast-iron hollow pipes filled with cement, and
coated with a varnish externally, to make them last for twenty or
thirty years? As this is a mere matter of calculation as to expense,
I do not wish to enter upon it; any observations which may tend te
Mr. G. R. Gray on Chelepteryx. 121
keep the wood sound for a long period, is the present object of in-
quiry.
In concluding these observations, I have only now to add, that I
think an inquiry on the subject of antidotes against the Limnoria is
well worthy the attention of this Society; and I assure myself that
the majority of its members unite with me, when I express a wish
that as a Body we may be equally distinguished for practical use-
fulness, as for entomological science. In short, if we can save the
wood-work of chain-piers and docks from the destruction of the
Limnoria, and diminish the ruinous expenditure they entail upon us,
the Society will establish no small claim to the gratitude of the
public.
XXVI. Description of a new Species of Australian Moth.
By G.R. Gray, Esq., M.E.S. France & London.
[Read March 2, 1835.]
I sxc to call the attention of this Meeting to a new and beautiful
Australian Moth, from the superb collection of Mrs. Children, to
whose liberality I have been before indebted.
As the insect in question possesses several characters totally di-
stinct from those with which I am acquainted, I propose to form it
into a separate sub-genus, with the following characters :
Order, LEpipopTERa.
Section, Lepr. Nocturna.
Family, NotopontTip2.
Subfam., Enpromina.
Genus, EnprRomis.
Subgen., CHELEPTERYX, m.
Antenne long, slender, bipectinated in both sexes, the bipectinations
of the male long, while those of the female are much shorter ;
in both sexes they are incurved. Palpi very short, hairy and
obtuse. Head, thorax, (especially the under part,) and abdo-
men thickly clothed with fine, long hairs, which also cover the
base of the wings. Wangs entire, broad, the fore wings sub-
triangular, with the anterior margin much longer than the
Mr. G. R. Gray on Chelepteryx.
others; the outer margin of the male somewhat curved out-
wards anteriorly, and inwards near the posterior angle, while
that of the female is rounded; the posterior wings with the an-
terior margin advanced beyond the posterior angle of the fore
wings, and the outer margin much rounded, but curved at the
apex in the manner of a hook or scythe; the wings of both
sexes are somewhat diaphanous, being covered with hair-like
scales; the discoidal cell of the posterior wings is closed.
Feet slender, armed at the apex of the four posterior tibize with
slender spines, the under part of the femora clothed with fine
woolly hairs.
C. Collesi, Children.
Alis nigris; anticis prope apicem maculis duabus hyalinis, griseo
et ochraceo-variegatis, strigis undulatis, nigris et griseis ; posti-
cis fascid media albida, alterdaque prope marginem undulata
ochracea.
Exp. alar. ¢, 5 poll. 8 lin., 92 6 poll. 5 lin.
Habitat in Australia (Sydney). In Coll. Domine Children.
The antenne and palpi of the male are black; head ochraceous ;
thorax and abdomen black tinged with brown, varied with an
ochraceous colour. Anterior wings with two large diaphanous
spots near the apex, between the second, third, and fourth ner-
vures; the general colour black, varied with gray and ochra-
ceous, in the form of waved transverse bands; the poséerior
wings black, with the hinder portion varied with ochraceous,
and a longitudinal whitish band across the middle; also a waved
bright ochraceous band near and running parallel with the
outer margin.
The lower surface of the fore wings black, with the outer half
and anterior margin mixed with gray, and an oblique transverse
whitish band across the middle; also two white spots in the
discoidal cell, the former nearest the base small and round, the
latter somewhat lunate near the band; the nervures near the
outer margin ochraceous. ‘The lower surface of the posterior
wings also black, thickly clothed with whitish or ash-coloured
scales, with a waved black band and a row of black spots, one
on each nervure, both of which cross near the middle.
The colour of the female insect is universally much lighter, being
of an ash varied with gray; the dark uneven marginal band
across the middle of the anterior wing is more apparent, but the
ochraceous waved band on the lower wings of the male is
scarcely visible in this sex.
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Silk Insects. 123
This insect, as far as I am able to judge from the appearance
of the imago, is perhaps allied to, and may be considered the Aus-
tralian analogue of that which, both from its extreme rarity and
beauty, is called in this country the “ Glory of Kent,” and by
systematic writers ‘‘ Endromis versicolora,”’ which I believe (with
the one in question) to be peculiar for having the antennz bipecti-
nated in both sexes; but further analogy cannot be ascertained,
until the larva and chrysalis are made known by some resident
of the country which the insect inhabits. Should chance favour
me with the means of laying them before the Society, I will take
the first opportunity of doing so, and thus complete my paper.
The specific name of Collesi was proposed by the late respected
President of this Society in honour of Mr. Colles, who brought
several specimens to this country; and it is with great pleasure that I
have adopted the name thus proposed.
XXVIII. Observations on Insects producing Silk, and on
the possthility of rearing Silk Crops in England. By
the Rev. F. W. Horr, F.R.S., &c.
[Read December 1, 1834. ]
Previovus.y to entering on the subject of this paper, i will offer some
statistical details, illustrative of the vast importance to the commer-
cial prosperity of this great country, of the few insects producing silk.
These details may stimulate the entomologist to pursue particular
lines of inquiry; and why may we not hope that the result of such
researches will be the addition to our productive sources of various
new species of these little labourers, to whom man already owes so
much? species which might be available at our own doors, by their
capacity of enduring our climate, and thriving on its vegetable pro-
ductions, and, in case it were necessary, by having recourse to artifi-
cial means for their culture? May we not suppose the manufacturer
would find his hothouses for silk-worms as profitable a speculation,
with extended demand, as the fruiterer does his hothouse for the sup-
ply of the comparatively limited demand for the luxurious desserts of
the rich?
In the years 1832-3 respectively, the quantity of silk imported
124 The Rev. F. W. Hope on Silk Insects.
for home consumption was 4,392,073lbs. and 4,758,453lbs., being an
increase of 34 per cent. in the latter year. The value of the ex-
ports for those years was 529,990/. and 740,294., being an increase
of 40 per cent. in one year. The average for ten years, from 1814
to 1823, and the succeeding ten years, exhibits a more striking and
gratifying difference ; the first period giving for annual home con-
sumption 1,580,616lbs., and the last ten years 3,651,810lbs., being
an increase of 131 per cent.
On the authority of Mr. Winkworth, I state the number of per-
sons employed in England in the silk trade in 1823 at 500,000; and
at the present moment there are probably 700,000 engaged in it.
Leaving these details for the present, let us now proceed to the ex-
amination of insects producing silk.
The chief insects which produce silk are ichneumons, spiders, and
moths. My friend Mr. Stephens will this evening exhibit to your
notice a specimen of ichneumon-silk; and as it is more likely to
prove an object of curiosity than utility, I pass on to spider-silks.
Several genera of spiders produce silk of various strength and qua-
lities, such as the gossamers, and our domestic species, as well as
many others. In France, Monsieur Bon had gloves and stockings
manufactured of it: sufficient experiments, however, have not yet
been made to ascertain the quantity and qualities of spider-silk.
If in Rome the whimsically extravagant emperor Heliogabalus
collected 10,000Ibs. weight of spiders, as a vain display of power,
surely in this metropolis we might collect a sufficient quantity of
cobweb to perfect any experiments on a silk likely to be as strong
as that obtained from Bombyx Mori, and probably less impervious to
wet; a silk, however, not likely ever to be much in vogue, from the
natural antipathy which prevails against spiders, from the difficulty
and expense in collecting the web, and the impracticability in breed-
ing spiders in any numbers, arising from their voracious and preda-
tory habits: but the cocoons might be gathered and unwound.
Abandoning our indigenous webs, such as float over our fields, as
well as those which hang in dusky wreaths in garrets and in cellars,
we may naturally expect to meet with exotic and tropical species
which yield silk worth attention. It is probable that the cylindrical
sacks of the gigantic Mygale may be advantageously collected, as
the cocoons equal in size large walnuts, in one nidus of which 100
young ones have been discovered: it is reported, also, that some
kinds of web are so strong that birds are entangled in the meshes,
and that their webs oppose a certain degree of resistance even to
man himself. In concluding my remarks on spider-silk, I would
recommend that attention be directed to the silk obtained from
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Silk Insects. 125
Epeira clavipes, a spider abundant in Bermuda: fine specimens of
its silken cocoon may be seen at the British Museum; and other
species of the same genus also are deserving of attention.
Moru-Siik.
The principal Moths producing silk belong to the genera Clisi-
ocampa, Bombyx, and Tinea. The Bombyx Mori (the proper type of
the genus) yields it in great abundance: this species has become
naturalized in the fairest portions of the globe.
As it appears from the statistical details that silk is so intimately
connected with our commercial and manufacturing interests, it is evi-
dently worth while, for the prosperity of those interests, to recom-
mend its increased cultivation ; and really, if ever there was a period
when its cultivation could be carried on with increased success, it is
the present moment. Look at our Indian possessions, in the full
enjoyment of peace: the English, ruling these extensive territories,
might induce the natives to grow (if I may use the term) any quan-
tity of silk, sufficient to glut all the markets of Europe. In these
regions there are generally eight successive silk crops: some autho-
rities assert even more. Extending, moreover, our views to China,
as the trade with that country is now thrown open to British capital,
enterprise, and industry, we may naturally expect that a stimulus
may be applied there to its increased production. Abandoning for
for the present, however, foreign produce, it remains to state the
possibility of growing silk in England; and this part of my subject
requires a thorough investigation. Prussia, Bavaria, and even North-
ern Russia, whose climates are not superior to our own, grow annual-
ly large quantities of silk ; and why does not England do the same ?
The answer is, the price of labour is here too high; secondly, the expe-
riments tried have already failed. Notwithstanding these assertions,
I think that it is possible to grow silk in England, and grow it even
with success and profit. To meet these objections I would suggest,
first, that we ought to breed silk-worms in hothouses throughout
the year; and, secondly, that the Pavonia Moths of Europe and
other countries, as well as the Atlas Moths of Asia, should be
reared in like manner. It has already been remarked, that several
crops are obtained in the East within the year; and why may we not
also expect in England several, by means of breeding the worms in
hothouses. In India the longest period for a generation of silk-
worms appears to be forty days: even allowing fifty days in England
for a generation, we may then expect seven crops of silk. If we
only obtain four, that is double the number produced in Italy, where
they annually rear but two. I need now scarcely add, that four crops
126 The Rev. F. W. Hope on Silk Insects.
will no doubt repay the speculator for rearing silk. To reduce,
however, his expenditure as much as possible, I would recommend
him to feed the silk-worm with lettuce instead of mulberry-leaves ;
Ist, as there is less expense in the cultivation; 2ndly, as the lettuce
can be grown cheaply in cucumber-frames during the winter months ;
and, lastly, as the quality of the silk does not depend so much on
the quality of the leaf as it does on the degree of temperature in
which the worm is reared, I would strenuously recommend the lettuce.
Should the food of the mulberry-tree, however, be preferred to the
lettuce, we can still adopt the discovery of Ludovico Bellarde of
Turin. His plan consisted in giving the worms the pulverized leaves
of the mulberry-tree slightly moistened with water: the leaves were
gathered in the previous summer, dried in the sun, reduced to pow-
der, and then stowed away in jars for the winter food, or till the
tree was in full foliage. Repeated experiments made by Bellarde
prove that the worm preferred this kind of food to any other, as they
devour it with the greatest avidity. To reduce still further the ex-
penditure, old men, women and children might be employed in
feeding the worms, as is the case at present in India: indeed, might
not the poor in the workhouses be rendered available, thus affording
them amusement and profit ?
With regard to rearing other silk-moths, I am well convinced that
the Pavonia minor might be propagated to any extent in this coun-
try, as the larva ayg general feeders; probably the Lacquey Moths
might also be reared with success; the larger Pavonie of Europe
and other countries should also be tried. Buta great object would be
to import the eggs and breed the Atlas Moths in England, which
have already yielded a fine silk well worthy the attention of the
manufacturer of Great Britain.
As there is not time at present to enter into the merits of the
Tusseh, Arrindi, Bughy and Kolisurra Silk-worms of India, I merely
mention the chief writers on this subject, viz. the celebrated James
Anderson, Dr. Roxburgh, General Hardwicke, and Colonel Sykes ;
the two last, I am happy to say, are members of this Society, and I
am sure will most willingly give all assistance in their power towards
the attainment of so desirable an object as that of rearing silk in
this country*.
* Should the first attempts fail, eventually there is every reason to believe that
success must follow perseverance, as it has already done in other countries. Till that
wished-for period arrives, I would earnestly recommend not only the increased cul-
tivation of silk in India, but in all our colonies, most particularly in New Holland.
At the Cape of Good Hope, at the Mauritius, at Malta, at the barren rocks of
St. Helena, the silk-worm has been introduced with partial success; and from those
countries may we not in future calculate on some increasing produce ?
Mr. W. W. Saunders on a Spider's Web. 127
In concluding these remarks, I would suggest the formation of a
Committee to investigate all that relates to silk. Let the silk ma-
nufacturer learn that the Committee is disposed to give him all the
assistance in its power, that it is equally desirous of his advice and
observation ; let the mechanic learn that we need his practical aid,
on which he alone can give us useful assistance, A Report, ema-
nating from this Society, embodying in it the opinions of the manu-
facturer, the mechanic, and entomologist would do some good. If
the object of producing silk in England fail altogether, we shall still
have the merit of meaning well: should it succeed, however, thou-
sands of our poorer countrymen will find employment and reap the
benefit.
XXVIII. Remarks on some Mechanical Peculiarities noticed
in a Spider’s Web observed at Wandsworth, Surrey. By
W. W. Saunvers, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
{Read March 2, 1835. ]
In vol. v. page 689, of Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History is
an account of some Geometrical Spider’s webs, observed by Mr.
Spence in the Giardino Publico at Milan. ‘The singularity of these
webs consisted in their being only suspended at two of the general
points of support, and being balanced by a small piece of gravel,
dead leaf, &c. at the third. No such webs as these having been pre-
viously observed in Britain, so far as I am aware, the object of the
present short communication is to describe, and offer some remarks
on, one which I noticed last season in my garden at Wandsworth,
proving that our spiders are not backward in that ingenuity which
Mr. Spence shows the Italian spiders to possess.
On March the 30th, 1834, I observed a Geometrical Spider’s web
hanging from a projecting ledge of woodwork, which was about four
feet from the ground. ‘The web, as usual, was in a triangular frame-
work, the two upper points of support being fixed to the ledge just
mentioned, and the third bearing a small piece of gravel, which
weighed full six grains. The pebble had been raised rather more
than eighteen inches from the ground, and hung, gently moving with
the web at every breath of air. The pebble is oval-shaped, flattish,
and was attached endways to the cable of support, so that the wind
made it whirl rapidly on its axis, as well as vibrate to and fro.
128 Mr. W. W. Saunders on a Spider's Web.
The way the cable was attached to the pebble demands attention, as
therein is shown great stability and ingenuity. About half an inch
above the pebble the cable forked, and each branch of the fork, a
little lower down, again and again forked, so that the attachment
to the pebble was in eight places, thus affording great strength
and firmness. There was about a foot of cable from the lower an-
gle of the frame-work of the web to the pebble, and thus there
was formed a sufficient length of pendulum to ensure a moderately
long beat or oscillation. When I first observed the web it was
in perfect order, and apparently newly constructed; and I made
diligent search after the constructor, but without success. I let the
web remain, with the hopes of discovering the spider; but during the
afternoon and night of the 30th some showers of rain accompanied
with wind occurred, which much broke the web, so that the next
morning I took the pebble from it, and pulled down what remained,
to see whether the spider, which I thought must be at hand, al-
though I could not find it, would construct such another. By the
morning of the Ist of April another web was constructed, similar in
every respect to the former, excepting that no pebble was used as a
balance, the lower point of support being attached to an angle of a
large piece of gravel firmly imbedded in the ground; and in this
state the web remained for some days, after which I took no further
notice of it. The spider always escaped me, but I have little doubt
that the webs were constructed by Hpeira diadema, as that species
of spider is very common in our garden. Some may argue that the
second web was not constructed by the same spider that made the
first, as I have no direct evidence of the fact; but the circumstantial
evidence of its being immediately constructed in the same place, and
of the same shape, and the known propensity of spiders to occupy the
same spot over and over again with their webs, sufficiently establish
the fact in my mind. Now, although one might be led to suppose
that the pebble was intentionally used as a balance by the spider,—and
I should be anxious to give it all due praise for its ingenuity,—yet
on considering the circumstance of the second web being constructed,
as they usually are, without a pendulum, I cannot but suppose the
first to have resulted from chance, and not from any foresight in the
spider; for the use of a pendulum in the case under consideration,
did not overcome any difficulties that I can perceive, and the spider
was not prompted to make such another, showing that the second,
although constructed in the same place exactly, was found to answer
as well as the first. In this view I am glad to be borne out by so
high an authority as Mr. Spence, who considers that the balancing
of the webs of the Italian spiders was also the result of chance, as
Mr. W. W. Saunders on a Spider's Web. 129
detailed in the paper before referred to. The raising of the pebble
to the height of a foot and a half, as observed by myself, and far
higher according to Mr. Spence’s observations, is certainly a great
and wonderful work for a spider, and displays its strength and inge-
nuity. I am not aware of the weight of a full-grown Kpeira dia-
dema, but it must be very much less than six grains, the weight I
have ascertained it raises, and therefore the means employed to raise
so great a weight in proportion to itself, must be an interesting mat-
ter of inquiry, but is involved in many difficulties. I think the
pebble must be raised by some ingenious means which the spider
possesses of shortening the lower cable of attachment, as diminish-
ing the length of any of the upper part of the web could never
raise the pebble to the height it has been observed to be raised.
Allowing this to be the case, the lifting of the pebble can be ac-
counted for thus: The spider in having unintentionally fixed its
lower point of attachment to a small loose pebble, may detect that
it is unsteady, and pulling at the cable to tighten it, probably raises
the pebble off the ground, and so continuing its efforts to remedy a
defect, at last desists, finding the task impossible, and the pebble
remains suspended in the air. This is of course a mere supposition,
and the spider, to accomplish it, must have very great strength,—
greater, perhaps, than many will allow. A fact, however, pointed
out to me by Mr. Westwood in No. xi. page 454, of the Edinburgh
Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, proves that spiders have
great strength, and display considerable ingenuity in raising weights.
The fact is related by the Rev. W. Turner; and he states, that a
sprig of Laurastinus being put into a tumbler with an Aranea ex-
tensa ?, the latter raised it up into the tumbler, and kept it suspended
there by means of lines of web. Here, certainly, the difficulty does
not appear to have been so great as in the raising of a small pebble
by a single line; however, as it tends to illustrate the strength and
ingenuity of spiders, I have mentioned it. The contents of the pre-
sent paper appear so insignificant, that I should not have thought
of troubling the Society with them, had not I wished to gain infor-
mation on the subject from some of the experienced entomologists
who are members of it, and who will perhaps give much valuable
information on the subject.
130 Lieut..Col. Sykes «pon Copris Midas.
XXIX. Observations upon the Habits of Copris Midas. By
Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Svxes, F.R.S., Se.
{Read January 5, 1835. ]
In submitting to the examination of the members_of the Entomolo-
gical Society two specimens of the Copris Midas, together with their
receptacles in the pupa state, it may be acceptable to the Society to
be made acquainted with the circumstances connected with their
development under my observation.
At Poona, in the month of June, 1826, some of my palankeen-
bearers were employed in loosening with pickaxes a friable and de-
composing mica and greenstone, called mohrum, for the purpose of
spreading it on my garden-walks instead of gravel. While thus
employed, they turned up with their pickaxes, from some depth be-
low the surface, four hard perfect balls. At first they considered
them stone cannon-shot, the Poona cantonment and and its imme-
diate neighbourhood having been the site of two great battles; but
observing that the pickaxe had injured one of the balls, and that it
was hollow, they brought the whole tome. I immediately satisfied
myself that they were of compact clay, well kneaded up with com-
minuted grass and very minute pebbles, forming, in fact, a well-
digested mortar. They were two inches in diameter, and perfectly
globular, and without hole, cicatrice or fissure. The injured ball
contained an amorphous animal mass, which I immediately pro-
nounced to be the pupa of an unknown species of insect,—at least
unknown to me. On removing the pupa from the broken ball the
crust was found to consist of two coats; the interior surface was
quite smooth, and formed of finer clay, much more elaborated than
than the external coat, which was somewhat rough. The dia-
meter of the hollow within the ball was 1,%,ths of an inch; the
thickness, therefore, of the crust was ;%,ths of an inch. Another of
these balls had its chamber 1,°,ths of an inch, and the crust was
~fysths of an inch thick. To ascertain the insect proprietor of these
curious domiciles, I placed two of the balls in a tin box, and con-
tinued for some months to watch them with attention; but my pa-
tience being wearied out, I abandoned further care of them, and put
the box away. The third ball I gave to a lady, who, despairing of
any change taking place, after many months’ observation, broke it,
but found the pupa inside quite fresh. Thirteen months had passed
away, and I had forgotten the balls, when, on the night of the 19th
of July 1827, being in my study, I heard a low scratching sound.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes upon Copris Midas. 13
It was some time before my ear directed me to the tin box ¢giztain-
ing the balls, which stood upon a bookcase. It was clear an insect
was endeavouring to liberate itsel. ‘L'his object not being effected
at one o'clock in the morning, I retired to rest. The scratching con-
tinued the whole of the 20th, and until I went to bed. Previously
to retiring for the night, to facilitate the exit of the creature, I dropped
water upon the ball to soften the very hard and compact crust. At
sunrise on the morning of the 21st, I found the fine Copris at liberty,
1+ inch long, and ;’;ths of an inch wide, now exhibited to the Society.
It must have been thirty-four hours at work; had been thirteen months
in the pupa state, in my possession; and may have been thrice the
time in the same state before it was found by my people. The se-
cond ball remained unaltered, nor were there any indications what-
ever of approaching development in the tenant. It was allowed
to remain in the tin box, and looked at after very short intervals of
time. It was, however, the 4th of October ere the second specimen
of Copris, now before the Society, worked its way out from its prison,
and its labour must have been infinitely more severe than that of
its predecessor, as I did not give it any aid by softening the crust
of the ball with water. It had been sixteen months in my posses-
sion in the pupa state. Having been found in the same locality
with the preceding specimen, we may infer, with a probability of
truth, that the larve enclosed themselves (or were enclosed) at the
same period; and we nevertheless see that, under precisely similar
circumstances, the perfect development of one specimen preceded
that of the other by seventy-five days.
I will scarcely speculate upon the manner, the modus operandi, in
which the grubs contrived to imprison themselves within perfect
hollow balls of prepared mortar, of two different kinds in the different
coats, for the subject is not satisfactorily explicable to me. Are we
to understand that the larve prepared their balls with workman-like
accuracy and perfect symmetry, leaving a hole to get in at, and that
they took in with them only such a quantity of prepared clay as
should suffice, and no more, for the exact sealing of the hole by
which they entered? or are we to understand that a small family of
the larve laboured to enclose individuals successively, until there
remained but one, which, unable to enclose itself, became a sacrifice
for the good of the community? The larve of the cockchaffer,
stagchaffer, and other beetles, scoop out hollows in clods of earth,
and the ball of the latter is described to be larger than a hen’s egg ;
but I do not learn whether or not it be without hole or fissure. The
larva itself is said to remain in that state for two or three years or
more ere it buries itself in its ball: its pupa remains in that state
VOL, I.—PART II. L
132 Lieut.-Col. Sykes upon Copris Midas.
ony “tat’e months. The larve of Lepidopterous insects either spin
coverings for tnemselves out of the produce of their own body, or
form canopies for concealment ‘wy cennecting fragments of dried
leaves or other matters together by running silk threads over them ;
but the Copris Midas has to collect its own materials, elaborate
them, and then bury itself in them in a ball in some mysterious
manner.
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Siccinic Insects. 135
XXX. Observations on Succinic Insects. By the Rev.
F. W. Hops, F.R.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., &c.
[Read March 3, 1834. ]
Ar our last meeting * some few observations were read on mummied
insects in a tolerable state of preservation after the lapse of two or
three thousand years. I now wish to draw your attention to insects
of much greater antiquity, insects which for aught I know may vie
in antiquity with the ‘‘ great globe itself.” I allude to those which
are contained in amber. It requires no very warm imagination to
paint in glowing colours the overwhelming productiveness of the
earliest ages : enough may be gathered for our present purpose from
the imagery of the poet, in describing a period when the sun with
greater power than at present shot his rays on the gladdened forest,
when every tree and shrub distilled liquid amber from their branches,
and when the whole air teemed with the countless myriads of insect
population. It may require however the wand of the fairy or ma-
gician to account for the sudden and happy inhumation of these in-
sects in their amber tenements; I say happy, for in most instances
they appear not to have struggled to avoid their destiny, but seem
fresh and beautiful as if still animate with life. It is not my inten-
tion here to propound a theory; this [T most willingly leave to
others: some speculations have enjoyed an ephemeral reputation,
and then fell without any very satisfactory results being obtained
from them, and others will probably do the same. I shall therefore
proceed at once to make some remarks on the substances which con-
tain insects, give the tests by which they may be known f, and then
place before you a Synoptical Table of such genera and species as
have fallen under my notice. The only recorded bituminous and
resinous substances, I believe, which contain insects are the follow-
ing, namely, amber and copal (Observe, I do not here include the
Crustacea or Arachnida). It is not unlikely however that eventually
they may be discovered in coal}, bituminized shale, and in the
honey-stone. Amber is occasionally met with in the gravel-pits
near London, and I have seen specimens which were found in Hyde
Park. At Aldborough on the coast of Suffolk, after a raking tide, it
is thrown on the beach in considerable quantities, along with masses
* Vide Journal of Proceedings, p. xi.
t+ See Supplementary Observations by Dr. Ure, annexed.
{ Ihave subsequently learned that some have been found in coal near Bonn.
Vide Proceedings Geological Soeiety.
VOL. I, PART III. M
134 The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insects.
of jet, and if not torn from the bed of the sea may have been washed
from the Baltic, where there are regular mines of it as well as in
Spain*. Amber is also abundant on the shores of Sicily and the
Adriatic sea. By eminent geologists it is considered as antedilu-
vian, and of its vegetable origin there can be little doubt. The
trees which produced the amber and the insects which frequented
them are not known to exist. Probably the climate by degrees be-
came colder and destroyed the vegetation and drove the latter to
seek a more southern and genial region, or inundation may have
overflowed the woods and buried all beneath a mass of waters. The
celebrated Berendt gives us his opinion that the geographical focus
of the amber wood was in the bottom of the Baltic, in the neigh-
bourhood of what is now called Samland near Pillau. Every gale
from the north still throws up, as it did a thousand years ago, its
masses of amber on the Baltic shores; and it is worthy of remark
that each point of the coast receives a particular kind of amber, so
peculiar that practised cutters of it are able, when looking at a
rough piece, to decide whether it came from a quarter to the east
of Dantzig, or from the west on the coast of Pomerania, the produce
probably of different trees. The places therefore where the amber
was originally produced and subsequently immersed appear to be
identical. Had it been carried thither by diluvium or alluvium the
different kinds must have been commixed, but that is evidently not
the case, as is well attested by Mr. Berendt and others. From an
examination of the fossil wood (in the British Museum) obtained
from the Prussian amber-mines, it appeared to me mostly to resem-
ble fir, and as the major part of the insects found in amber are
Xylophagous, I did expect to find some species which we meet with
at present on the fir. Up to the present moment however I have
not succeeded. Berendt informs us that the wood, blossom, fruit
and needle /eaves of the Conifere have been found in amber,—the
latter very rarely,—yet never corresponding with any existing trees ;
and although the leaves appeared to differ greatly from all known
species, he thinks himself justified in ascribing them to the genus
Pinus. Andina letter lately received from Mr. Berendt he informs
me that the anatomico-microscopical examination of the wood
* Tt is much more likely that amber inclosing insects should be thrown on the
shores of England than recent “ exotic beetles, which beetles were said to have
revived after having been long drenched in salt water.” Meeting with this passage
in a work of such eminence as Professor Lyell’s Principles of Geology, I inquired
of the author what these exotics were, and received for answer specimens of Calo-
soma Sycophanta, an insect found in Essex, Norfolk, Cheshire, and other counties
in England. Here the entomologist comes in to aid the geologist.
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insects. 135
places it beyond a doubt that the amber-tree was a Pinus. What
the species of the true amber-tree really was cannot be known, but
the above writer informs us the Pinus Balsamea approaches nearest
to it in appearance, and he then states his opinion that the tree no
longer exists.
With regard to the insects in amber I state them to be altogether
extra-European; many of them belong to tropical and temperate
climes, while some approach South American and Indian forms: I
know of no existing species, however, to which they are analogous ;
they are therefore probably extinct. I arrived at this conclusion
solely from the examination of a variety of specimens belonging to
the collections of Germany and England, and was therefore greatly
pleased on finding afterwards that Jussieu, Germar and De Jean main-
tain the same opinion in their writings. From Mr. Konig of the
British Museum I obtained the intelligence that Dr. Leach and
Mr. MacLeay were of the same opinion. We have then the united
testimony of some of the first entomologists of Europe, whose collec-
tions are proverbially rich, whose acquaintance with insects and
whose capability of judging on this point cannot be doubted. Here
we have the entomologist and botanist arriving at the same con-
clusion in their respective researches: first, that the substances in-
closed in amber (whether animal or vegetable) agree with no exist-
ing species; and secondly, the species of plants producing amber
are no longer in existence, or if they do exist at present they have
escaped the notice of some of the most laborious and accurate natu-
ralists of Europe. We may therefore conclude with the geologist
that amber is of very remote antiquity, and that which is contained
in it is coeval with the envelope.
Before I place before you the Synoptical Tabular Arrangement of
the genera and species of amber-insects, I ought to state that in
some instances * amphibia and shells have been inclosed in them by
art ; an example of which may be seen in the British Museum, where
a toad has been inserted, but so badly managed that few can doubt
the attempt at imposition: others have introduced shells, with ap-
parent success ; the attempt has also been made with insects, but has
generally failed. Iam ready to allow that in some instances decep-
tions have so far succeeded as to make their originality doubtful to
the inexperienced entomologist ; but even allowing this it will not
affect the antiquity of the major part, which are evidently natural.
* Brydone states that in Sicilian amber lizards are occasionally found, and
Mr. Konig informs me also that there is in the British Museum the tail of a lizard
inclosed in amber which is evidently not artificial.
mM 2
136 The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insects.
With regard to lizards and shells being found in amber there is
now little doubt of its truth ; making even ample allowance for mo-
dern trickery and imposition (of which indeed there is no lack,) we
have still the testimony of Pliny, who states: ‘‘ Liquidum primo di-
stillare argumento sunt quedam intus translucentia ut Formice aut
Culices Lacerteque quas adhzsisse musteo non est dubium et in-
clusas indureseenti.” Vid. lib. xxxvii. cap. 3. At St. Gard, in
France, amber is found in a bed of fossil wood mixed with numerous
specimens of shells denominated Ampullaria, one species of which
is named Ampullaria Faujasii; and other shells of the genera Palu-
dina and Helix have also been discovered imbedded in the same
substance. For a moment we must refer to the geologist for his
information. On the authority of Mr. De la Beche I state that the
Prussian deposit of lignite and amber belongs to the tertiary rocks,
and its place is probably above the supracretaceous group; little
however is satisfactorily known at present respecting it. It is not
unlikely that the amber of Sicily may belong to another period ; and
as scarcely any specimens from that quarter * have come under my
notice, I cannot state that the genera contained in them approach
the forms of temperate or tropical climes.
It was my intention here to have added Tables of the genera of
amber-insects which have fallen under my observation ; and I only
refrain from doing so at present from a desire to make them as per-
fect as possible, expecting shortly to receive from Prussia many im-
portant additions to those I am acquainted with. There is evidently
no want of species of amber-insects, although they are not so numer-
ous as those contained in animé}. The celebrated Swammerdam
had in his collection 166 species of Coleoptera, and Frisch more than
200; Berendt possesses more than 1000 specimens, among which
however there are many duplicates. The number of described ge-
nera already recognised by me amounts to 83; there are also various
others as yet uncharacterized, several of them belonging to tempe-
rate climes, and several which are probably tropical. The major
part of the insects exhibit a close resemblance to existing species,
and can be satisfactorily classed under published genera. That any
of those which are found in amber are identical with existing species
* Since writing this account I have received a letter fiom Mr. Berendt giving a
concise account of Sicilian amber. He states that it scarcely differs from that of the
Baltic, except that opalescent pieces frequently occur in Sicily, which are rarely
found in Prussia.
+ [At the request of the Publication Committee the Tables of amber-insects in
their present state have been added at the end of this Memoir.—Src. E. S.]
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insects. 137
I do not believe, for out of many hundred specimens, nay I may
say thousands, which have fallen under my notice, none have yet
induced me to change my opinion that they are otherwise than of
the tertiary period. If the reader desire further information on
these points, let him consult the elaborate writings of Schweigger
and Dalman, and the eloquent Berendt. In the pages of the former
he will find a scorpion figured from Prussian amber, which is a genus
properly a native of warm climates, certainly never occurring so far
north as Dantzig. A new genus of spiders described by the same
writer approaches in its characters a southern and probably an
American type. I may add also that Formica Surinamensis, or at
least one like it, has already been recognised in amber; and that
some insects of the following genera, viz. Gyrinus, Saperda, Hispa,
and Lamprosoma, evince a South American relationship, while the
Blattide and some of the Hymenoptera resemble closely Oriental
species. The presence of Phryganea, Ephemera, Panorpa, and Lep-
tura, and many other genera indicates a northern climate. From the
above discrepancies I abstain at present from entering more largely
into the geographical investigation of amber-insects, and reserve it
for some future paper ; but from what has already been adduced, may
we not conclude that the climate and temperature of Europe have
undergone considerable change? ‘The above examples of tropical
insects sufficiently testify that the amber-tree did not vegetate under
a climate such as Prussia now enjoys, but in a warm region. I
trust the above notices will afford a sufficient stimulus to induce
others to take in hand a subject replete with interest; a subject
embracing in its scope not only the changes of temperature and
climate which our globe has undergone, but also the consideration
of the geographical distribution of insects and plants, by which alone
we can arrive at any satisfactory conclusion respecting them. Let
then the geologist boast of his Mastodon and Megatherium, his
wondrous Saurian Reptiles, and numerous genera of unknown be-
ings; the entomologist also prides himself on his Amber Insects, ri-
valling the former in antiquity, and surpassing them in beauty and
in colouring. Let the former add room to room, gallery to gallery,
and fill a city with his relics and his casts, the latter may also rest
contented with his stores, less bulky indeed though not less inter-
esting. The earth is a study for them both, an inexhaustible field
of inquiry, and it may be matter of question which will most contri-
bute to illustrate the condition and character of its earliest tenants.
138 Dr. A. Ure on Amber, Animé, and Copai.
Chemical Observations on Amber, Animé, and Copal, above referred ts.*
By Anprew Ure, M.D.,F.RS.
Amber, specific gravity...... 1-080.
AmimeEw eri): sae eS ee 1°054.
Copalitael sit ecass ce Si bie eek 1071
Amber hardly if at all softens when heated in a glass matrass
over the flame of a spirit-lamp, but shrinks, darkens in colour, and
exhales white fumes of an ambrosiacal odour, which, when condensed
im a receiver, are found to consist of succinic acid and oil. It does
not dissolve in alcohol, or in caoutchoucine, but is rendered friable
by infusion for some time in a mixture of these two liquids.
Animé is, like amber, remarkable for the number of insects im-
bedded in it. When heated in a glass retort over a spirit flame it
softens, and by skilful management of the heat it may be fused
without burning. In this state it exhales copious vapours of an
ambrosiacal odour, which being condensed in water and tested, af-
ford evident traces of succinic acid. Animé is very transparent ;
its colour is a clear brown with a yellow tinge. Alcohol does not
act upon it, and caoutchoucine very slightly ; but a mixture of the
two in equal parts, even in the cold, speedily penetrates its sub-
stance and converts it into a soft gelatinous matter, like bright and
somewhat thin calves’-feet jelly. By this means the impasted in-
sects may be readily extracted entire. But after long digestion in
the above compound solvent, it does not melt down into a liquid
varnish, even though heat be applied.
Copal is distinguishable from animé by a faint opalescence, and
a pale greenish yellow tinge. Caoutchoucine acts very feebly upon
it as well as alcohol; but a mixture of the two speedily dissolves it
in the cold into a rich homogeneous varnish. When heated in a
glass retort over a spirit-flame it readily melts into a very fluid con-
sistence, and when further urged by the heat it boils with little ex-
plosions ; a viscid oily matter distils over. After continuing the
process for some time the liquid copal begins to blacken ; but it af-
fords no succinic acid on testing the distilled fluid with the great-
est care.
ey sieaevé Meeveees “aaqury
ae ‘SuoNS “IL “BISSnIg ‘raqury
aasese saeeeases “roquiy
“SU0NS “IP "BISSNIg ee hitiia ss
£ eee ae ee a ee eee ea
3 “BUOIIS “Al "eIssnig “OULU
S eeeree eeerserees “TaquLYy
© *BUOIYS “AYA, ‘eISsnig |1aquie 2 aUIU YW
> ‘adoy] se eeeeeee “OULU
°S ‘myo uewTEd ‘eISSN g “QUILL
> *uluyjo uewyey ee eecccce “QUI
<a) “Buoys “1 "eISSN “QUI
2 ae eereaeer -Joquiy
sueentece “guy
os seceee seceeeves ‘jaquy
5 Scion eeu cceese “loqury
an poomysa Ak “A} eee ines “Quy
: Gf STL cd Al GAA OEN | ERAN
= ‘O29 ‘SUO.NG “AY jRIpuy “QUI
22 Smee Bocgocden “Joquiy
eee eveanaens “1aquiy
: ‘OTP j PIssutg *IaqQuLYyy
Pe ‘yaurqey
Z 5 1019991]09 “Aqrpeoory ‘aouRysqng
-adoyxy "SNX0}ON
sadoxy 'S°N “SNUISPURY J,
-adoyy S00000006 ‘snidg
-adoyyT ‘saroads ZT “SNL,
‘ueU[eq ‘sodiistu sng
-adoyy *stusoorunjoed cs SO?
adoy ‘son *snoAT
‘adoy eeaecevee oroscccos
‘ypuoisg pue odoyy ‘satoads Z ‘stuAdue'y
‘adoyy ‘satoads Z "3 °N
-adopy *stutoorutyoed "3 °N
“uBUleg ‘snueluUeUyed “SnB0.LY
-adoyyT ‘SN 4 sutung
-adoyy ‘snurpAydeyg
*pooMysa AA SSkcNT "SNLIOSC)
-uag @ ‘adozy “pucisg BOO COORD *snultAcy
“snap | "ypualeg ‘aug *snqeie)
*POOM4so AA ‘aug, Loney
*Poomysa A ‘mau ‘UO jsojour|g
-adoyy ‘soroads Mou ¢ “eIqa'T
*ypuatagq ‘satoads 0g, "BIqa'T
“IRULIIO) "eJVUISAI euaqaT
‘ypua1og 2uQ “B]apUroID
“Ajo ‘satoadg “snuasy
‘VuUaLdOATOO
“SLOUSNI OINIOONS AO LSIT
‘Dpisayy
‘oprishduny
wprydnjasg
“pprsabravjy
‘opruyhydnis
-ppiurshy
‘PpIgvADy
‘Dpyapuny
*ATTULe
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insects.
140
“OPH
“BUG “JN
*BUOAYS “AJA
“BUOYS “ATA
“BUOYS “A,
“BuO “AI
*BUOTYS “AIA
“BUOYS “AL
eeceee
‘om ‘Buo0ryg ‘adoyy
‘omy ‘Suorjg ‘adopy
WW ‘g ‘Su0ng “Ay,
*BUOTS “IJ
“BUOYS “AIA
“SUOAYS “AT
"BUOI}S “AJA
Wg ‘su014g “II
IN “G ‘Su0I3g "AJA
“jourqry
JO UOT}DET[OD
eeecsccoe
eeeceesce
Coeseasee
eeccccose
eeessores
weerceses
eoorercee
Se eeeesee
eeoseoece
eIpUy
weeceeree
“Erpuy
"eIpUuy
eIpuy
“BISSILL
eeeerevee
"RISSNI
*Aqiyeoory
“TOQULY
“laquey
“TaquIy
“TaquLy
“TOQUIY
“1OquIy
ey a
“ToquLYy
*“1OquUIy
OLY
aU
*Toqury
“Taquey
“QUI
“1OquULYy
Uo
COTY,
<7 OLN
‘QW
“1aquLy
‘QUIT 2 AIQULy
ooerereee
“aqury
jloquy
‘a0uRyISqNg
*IVULIIH)
“ypuaiog
“ypua1ag
“ypuei9g
“ypuaieg
“qpuareg
"jpues98q
‘adoy]
‘adoyy
-adoy]
-adoxy
“ypuadeg
"ypuaieg
‘adoyy
"ypuasog
‘adoyy
ado
‘adoyy
‘adopy
“ypuareg
‘ypuatog pue adofy
-adoyy
‘adoyy
-adoyy
“ApOYNY
(‘penutjuoo) YYALdOAIOO
esnour
‘satoads 7
“MOU |
*saroads Z
‘S*N
‘S°N
‘S*N
“MOU |
‘sotoads cy]
‘satoods |
‘satoads Z
‘Ss “NT
‘sotoods 7%
‘S*N
‘S°N
ee ereeese
Pe ersseee
seeeeseee
sSeaUla
‘satoadg
eUreprey
“B]]9PIO PAL
“BISOYIIO
EO)
‘sdopayy
i sneepydodAyy
‘snoA'T
‘srAduie'T
j Stweuon gy
"B1IUIS
Mou OU ‘1098/7
“1942
"SNL
"SNL
‘syysoadng
erdoyy
‘snseydoyuy
“snydiowny
“snp Ajoany
*SNUBATIS
‘snsvydoyd dag
"$949.19}2O
*snpAsuoig
GMP ON
‘snudx)
DP eRAOW
‘ppridjndo.ssay
EA)
‘mprdojayy
‘ppiadnuy
-wprihdun Ty
“Dprajoyy
‘mpysasdng
“Ppryjuojojayy
‘mpiidog
‘opyhjoug
“ppibury
EH ELING
“Ape,
141
Insects.
tCCUMNUC
The Rev. F. W. Hope on S
*u 20 WeUTe
"U 2770 URUI[LG
*SUOI]G
*SUOLYS
"SUAS
—
*BU0I3S
“IBULIAD)
‘adoyy]
“BUOYS
‘ado Fy
“TVULIID)
“Su0S “AA
‘wyo URE
“m2r0 WeUTed
“uz0 sul[op udas
“SUOT]S
adoyy
*BUOIYS “ITA
“w2jo0 URWTed
Persea toe
oor eesee
eeeeccrse
OCverescee
eeeecoese
eeete coe
eoorevore
eeeeeeere
oeerescee
j vissnig
ceeeresse
ceeeerone
eee eeerre
“sTaquy
py OLY
“Laquie 7 QUTUW
jrequy gulUuy
NY
TOqUIy
“OULU
“Taquy
“1aquy
“TOQUE
‘QUIIUR 2 JaquIy
“Quy,
“QWIUY
‘Taquiy
“1aquLYy
d [izeag | taquie 2 guy
“eIssndd
eeeceseen
MN
“QU
“TOqULY
“TOquy
“1OqUIYy
‘TaqUYy
“OULU
“QUIN
NY
EEN
“laqury
COTO,
Oy
4puosag
‘adoy]
“ueWTe(]
‘ypuosag pue odo]
adoyy
-adoyy
"ypuaiog
-adoy]
ado]
“ARUITOL)
*ypusisg
*PpOoMysa A
*PooMysa AA
-adoyy]
“ypusl9g
‘ypualag
‘adopy “veuiiay
‘adopy
ueU[e(]
*ypualag
*jpuatag
“URUe
-adoyy]
“snI[apuag
-adoyy]
-adoy]
“9Snoy1oye AA
-adoyy
“ypuesag
‘uurUyed
"1ADS1OMG
‘aug
"e1a}doyoiq
‘satoads
‘SN
‘S°N
oeeeeesee
‘SN
“SNULI}OO9
‘sotoods Aur JL
"aug
‘satoads Z
aud)
E16)
*SIULOOTACH
‘satoads Z
“snyetonso
weeseeves
“ouO
*SsnAgULOYURIe
‘satoads 7
eeoseeces
‘S°N
‘S*N
‘snjeydoooysrrhd
‘snydoyesour
‘epiodeg
“UIUIP HED
*xXquietag
‘snfnong
"R}ISOSOLT,
“snueapAg
‘ayedy
‘sns.inpA yy
snutsa[Ay
ssndAyeg
sn1ozelg
‘papuryeg
“snutsa[ Fy
“STOLSOg
sud.qeig
“sy UaIg
sussneg
‘snsaoAyel gq
‘orang
sndouoitg
‘snulueeg
*sIU02T)
“snqLiyjUy
j SNULISOULYY
“snyonig
“snolyJUYy
‘sidseuy
snipidry
mpwiqun.say
‘pbhoydojliy
“‘ppuoynainy
AUREUS
CHUL ENELY EE
“Dpwssnvg
‘DpuUvnan'y
“PpPwuMoynaian”
“Ppryanag
CURE
Insects.
CCUnNIC
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Su
142
eonece
ereceve
‘adozy
‘adoxy
-adoyy]
“BUS
*BU0.4S
*BUO.G
“SUOMI
*BU014S
‘adoyy
“BUOYS
“eT[°H
‘adoyy
‘W'g'wyo uewyeq
“myo WeU[eEd
‘myo weed
"myo uBUeEd
“myo Ue
“jourqeyd
10 UOT}Oa[OD
Ceeeetere
yerpuy
@eervcsree
Gonoddcnn
LAR eee
“Ay[VoO'T
*Ioquiy
“1aquy
*TaquULIy
“raquiy
*1aq UL
“TaquUIy
“Taquy
“Taqury
“raquly
OMEN
OLY,
“QuITUR 2 Jequiy
oy
“1aquLy
“TOQuUYy
Goel
“TOquLy
“1aquUIy
“Laqury
“TOquULy
“1aquLYy
“TaquIy
*TaquIy
raqury
“1IquULy
-gourysqns
‘ypuatag
‘ypuasteg
“ypudleg
“ypueseq
-aduyy
"ypuatog
“ypua.tag
‘ypualeg
“ypuoreg
-adoyy
-adoyy
-adoyyT
‘adopy
‘ypueteg
-adoyy
‘adop] pur ypucssg
“‘TEUIID)
“ypuoleg
‘adoy]
“ypucieg
‘adoyy]
-adoyy
-adoyy
“ypuateg
-adoyy
*AjIoyNy
"aug
"291Y} IO OAT
‘satoods |
‘satoads ¢
‘soroods Aue yy
‘aug
*[eIaAIG
*[RIdAIG
"aug
"OMT,
*[eqaaag
*[RAVAVG
aug,
~eurysiid
*[e19AIG
“39ug
"2uQ
*[eIaAIG
“dal,
2uQ
"au
‘satoadg
*Sa}SOUL19(]
. vedsty
*snqor[ey
“B][AUIII0g
“e][aUINI0D
*SO}ILOG
Poni,
*snaodn'T
“*BON1I[e)
‘sidsejog
‘sndpouny,
‘snqeydas0}d hag,
“epautosA1y)
*ejauosAay9
“episseg
VULIOOLI)
*SLIOD0LI
“eruayoNy
-ernydary
“epsodeg
“Prue
“snulDoyyUROy
*sn.1090U94g
*snqd[g
“snuox)
“Mpysau.tacy
“wprdsyyy
‘@pyjaurs90)
‘Dpwynsayo4)
sppyaumoshsy)
‘PpIssy,)
"DpPlsggous’y
‘ppranjda'y
“Dpnuun'yT
“Aprure
(penuyucs) YYALdOWTOO
143
inte Insects.
pe on Suce
The Rev. F. W. Ho
‘poomysa rq ‘adorzy
*BU0NS ‘If
“BU0.NS “IJ
eeoeee
‘myo weWyrg |
“SU0G “APA
"myo URW]
“OUOTLS “AAT
“BUOIIS “AIA
“BUOYS “ATA
eeccee
"BU0T}S “ATK |
eeoceeren
eeoseesee
veneers
eeesseree
woo eereeee
we eceeeee
eeeseeece
weet erese
eeveeeece
‘Taquie 2 QULLU
‘Taquuy
BEAN
“TOQUIY
“QUI
“Loquie 2 QUILT Y
*QULIUY
“QU
‘loquie 2 QIU
NY
“QUI
“TaquLy
‘JoUWe 2 QUILUY
*1aquLy
“IOqUIY
“TOQULYy
‘TOquULYy
“Taquly
“1aquULYy
*Taquey
“1aquLy
“TaquLy
“laquiy
“ypuoreg pue adozy
‘ypuatag
‘adoy]
*ypualeg
“VuUaLdOunaNn
‘ado
-adoy]
‘ueulle(y
‘adoyy pue poomysa Ay
-adoFy pue poomysa AA
‘adoy] pue poomysa AA
-adoyy
*POOMISO AA
*ypualog
-adoyy
‘VUaLdONOH
“ypuatog
“ypusieg
“ypuelog
‘ypuatog pue odofy
‘adopy pur ypussog
"ypuatog
‘ado py
-adoypy
-adoyy
‘adopy
“spualeg
"ypualog
‘ypuatag
*soroods |
eeecetoee
‘OSA 0} PAV
So)
‘satoods Aue py
aug,
‘styysanba
"[eIaAag
‘satoads Z
‘soroods |
eeescesee
*satoads [
"auQ,
Tig)
“‘eIIUIS &
livg)
esersceen
Ceovcesee
ecacceces
eeersesee
“2uO
“SSIN S.LGNUUGd “HIN WOU VONACCV
*SNIqo.1aUla FL
‘epLiowaydg
j WOLIS y
“enypequy
‘stdoo1a9
*snjoayuag
i eruUeony
‘e1o}dop1o% J
“snssey
‘eroydorydy
i SNSST
*SNIXIQ
HAYS)
SER)
‘edoyy
*stueyueg
*SnUIg eA
*snzoydeyay,
*eutosoidure’'T
sxprurpséydeyg
‘hiquyy “eydho
‘sadng
“elauas ©
“19IL]T
*stjepoAo0 NY
-uoydA9
“mUNIqoUYy
"pprqosauca Lf
‘pprsauaydy
DpynyeqeyT
(‘ou0N) ‘apryd pr
D1] 9pvan.y
“Dpyppory
Insects.
inte
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succ
144
“"pece
‘adoyy
-adoyxy
‘myo ueWTeEd
‘om ‘adofy
“BUOLIS “AIT
‘adoxy ‘Su0.49 “AY
“OTP? H
*‘BUOIYS “A
‘BUNS “IJ
“BUOYS “AP,
-adoyy]
PSE
“ourqeg
10 UOTJO9 [OD
@eeseeses
@eceeerre
Seeeseses
Beeressee
eeescvcees
eeeecorres
Seceserre
Peereesce
eoarecees
@cesetese
eeeeecoee
eeevococse
neetecere
‘adoiny
eI
*AqT[eO0'TT
“Tequuy @eeeesvee
QUAL, ASTIE AN
SOUTLY, CEP MAN
“aU *poomysa AA
“URW[L(T
“OULU ‘adoy]
“raquuy eoseete
“OULU “TIPE M
“QUI *POOMISA AA
‘Toque 2 QUIUY ‘adopy
“QUIT 2 LaquIy *ypuaitog pue adoyy
‘VUALdONAWAH
‘Toquiy “IVULIID)
‘QUIUY *POOAYSA AA
“LOquLy "ypuatog
‘VuALdOHOIaL
“1aquey “ypualeg
‘aquie ® guUILUY *Ppoomysa AY
‘Jaquly “ypuatag
“QUILL *POOM4SO AA
“Toque zy QULLUY |}pusrag pue poomyso jy
“LaquLy “LVULII)
‘aouRysqng “AyLoyINY
jOUNSIP ¢
‘snyeypoyideo |
SNYLTOAL]O 104e [AG
‘snogauinu Aa 4
‘taysesapuadde ayty
[ “emuIUL ey], T
‘soroads ¢
‘saroads Aue
“BySNJoa
*[B1aA0g
*[B1aAVG
eeeeeeres
‘[eLaAag
‘sotdads Mou |
jusraeg
‘satoads Auv yy
‘snnbyue
‘satoadg
(‘penuyucc) YYALdOUNAN
‘sadnij0y001g
*snuoUuaTay,
‘uorydesag
‘snurjedny
“uoulUg
‘sdiudg
*BIURATT
"auON
‘uownouyay
“auON,
eyytooursAry
‘snjrydauwyy
eaursAIyg
“uoajauad JL
“snd0sq
‘edioueg
BIqUy
*SoULIA J,
SNIq OA Ud FT
“snud4)
‘ppidn.sj0jI01g
‘PUIPyOUosa} |
DEPIIIBYD
‘Dpunay
‘wpidsa 4
‘Dpiuounauyay
‘Dpwipasyjua [
“wpruoapaush py
‘Dpwosg
“Dprudl.soun
“mpiisa [
“pprqosausa Fy
*Aprute
a ‘adoyy
— “SUNS "IIA
“BUOYS “ATA
*Su0dyg “I
2
S
o GOOKKIC
= eeeese
‘3 “BUOYS “APL
“BUOYS “IPL
-adoyy
‘ulnasnyy YS
‘BUOYS “APT
m1o UBUTTe”y
Veal
“Suoiyg ‘odoxy
*Bu0MG “A
"N'A ‘Su0Ng “AY
N'A ‘S00Ng “IN
‘SUONS “ATL
*pooMmysa
‘ate ‘odoxy
*BUOIIG “AT
*SUOTS “AT
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succ
weetssere
eee retere
eeereence
tee eeecee
@oeveseee
eeerecoee
eeoceesee
eeecescce
oeeeeerees
see eeesee
eoerescce
eoareoese
Poeesesce
weet eseae
“VISS.L
“BISSNAg
“UI
“9uIUY
“guIUYy
‘aque XY 9ULLUW
“LoquIy
“aqUIy
“TaquIy
“QU
“LaquULYy
‘QUILL
‘Taqure 2 9M
“OUI
so UIEL
"Jaquie 2 QUIIUY
“Loquy
“OULU
“soquie 2 QUIIUY
“QUI
“oquly
URN
EEN
SUL
“loqure 72 9ULLUY
“‘QUITUR 29 JaqUy
EONS
-SURU
‘adoyy
"POOMysa AA
*POOMysa AA
‘adoyy
‘Vua ld INGA
*ypualagq
-adoy]
"jpuatog
*POoaM4ysa A
“ypualeg
*pooMysa A
*‘ypuatag pue surjapuag
*POOA4S2 AA.
radoyy
-adoyy]
“uRU[e(]
*ypuatog pue aula
‘VuaLdOHLuo
"POOMISA AV
‘ypuoiog pue adozy
“poomysa A
“ypuaiegq
-adoy
*POOM4S2 AA
"ypudaiog pur pooAMyse A
‘JpUddag PUB POOM4SO AA
‘\puaiog pue pOOM4se MA
“poomysa jy pue odoyy
*poomjsa MA
*[eIIAIG
‘satoads [|
ssatoads [
‘satoods |
seeeveses
"Iug
‘satoads |
PAIL]
BAIR] pue
‘sataads [e.1aAog
‘S°N
‘sotoads 7
‘eyerpiordsizod
‘satoads [e1vaag
“STLOLOUIN AY
*SHOLIG A
‘aug
‘sotoads Z
‘sotoads antq
*sno.oun N
‘satoads Z
ere c cere
*sneesAT
“snurpeyyydosoe py
*snai0g
"BULO}e}U9 J
*R[NOYIOT
*e1U051}49 J,
"eysnd0'T
“untpAIoy
“snqpArg
j snfeydesou0g
“eYOVW
*e[NOYA0 J
‘sIqUe IA]
EAA ESL
“"BUOSIL],
sidy
‘euaIpuy
“edsa A
PTI
*sneedojag
“e1IU0
Bor A TY
“BOTULLO J
*stsA1YQ
sn Awog
‘mpiwbhhT
“ppraso,)
‘Dpiuojyj}Ua J
‘DpynoyLoy
“DPiysnIgo'y
“mpiphiey)
“wpyayor
“Dpyun yy
“DPD
‘apidpr
“mplualpupy”
‘mpidsa 4
“Dpyunpy
‘wprbaydg
‘DNIWUs LO
“ppipishsyg
The Rey. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insects.
146
“PpOOA4So AA
‘adoyy
“BUOAIS “ATA
“BUOYS “ATA
“BUOYS “APA
*SUOLS “AJA |
sadoyy]
‘suo0.g pue adofy
“UOT “IIA
“BSUOIIG “LIN
“BUOYS “ATA
*POOM4SO AA
“BUOTIS “LY
“BUOIIG “1
‘adoyy
“SUOTIS “AIA,
*yourqeg
IO UONda][09
eenteceee
eo
er
eeeeeeree
seer ereee
Cee eeeree
eeeeeeece
eeerresee
ee eeeneee
Coeeeseee
eeeeresee
er ereeeee
ee eeeeere
ee eeesese
Oe erearee
“LaQuULYy
“OUILEY
“Laqwule 2 OULU
“Laquiy
“aquIy
“Loquiy
“Laquey
“oquIYy
‘aquy
“Loquey
“OUI
“OULU
“TAG Ue 29 QUITO
“Laquey
“Laquiy
“OquLy
“Taquiv xy QUIN
“QUT
“OULU
“OWUIUY
“LaquLy
“OULU
“OULU
“QUITUY
*AppeoOrT
‘doueysqnuy
‘ado fy
*, adop] pue rayye yy
ee weeeeoe
‘adoyy
‘ypuaiog pue adoxy
‘VualdId
"}puatag
radoyy
‘adoyyT
sadoyy
“POOMysa AA
*‘ypuaiog pure odozy
‘VUALIOGIdaT
‘adoy]
‘adoyy
‘ypuatag
‘ypuaiog pue adoxy
‘adopy
*POOM4SO AA
*POOA\4S9 AA
“ypuateg
*poo.Mysoa A,
*poomyso AA
*pooMysa AA
“ApIoyNYy
Swi / e ik e . aee =
eeeeeesee
@eerersee
eect cance
eeererene
seeeescee
wee eeeeee
weeeesses
evesecsee
weoretene
‘sotoads F
‘satoads [e1asag
“sO
eeeeeeoee
eeereesce
eeeereree
‘saroods |
‘saroads I
‘satoads Z
‘saroads |
eeereerce
‘satoods |
‘snoroumnu A109 A
‘satoads [e1aaag
‘saroadg
“erndry,
*snAqo[oy
“er{utopioag
“xAraydoyadyg
“eIqouUYT
‘eanAyelg
*xo[ug
*xudydg
j BIsag
*enq00N,
“Bauly,
*stuo0judg
BIUOART
‘ortdeg
*xowg
"SLU,
‘edan
j SItitan)
j BJOOU0JON
*eXL109
“snprly
"BLIVlO[
*sntanpey
*st1000} 44g
“sna
apynds 7,
‘ppwyny
‘ppuomndn gy
“ppriwny
“Dprurpyr
-pprda ry
*Dpyaauojo vy
‘pp
‘ppuanpay
‘wpisdpy
“Ale
147
The Rev. F. W. Hope on Succinic Insecis.
‘aus ay} AT[RONUEpl Yury] [ ouou ynq ‘uvodoiny ano oy aezruuts saioads outos are a1ay} YOryM Suoure
“BUONS “1
“BUTS “AT
eeneen
"SUIS “APT
“30S “Al
“BUOYS “IPL
“SUOIG “A
“BUOYS “IJ,
“BUOYS “ITN
eeecens
eooeseree
erore cee
eereceres
eeeceoree
eeecsecee
eeereroee
“TOquUIy
*1aquUIy
“TaquIy
*1aquy
*1OquULy
*1aquiy
“TaquLy
“laqury
“Taquiy
“Taquy
“LOquUIy
“TaquLy
“roquiy
CO,
NE
EEN
*aquLy
*“ToquLy
“ppuoleg
“Jpudtog
“VGINHOVUV
"ypuda.og
*ypuaieg
‘VUaId V
adofyT
-adoyyT
“ypudisg
‘adopt
-adoyy
‘adopy
-adoyy
“ypuatog
‘adopy
‘ypuatag
-adoyy
*ypua1eg
“spuadog
(‘ponunuos) yYaLd a
@eeesevce
“yuepung Vy
"rosary ayy] 2uC |
‘sotoods snosswin yy
‘satoads |
‘saroads T
eercceese
eeerceree
‘satoads |
ssoroads ¢
“uIMIpIq Woy,
*uNLoUR]eY |
*snyay
*erpuadojoog
*Dprsvo pr
apibuvjoyd
‘mpyny
‘ppripuadojooy
‘snoraumnu AraA ore viaydiqg aynuryy
ANTON
*eUl0ysA}eT J
“BosnyAL
“snus
“eyoorg
*eutososAayy
ssndoyorpod,
EEN
*s{xOUl0}g
‘snseydopAy
*snipAquiog
‘ejodejeuae
*snueqe J,
“Dpisnfyy
AEG)
-wprydihy
148 Mr. J. O. Westwood on a New Species of Beetle.
XXXI. Description of a New Exotic Species of Longicorn
Beetle. By J. O. Westrwoop, F.L.S., &c.
[Read 6th August, 1834. ]
Lamia Norrisi1, Westwood.
Plate XV. PigsA-
Supra obscuré nigra, thorace utrinque obtuse unidentato, elytris
posticé flavo-cinctis, antennis subtus, pedibusque hirsutid opa-
lina indutis.
Long. corp. 13 unc. lat., thoracis lin. 7. Lat. elytrorum lin. 73.
Long. antennarum 3$ une. (articuli ult. 15 unc.)
In Museo Dom. Norris.
Habitat ad ripas fluminis apud Sierram Leonam, Africe.
Species magna et perinsignis. Statura fere Lamie ornate Oliv.,
at multo major. Corpus totum investimento pulverulento in-
dutum. Cuaput inter antennas depressum, thorace angustius,
lateribus subrotundatis, obscure nigrum, pone oculos ad latera,
opalino colore tinctum.
Antenne corpore duplo longiores, simplices, articulis 11, articulo
ultimo longissimo, tenuissimo ; nigre, subtus opaline.
Mandibule magne, extus angulatz, nigra, disco antico opalino.
Labrum et Palpi hirsutia opalina tecta. Labrum transversum
angulis rotundatis et in medio subemarginatum. Palpi breves.
Thorax colore capitis, immaculatus, utrinque spina valida obtusa
armatus, supra inequalis, impressionibus duabus transversis
(scil. una ante et altera pone medium) notatus, margine postico
sinuato.
Scutellum truncato-cordatum, nigrum.
Elytra obscure nigra, marginibus externis lete flavis (limbo ver-
sus apicem latiori) thoracis parte postica, multo latiora, triplo-
que longiora, humeris subprominulis, apice singulatim subro-
tundato, dorso subdepresso. ‘Thorax totus subtus, letissime
flavus. Prosternum, subprominulum antice paullo dilatatum,
subtruncatum. Mesosternumsubprominulum, anticerotundatum
prosterni basin attingens.
Abdomen articulis 6 distinctis supra lete flavum, subtus articulis
duobus basalibus flavis, reliquis nigris.
Pedes mediocres validi, nigri, supra tomento viridi-opalino indutis
coxis, femoribusque infra flavis ; tibiz 4 postice in medio et er-
terne, setulis nonnullis armate at vix dentate.
Mr. Saunders’s Descriptions of new Coleopterous Insects. 149
I have much satisfaction in naming this splendid insect (which
formed one of the chief ornaments of the cabinet of my lamented
friend A. H. Haworth, Esq.,) in honour of its present possessor,
Thomas Norris, Esq., of Ridvales, Bury, Lancashire, M.E.S.
In the majority of its characters it most nearly approaches the
Lamia ornata of Olivier, which with several other species from
Sierra Leone and Central Africa, including the Lamia Crux niger,
Hope, and a beautiful species recently brought home by the
Niger expedition, constitute a small subgeneric group distinguished
by their geographical range, the exquisite brilliancy of their colours,
the very prominent prosternum, and the strongly toothed mandibles,
at least in one sex.
The insect above described however, although agreeing in the
first two particulars, is at once sectionally distinguished by the very
great length of the terminal joint of the antennie, the much less
prominent prosternum, and the unarmed mandibles. As however
the distribution of the Longicornes is at present in the course of
publication by one of the most celebrated French entomologists, I
shall on the present occasion content myself with pointing out the
characters above detailed.
P.S. Since this memoir was read M. Serville has completed his
revision of the longicorn beetles without proposing a distinct genus
or subgenus for L. ornata, regalis, &c. M. Percheron has however
more recently proposed the genus Sternotomis for these species.
Gen. des Ins. Col. pl. 16.
XXXII. Descriptions of some new Species of Coleopterous
Insects lately received from Monte Video, By S. S.
SAUNDERS, Esq., I.E.S.
[Read October 6th, 1834. ]
Fam. Enerpa, MacLeay.
Genus Laneurta, Lat.
Languria latipes. Plate XIV. fig. 1.
Exoneata, rufo-picea, supra viridi-cuprea, nitida, elytris obsolete
punctato-striatis, ad apicem decem-dentatis, tarsisque anticis valde
dilatatis.
VOL, I. PART III. N
150 Mr. 8. S. Saunders’s Descriptions of some
Long. corporis 5+ lin. ; lat. 1 lin.
Habitat in Brasilia circum Monte Video.
In Mus. nostro.
Descr. Antenne obscure, graciles, articulo septimo precedenti
paulo majori, articulisque quatuor ultimis clavam magnam
planam formantibus (fig. 1. a.). Caput depressum. Thorar
zeneo-virens, nitidus, gibbosus, anticé contractus, distincté mar-
ginatus. Scutellum depressum. lytra viridi-cuprea, nitida,
sutura virescente, confertissimé et obsoleté punctato-striata,
anticé latitudine thoracem equantia, posticé valdé angustiora,
lateribus rectis; simgula ad apicem fovea indistincta, apiceque
ipso obliqué truncato, dentibus feré equalibus quinque (ex-
teriore vix majore) armato. Corpus infra rufo-piceum. Pedes
eeneo-virentes (anticis elongatis) femoribus ad basin rufo-piceis,
tarsis dilatatis (presertim in pare antico, fig. 1. b.,) et pubes-
centibus.
The 4-jointed clava of the antenne, the very dilated anterior
tarsi, and the serrated oblique apex of the elytra, are the peculiar
characters of this species.
SERRICORNES :—STERNOXI, Lat.
Evcnemipes, Latreille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1834.
Genus Prerotarsus, Lat.
Pterotarsus bimaculatus. Plate XIV. fig. 2.
Rufo-flavus, gibbosus, antennarum flabello nigro, elytris nigro
bimaculatis.
Long. corporis 5 lin. ; lat. 2 lin.
Habitat in Brasilia, cireum Monte Video.
In Mus. nostro.
Descr. Antenne fulve, articulo basali elongato-recurvo, valdé in-
crassato, margine exteriori ad apicem nigro; articulis binis
proximis simplicibus ; reliquis longé flabellatis, flabelli laminis
nigris (fig. 2. a.). Mandibule ad apicem nigre. Caput demis-
sum. Oculi nigri. Thorax et elytra obsoleté punctata, pubes-
centia ; ile gibbosus, convexus, posticé linea centrali longitudi-
nali impressus, in foveam transversam brevem vix ante thoracis
basin terminante, margine posteriore concavo, angulis posticis
acutis, depressis. Prosternum utrinque in canaliculam obli-
quam (rainure présternale, Lat.) ad antennas recipiendam pro-
fundé excavatum. Scutellum valdé demissum. Elytra obso-
letissimé striata, striis basin versus fortits impressis, lateribus
compressis ; singula macula parva nigra, pone medium disci sig-
new Species of Coleopterous Insects. 151
nata; ad apicem subacuminata. Pedes breves concolores ;
tibiis valdé dilatatis et compressis, interné fossulatis, ad tarsos
contractiles recipiendis, externé 4 medio utringue declivibus ;
tarsorum articulis 4 basalibus longe pulvillatis.
Fam. CEBRIONID&.
Subfam. Rurriceripes, Latr.
Genus Cauuiruiris, Latr.
Callirhipis Hoodii. Plate XIV. fig. 3.
Obscuré niger, depressus, capitis vertice, thoracis lateribus, macu-
lisque duabus elytrorum dorsalibus, croceo-flavis, pectore piceo.
Long. corporis 10 lin.; lat. 3 lin.
Habitat in Brasilia circum Monte Video.
In Mus. nostro.
Descr. Caput, thorax, et elytra, creberrimeé punctata, obsolete
pilosa. Antenne obscure, articulo basali recurvo incrassato,
secundo brevi, reliquis laminas prolatas, longitudine crescentes,
ad apicem recumbentes, producentibus, articulo extremo sub-
recto (fig. 3. a.). Mandibule unidentate, externé ad basin tu-
berculo minuto armate. Palpi saturaté picei, articulis basali-
bus pallidis. Caput subquadratum depressum, superné nigrum
ineequale, infra croceo-flavum, fronte concolori depresso. Thorax
brevis, croceo-flavus, disco laté nigro, anticé valdé contractus,
angulis anterioribus subtervolutis, posticé latior sublatus, lined
transversali ad basin, et foveola utrinque, impressis ; infra ad
gulam quasi bispinosus. lytra elongata, depressa, nigra, ad
basin latitudine thoracem xquantia, postice minimé dilatata,
singula lineis vix elevatis quatuor (quarum suturalis ad basin
furcata, et exteriores partum distincte ad basin non productz),
maculaque subarcuata croceo-flava in medio laté signata, ad
suturam non attingente, sed ad marginem exteriorem antea
usque ad basin prolongaté. Abdomen obscurum pilis griseis
obsitum. Pectus piceum. Pedes nigri, simplices. Tarsi ar-
ticulo primo brevi, proximis tribus brevissimis, ultimo robustiore,
valde elongato, vix recurvato. Ungues magni curvati, pulvillo
unico parvo corneo, subtts hirsuto, instructi (fig. 3. d.).
I have named this fine species in honour of Thomas Samuel Hood-
Esq., the British Consul-General at Monte Video, by whom the in-
sects described in this paper were kindly preesnted to me.
This insect differs from the general character of the species con-
tained in the genus by the pale markings with which it is variegated.
N 2
152 Mr. 8S. S. Saunders’s Descriptions of some
In this respect it approaches the Callirhipis bicolor and scapularis of
M. de Laporte’s monograph, in the second number of the Annales
de la Société Entomologique de France for the year 1834. In the
former of these two species the elytra are entirely black, and the
head and thorax ‘‘aurantiaca ;”’ while in the latter the thorax is auran-
tiacous, with a central black spot, and the elytra are black, with a
large basal aurantiacous spot dilated at the suture. These two in-
sects (which M. de Laporte considers may possibly be varieties of
the same species) are however only 74 lines long, while mine is 10
lines, calculating 12 to the inch; but a remarkable circumstance,
showing the concurrent influence of organization and colouring, here
presents itself to notice, M. de Laporte having observed in both his
insects ‘‘ un caractére fort remarquable, qui consiste en deux pe-
tites pomtes que ces insectes ont sur le bord antérieur du dessous
du corselet,” and respecting which he adds, ‘“ ce caracteére pourrait
bien étre sexuel chez ces insectes,” although it is not to be noticed
in any of the uniformly coloured species. I had before observed in
my insect a similar pair of teeth, or small projecting points, at the
anterior margin of the underside of the thorax; but as the head of
my specimen appeared a little injured beneath, it seemed possible
that these points might be the result of accident: but on perceiving
that M. de Laporte had noticed the occurrence of a similar character
in the two insects before alluded to, I reexamined my insect, and
finding that the character in question occurs in the exact position
indicated. by M. de Laporte, that it is perfectly symmetrical and
uniform on each side, and considering moreover that my insect
combines many other distinctive characters common to the two in-
sects described by him as before alluded to, although at variance
with those of the other species of Callirhipis, I have returned to the
opinion which I had originally entertained, that these points were
characteristic of peculiar organization. ‘The three species further
differ in general form from others of the genus, being more elongate,
and having the head less deflexed, and the thorax less convex; and
although the structure of the tarsi, with the claws and tubercular
pulvillus, is similar to that of the typical Callirhipis, the general
character of the three insects is so dissimilar from the rest of the
genus as, in my opinion, to call for their separation under a sub-
generic name : but considering the recent appearance of M. de La-
porte’s monograph, and the attention which he has bestowed upon
the whole group, I prefer leaving the subject altogether at his dis-
posal.
The figure given by M. Guérin of the maxille of Callirhipis De-
Jeanii, in the ‘ Iconographie’ (Insectes, pl. 13. fig. 6,), represents them
new Species of Coleopterous Insects. 153
very differently from what they appear in my insect; and the figure
of this part given by M. de Laporte in the French Transactions,
from its exact conformity with that of M. Guérin, would appear to
have been copied from it. This organ, as represented in these
figures, unfurnished with any terminal or lateral lobes, and having
the palpi inserted upon the summit of its rounded extremity, would
appear to have an unusual and unnatural construction; whereas a
figure of this organ by Mr. Westwood in Griffith’s Animal King-
dom, pl. 61. fig. 1. f., from Callirhipis Childreni of Gray, precisely
corresponds with that of the maxille of Call. Hoodii, as now given,
fig. 3. b., although the former species belongs to the uniformly co-
loured division, showing the maxille to be furnished with two
lobes, very slender and short, and thickly covered with hairs,
the outer one being biarticulate, and the inner one longer and pen-
cil-shaped. Fig. 3. c. represents the mentum, labium, and labial
palpi.
HetTeromera, Latr.
Fam. CisTELID&.
Genus Lysrronycuus, Latr.
Lystronychus pulchellus. Plate XIV. fig. 5.
Obscuré violaceo niger, elytris saturate rubris, obsoleté punctato-
striatis, maculis sex nigris.
Long. corporis 44 lin., lat. 2 lin.
Habitat in Brasilia circum Monte Video.
In Mus. nostro.
Descr. Antenne violaceo-nigre, graciles, apicem versus sensim
paulo crassiores. Caput nigrum depressum, obsoleté rugosum,
linea ad basin impressa. Thorax latior quam longus, cordato-
truncatus, convexus, niger, rugesus, angulis anterioribus haud
prominulis, lateribus rotundatis, posticé contractis. Hlytra
thorace feré duplo latiora, obscure rubra, posticé vix dilatata,
apice depresso subacuminato; singula maculis tribus nigris
(quarum antica subquadrata, intermedia subrotunda, et postica
minor), striisque punctatis octo, pilis suberectis griseis secun-
dum interstitia regulariter dispositis, punctorumque serie ad
marginem. Corpus infra nigro-violaceum. Pedes obscuri;
femoribus simplicibus.
This insect appears to agree in form of body, construction of
antenne, and simple legs, with Helops equestris of Fabricius, which
forms the type of the genus Lystronychus of Latreille.
154 Mr. S. 8. Saunders’s Descriptions of some
Fam. CIsTELIDZ.
Genus Prostenvus, Latr. (Fam. Nat.), Perty, Ins. Bz.
Prostenus laticornis. Plate XIV. fig. 4.
Elongatus gracilis, viridi-cupreus, nitidus, antennis elongatis
nigro-violaceis, apicem versus fortiter dilatatis, elytris punctato-
striatis, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis, femoribus incrassatis.
Long. corporis 6 lin., lat. 14 lin.
Habitat in Brasilia, prope Monte Video.
In Mus. nostro.
Deser. Antenne corporis longitudine nigro-violacez, articulis
quinque basalibus plus minusve piceo pellucidis, ad apicem
purpureis; ceteris fortitér dilatatis, et (preter ultimum) sub-
trigonis, disco partim concavis, obsoleté rugosis, linedque vix
distincta in longitudine divisis ; articulo extremo frondiformi.
Mandibule picee, ad apicem nigre. Caput atque thoraz viridi-
cuprea, confertissimé punctata, nitida, pilis longulis erectis
parcé induta; hic convexus, subquadratus, lateribus rotundatis.
Elytra elongata concoloria, nitida, ad basin elevata, humeris
prominentibus, regione intermedia subdepressa, disco pilis non-
nullis suberectis regularitér dispositis, ad apicem crebrioribus ;
singula striis punctatis novem (quarum suturalis valde abbrevi-
ata, et in proxima prope basin demersa), punctisque nonnullis
majoribus unde exeunt pili ad interstitia impressa, serieque ad
marginem lateralem, antice duplicem ordinem sequente, lateri-
bus prope basin subtervolutis. Corpus infra piceum, viridi-
cupreo suffusum. Pedes saturate piceo-ferruginei; femoribus
incrassatis, ad basin tenuissimis; tibiis hirsutis vix recurvatis ;
unguibus magnis.
This insect would probably enter into the extensive genus Pro-
stenus of Dejean’s Catalogue, which is there placed as synonymous
with Lystronychus; but the elongate form, shining surface of the
body, greatly dilated antennz, and incrassated femora are important
characters in which it varies from the type of the latter genus
(Helops equestris, Fabr.), so that I have felt disposed to follow Dr.
Perty, who considers the two genera as distinct. As however
neither characters nor type of Prostenus have been laid down by
Latreille in the Fam. Nat., m which work alone the genus is to be
found recorded by that author, it is impossible to say whether the
name Prostenus may not have been subsequently expunged by him
intentionally, and the name Lystronychus introduced synonymously
in its place. In such case it would be well that the Prostenus of
Perty should receive a distinct denomination in order that confusion
new Species of Coleopterous Insects. 155
may be avoided ; but it is also to be observed that a series of types
of form may certainly be considered to intervene between the
P. laticornis and the true Lystronychi ; and thus the question which
arises whether or not the extreme forms should be regarded as con-
generous becomes a point of nice discrimination.
XYLOPHAGA.
Fam. Bostrricuip2, Leach.
Genus Piaryrpus, Herbst.
Platypus (Tesserocerus) insignis. Plate XIV. fig. 6.
Cylindricus, piceus, capite thoraceque nigricantibus, elytris rufo-
piceis, posticé obscuris.
Long. corporis 4 lin., lat. 14 lin.
Habitat in Brasilia circum Monte Video.
In Mus. nostro.
Descr. Antenne piceo-flave, difformes, sex-articulate, articulo
primo longissimo recurvo, infra piloso, ante medium geniculato,
et pro frontem insignitér recurvato, apicem versus dilatato de-
flexo, subtis ciliato; articulis quinque reliquis in primum ad
geniculam obliqué insertis, 2—5 brevibus (magnitudine de-
crescentibus), ultimoque maximo, complanato, subrotundo,
patelliformi, pilis (nisi basi) obtecto (fig. 6.a.). Caput nigrum,
pilis longulis fulvis ad frontem prosistentibus densé vestitum.
Thorax niger, maculis duabus contiguis minimis (e pilis luteis
formatis) basin versus notatus. H/lytra rufo-picea, posticeé
nigricantia, prope apicem abrupteé depressa; singula lineis qua-
tuor (quarum quarta partm distincta) vix elevatis compressis,
interstitiis crenato-striatis, totidem in dentibus ad apicem pro-
ductis, suturalibus utrinque maximis; apice ipso pilis fulvis
obsito. Corpus infra piceum, pectore pallidiore. Pedes piceo-
fulvi, geniculis nigrescentibus ; femoribus crassis; tibiis per-
brevibus, transverse sulcatis, ad marginem denticulatis, et in
spinam fortem ad apicem productis. Tarsi ut in Platypo
cylindro, articulo tertio haud bilobato, penultimo (4to) minu-
tissimo (fig. 6. d.).
With the exception of the species of the genus Paussus, there is
no coleopterous insect with which I am acquainted possessing such
remarkable antennz as the present. In many respects indeed they
closely resemble the antenne of Platypus cylindrus, &c., but with
this very obvious difference, that the long basal joint, after giving
rise to other joimts of the same peculiar construction as those of
Platypus, forms a sort of knee, and becomes considerably prolonged
in a curvilinear direction, extending itself before the front of the
156 Mr. Saunders’s Descriptions of new Coleopterous Insects.
head, being gradually dilated towards the apex, somewhat hollowed
beneath, and strongly ciliated (fig. 6. a.)-
The purposes for which this singular appendage may have been
adapted must be curious matter of conjecture. The prolongation
in question, forming by far the most conspicuous portion of the
antenne, at first sight presented all the appearance of a distinct
joint taking its rise from the knee near the insertion of the other
joits, beyond which part it is considerably contracted and more
slender than the basal portion ; but after the closest examination no
trace of articulation has been discernible.
In its general character this insect is undoubtedly allied closely
to Platypus : the elytra, however, instead of being furnished at the
apex with a single obtuse point, are distinctly 4-toothed ; but this,
if not indeed existing to an almost imperceptible degree in the
smaller species of Platypus, may be simply the effect of greater de-
velopment, the carine of the elytra being prolonged beyond the
apex and thus forming the teeth. In the Platypus flavicornis of
Fabricius figured by Dalman in his memoir upon the insect found in
gum animé, the extremity of the elytra is armed in a still different
manner.
The structure of the lower parts of the mouth however differs
materially from that of Platypus cylindrus. In that species the
maxillz have but a single lobe; but in my insect there are evidently
two (fig. 6. b.) ; the outer one slender and pencillated at the ex-
tremity, the inner one obtuse and armed with flattened bristles.
The maxillary palpi are 4-jointed (which appears to be the case also
in Platypus cylindrus), the basal joint being very large, and the others,
especially the penultimate joint, being much smaller. In both in-
sects the two large basal points are furnished with a singular whirl
of long stiffened hairs or bristles set on at right angles, or I should
rather say inclining downwards ; and the internal base of the maxille
is furnished with numerous very long and curved hairs.
Again, in Platypus cylindrus that part which Mr. Curtis, in his
beautiful work ‘ British Entomology’, describes as the mentum, is
somewhat short and urn-shaped, while in my insect it is much more
elongate, and rather in the shape of a champaign glass, widest in
front, with the sides nearly straight (fig. 6. c.). In Platypus cylin-
drus Mr. Curtis considers this organ ‘‘ to be attached to the surface”
(meaning of course the inner surface) ‘‘ of the covering of the under
side of the head.” Upon an examination of my insect, however,
(for the dissections of which, and of the other insects now described
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Westwood,) it appears ques-
tionable whether the analogous part to which this organ is united
Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Earwig. 157
by a membranous ligament from within, may not be the true men-
tum rather than an integral portion of the head, in which case the
organ itself would form the labium; but the point may be open to
controversy, and a careful examination of a species of Platypus while
in a recent state, with due regard to the trophi of other allied genera,
would appear to form the safest guide to a correct conclusion in the
matter. ;
The labial palpi in Platypus cylindrus are of equal thickness to
the base ; but in Pl. insignis the basal joints are much the thickest,
and the terminal joints shorter in proportion.
From all these various circumstances, and more especially from
the very marked peculiarity in the antennz, this insect appears to
deserve the rank of a distinct subgenus; and at the suggestion of
Mr. Westwood, I would propose for it the name of Tesserocerus, as
not inapposite with reference to the curious formation of the an-
tenne.
XXXII. On the Earwig. By J.O.Westwoop, F.L.S., 5c.
[Read October 6, 1834. ]
Ir has been considered by some authors that those species of insects
which subsist upon plants which are not natives of this country
ought not to be regarded as indigenous although occurring in the
greatest plenty. This opinion needs however to be received with
much restriction, since if adopted in its full extent it would neces-
sarily lead to the supposition that so strict a connexion exists be-
tween the plant and the insect that the latter is not found to attack
any other plant.
But any person at all acquainted with floriculture knows well
that many imported plants afford the most congenial food to our
strictly native insects ; for instance, the flowers of the dahlia * are
gnawed, almost as soon as they have burst the calyx, in a very un-
sightly manner, but it is to the snails that the greatest portion of the
damage must be laid. The earwig however has not an inconsiderable
share in the mischief, feeding upon the corollas by night, and hiding
itself between them by day. In fact these insects are great enemies
of the florist and fruiterer, feeding upon ripe and decayed fruits, and
* In like manner I have observed that the hollyhock is attacked by Apion radiolum,
whieh undergoes its transformations in the stem, although its ordinary habitat is
Malva sylvestris.
158 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Harwig.
other vegetable substances. It does not indeed appear to be na-
turally carnivorous, though if kept without proper nourishment it
will, like many other animals, occasionally attack and devour even
its own species. Sometimes also it appears in vast numbers, indeed
it is noted in the Historical Chronicle of the Gentleman’s Maga-
zine, on the 19th Aug. 1755, under the head of ‘‘ Stroud,” that at
that time there were such quantities of earwigs in that vicinity that
they destroyed not only the flowers and fruits, but the cabbages
were they ever so large. The houses, especially the old wooden
buildings were swarming with them. The cracks and crevices were
surprisingly full, they dropped out in such multitudes that the floors
were covered ; the linen, of which they are very fond, was likewise
full, as was also the furniture, and it was with caution that people
eat their provisions, for the cupboards and safes were plentifully
stocked with the disagreeable intruders.
These circumstances, together with the not very gainly appear-
ance of the insect, and united with the supposition that it creeps
into the ears of sleeping persons, have rendered the earwig one of
the most despised and abhorred amongst insects ; although from the
impossibility of any mischief arising (beyond fright) in case it
should happen to attempt to enter the ear, as well as from the inter-
esting circumstances which have been observed by different authors
relative to the maternal solicitude of the females towards their eggs
and young, this comparatively harmless insect is not less worthy of
attention than many of its more showy brethren.
But it is in the organization of the earwig that we find the most
striking peculiarities. Thus we may in the first place notice the
very beautiful structure of the wings, which although exhibiting a
most elegant disposition of nervures when expanded, are capable of
being folded up ifito a very small space so as to be nearly concealed
by the minute tegmina.
But the whole structure of the insect is so peculiar that ento-
mologists are not yet decided as to the order to which it belongs.
The early authors considered it coleopterous, more recent ones
orthopterous, and others, including some of the most celebrated
entomologists—De Geer, Kirby, MacLeay, Leach, and Dufour—
consider it as the type of a distinct order. Into the question of the
situation of these insects I forbear to enter in this place, since my
chief object in calling attention to this group is to detail some remark-
able peculiarities of structure hitherto unnoticed by the distin-
guished authors who have treated at length upon this subject *.
* With the exception of Messrs. Gené (Saggio da una Monografia di Forficule)
Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Earwig. 159
In a short note published in the 19th Number of the Zoological
Journal, when speaking of the instability of the decapod annulose
theory proposed in the ‘ Hore Entomologice’, the thorax being
typically supposed to be composed of five and the abdomen of seven
segments, the wings being regarded as two pairs of modified legs,
I observed that the earwig was sufficient to disprove its correttness,
the abdomen of that insect being in fact composed of nine distinct seg-
ments, the last of which is furnished, in addition to the caudal pincers,
with an exserted anal apparatus ; the thirteen segments of which the
body of an annulose animal is typically composed being here fully
and nearly equally developed in the perfect state, a circumstance of
very rare occurrence, as some or one of the abdominal segments,
although fully developed in the larva, are generally lost in the per-
fect state.
And in a second short communication in the 20th Number of the
same work I have stated that being anxious to ascertain the situa-
tion of the spiracles along the body of an insect in which all the
thirteen segments were thus fully developed in the perfect state, (in
the hopes of discovering a clue to the solution of the remarkable
question raised by French entomologists relative to the structure of
the hymenopterous thorax, the hinder part of which is regarded by
them as composed of the basal abdominal segment,) I had discovered
upon examining some more specimens, that although the abdomen
of the male was 9-jointed that of the female possessed only 7 seg-
ments; adding that this circumstance was very worthy of investiga-
tion as a clue to the solution of the question respecting the loss of
the abdominal segments in those insects which have fewer than 9
joints in that part of the body.
The occurrence therefore of the insects in considerable numbers
in the flowers of the dahlia and nasturtium (for they are very fond
of creeping during the daytime into the attenuated spur of the lat-
ter flower as far as they can penetrate, leaving the abdomen sticking
up in the midst of the pistil and stamens,) has afforded me an oppor-
tunity of making the requisite investigations for attaining an accu-
rate acquaintance with the various particulars.
The abdomen of the female, as already stated, apparently consists
but of seven segments, of nearly equal size, above; but when seen
from beneath there appear to be only six unless the insect throws
up its tail; the 6th ventral plate being much produced and conceal-
and Brullé (Hist. Nat. des Insectes, vol. ix. p. 21.), who have noticed the differ-
ence in the number of abdominal segments, without ascertaining that this difference
was apparent and not real, as subsequently shown.
160 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Earwig.
ing a pair of lateral triangular plates, which have the angles brought
into contact at the extremity of the body when at rest, but which
when opened form the anal passage: besides this the pair of large
terminal forceps and a small corneous central appendage are to be
noticed.
On distending the abdomen of the female however, with a view
to the discovery of the two lost segments which exist in the male,
no trace can be observed of them from beneath, but from above
there are to be perceived at the base of the last, or as it appears
the 7th, abdominal segment two slight transverse impressions,
which, on being observed laterally, are found to terminate in two
ventral membranes. These therefore, it cannot be questioned, are
the traces of the two segments (the 7th and 8th), which in the males
are as fully developed as any of the others ; but the situation of the
spiracles or breathing pores most fully confirm the opinion.
M. Leon Dufour, in his‘ Recherches Anatomiques sur les Labidoures
ou Perce-oreilles,’ published in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles
for April 1828, has observed in his chapter upon the respiratory
apparatus that the spiracles of the Labidoura (which term he pro-
posed for the order of the earwigs) are extremely difficult to be ob-
served, on account of their extreme minuteness, and because they
are entirely hidden, either behind the scapular plates of the protho-
rax or the imbricated portion of the abdominal segments ; in fact, in
the ordinary state of the insect no one of them is to be observed.
M. Dufour however only notices the prothoracic and the abdominal
spiracles. Those of the mesothorax and metathorax which I
have discovered he has overlooked, and the number of the abdominal
spiracles he has not given.
The prothoracic spiracles are placed, as M. Dufour has described,
beneath the epimera of the prothorax, in fact between the base of
the first pair of legs and the posterior angles of the dorsum of the
prothorax, being hidden from view by the free posterior margin of
the epimera.
The mesothoracic spiracles are placed in a similar situation be-
tween the base of the legs and the posterior part of the place of in-
sertion of the tegmina, hidden as in the former pair by the epimera
mesothoracica; but the metathoracic pair of spiracles are very
differently situated, being in fact dorsal, and placed near the
posterior angles of the mesothorax, but concealed from view by the
produced internal angle of the lower wings.
Not content however with discovering externally the four minute
oval organs, which although having the appearance of spiracles
might not be such in reality, I dissected the several portions of the
Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Earwig. 161
thorax, and found that what I had regarded as mesothoracic and
metathoracic spiracles were really such, giving rise to numerous
trachez.
Thus each of the three thoracic segments is proved to be furnished.
with a pair of spiracles; and thus the argument of Latreille and
Audouin, that the terminal part of the hymenopterous thorax must
in reality be the basal segment of the abdomen because it is fur-
nished with a spiracle, ‘‘ caractére qui ne permet pas de confondre
le segment avec le métathorax propre, puisque celui-ci en est dé-
pourvu,” is found to be unstable, at least if we may be permitted
to judge from the analogy offered in this instance.
By considerably distending the abdomen of a female earwig the
spiracles are brought into view. They are, as M. L. Dufour ob-
serves, ‘“‘ d’une petitesse microscopique,” and it is only by holding
the insect in certain positions that they can be observed at all even
with a lens of high power. They are placed at the frontal angles
of the recurved sides of the ventral plates, the angle itself being
slightly excised. The first 6 segments are thus furnished, and a
7th pair is observed at the extremity of the first of the two rudi-
mental joints, that is the seventh abdominal segment. There is
none however on the side of the second rudimental joint (the 8th
abdominal segment), nor can any be seen upon the terminal or 9th
segment. For the purpose however of ascertaining beyond a ques-
tion whether this 7th spiracle served for the supply of air to the
8th and 9th segments, I examined the internal structure of the ex-
tremity of the body, and by that means clearly perceived that this
7th pair of spiracles gave rise to a large trachea running towards the
head, and another slightly ramified one which extended not only over
the 8th and 9th segments but also ran into the caudal forceps.
Now from the rudimental structure of the 7th and 8th abdominal
segments in the female it is not surprising that the 7th spiracle
should extend to the extremity of the body, because as the 7th, 8th,
and 9th segments are soldered together they are to be regarded asa
single joint, and consequently as furnished only with a single pair of
spiracles: but in the male the case is different; the 7th, 8th, and
9th segments are here equally developed, and each has its separate
movements. I was therefore anxious to ascertain whether the 8th
and 9th segments of the abdomen of the male were furnished with
spiracles as well as the 7th, because if such were the case we might
be led to expect the rudiments of such additional spiracles ought to
be found in the female. On the most careful examination, however,
I could find no external trace in the male of spiracles after the 7th
abdominal segment, and upon dissecting this sex I ascertained that
162 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Earwig.
the 7th spiracle gave rise to a much more developed and ramified
trachea than in the female, and which extended as in that sex to
the caudal forceps.
Thus in this insect there are ten consecutive segments, including
the three thoracic ones, each of which bears a pair of spiracles.
The structure of the thorax in this insect is also worthy of obser-
vation. The insect is a very good walker and its legs are of equal
size, it is essential therefore that the sternum of each of the three
thoracic segments should be nearly equally developed, and such is
the case. The insect is also a flyer, but its posterior wings only are
capable of assisting in aerial action, its minute tegmina being appa-
rently incapable of rendering it any assistance. The tergum of the
mesothorax is therefore very short, whilst that of the metathorax is
large and nearly square ; it is divided into two parts in a curious man-
ner, the interior angles of the lower wings being produced internally
in a narrow band until they meet in the middle of the back, and are
extended backwards ina point. I know no other instance in which
this character is to be observed. In the Diptera indeed the inner
basal angle of the wings is internally produced behind at the sides,
forming the alulz ; but in that order it is the anterior wings which
are thus dilated, whilst in the earwig it is the posterior wings, a ma-
terial point, and one which tends to show that where one organ in
one group assumes the offices of another organ in a distinct group,
the peculiarities of the former may be observed in the latter.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
Fig. 1. The three thoracic and two abdominal segments seen laterally, the limbs
removed.
Fig. 2. The meso- and meta-thorax seen from above, the dorsal metathoracic spi-
racle (a) on one side being observed by the removal of the extremity of
the anal lobe of the wing (0).
Fig. 3. The mesothorax alone seen laterally.
Fig. 4. The metathorax alone seen laterally.
Fig. 5. The mesothoracic spiracle, with the base of the several tracheze to which
it internally gives rise.
Fig. 6. The abdomen of the male seen laterally, the segments numbered 1 to 9,
and the spiracles lettered a to g.
Fig. 7. The three terminal segments of the abdomen of the male opened laterally,
showing the development of the trachea arising from the seventh spiracle,
the central trachee being truncated.
Fig, 8. Representing the part of this trachea which was removed, and which ex-
tended to the caudal forceps.
Fig. 9. The abdomen of the female seen laterally and distended: a, the anus;
b, one of the anal triangular plates.
Mr. W. B. Pickering on Strepsiptera. 163
Fig. 10. The thorax and abdomen of the female seen from beneath, in the natural
position.
Fig. 11. The extremity of the abdomen of the female seen from beneath distended.
Fig. 12. One of the seventh pair of spiracles.
Fig. 13. The extremity of the abdomen of the female seen laterally distended.
Fig. 14. The dorsal portion of the three terminal abdominal segments of the female,
showing the relative length of the trachee arising from the seventh ab-
dominal spiracle.
XXXIV. Observations on the Economy of the Strepsiptera,
with the Description of Stylops Spencii, a new British
Species recently discovered. By W. B. Picxrrine,
Esq., MES.
[Read 5th January, 1835. ]
‘Or the value and necessity of recording observations which fall
under our notice, even should they merely relate to the most com-
mon insects, there can, I apprehend, be but one opinion, since so many
interesting particulars remain unknown in the economy of almost
every species, serving either as rewards for those who are willing to
search for them, or as the means of confirmation of what is already
known. If this be admitted in respect to well-known species, of how
much more importance is it that publicity should be given to facts
concerning those of remarkable structure and singular economy,
concerning which, although they may have excited the attention of
entomologists of all countries, we still remain, as regards many of
their more important features, in a state of uncertainty and doubt,
and where mere conjecture has endeavoured to supply many points
relative to their economy! Of such insects perhaps the most re-
markable are the species composing the order Strepsiptera, and I
deem myself extremely fortunate in having made some recent obser-
vations on the genus Stylops which are likely to enable us (with
the help of future inquiry) to elucidate its history. Previous how-
ever to detailing these facts, I will cite the opinions of the different
authors who have written on this order as far as regards its natural
history.
Rossi was the first entomologist to describe one of these remark-
able insects ; he was of opinion that the egg of the Xenos was de-
posited in the larva of the wasp previous to the closing of its cell;
his words are: ‘ Cui vespx larva antequam cellule clauderentur
forte incunabula dedisse videtur.” Our much-esteemed Honorary
164 Mr. W.B. Pickering’s Observations on
President was the first English entomologist who described an indi-
genous species of this order in his ‘Monographia Apum Anglie :’ no
allusion is made to its economy, beyond the fact of his having ex-
tracted the larva and imago from the body of Andrena nigro-enea,
and a suggestion whether the larva whose head is exserted may not
feed by absorption. ‘The same learned author, in the British Mis-
cellany, states that Mr. Sowerby had suggested to him that what
he took for larvee (vide ‘Mon. Apum Angliz,’) were really pup; add-
ing, “ To this ingenious conjecture I readily accede, as it removes all
the difficulty with respect to their mode of feeding, the larva being
entirely within the body till it is ready to assume the pupa state, then
exserting its head at the dorsal inosculations of the abdominal seg-
ments so that the perfect insect may the more readily disengage it-
self when its time for disclosure is come.” ‘The pupze are generally
in pairs ; these, it is suggested, may probably be thesexes. He wishes
he could point out where collectors might meet with these insects,
and thinks that by ascertaining in what state of the Melitta the Sty-
lops deposits her egg, entomologists might be enabled to capture
these desirable insects. Ina paper published in the Linnean‘Trans-
actions by the same author on the propriety of forming these insects
into an order, he gives some extracts from a letter which he had
received from Mr. Peck of America, which as they relate to the
economy of Xenos Peckit I must here notice. ‘‘ The abdomens of
the Vespe were so distorted that he could distinguish them when
on the wing; he caught some specimens of the wasps, fed them with
sugar, and by this means obtained specimens of Xenos: he found by
dissection that the head of the larva was in the feeding state turned
towards the base of the abdomen of the wasp. When the feeding
state is over, he conceives that the larva turns, and with its flattened
head separates the membrane that connects the abdominal seg-
ments, and protrudes a little out. The head of the larva when first
exserted is of a pale brownish colour, but by degrees assumes a
rounder form and becomes almost black. Mr. Peck also notices the
particular termination of the last segment of the abdomen of the
imago, inquiring if it is a kind of aculeus for depositing its egg in
the larva vespa, for it is in the larva that the eggs are probably de-
posited,” To this Mr. Kirby adds as a note: ‘‘ Reasoning from
analogy it seems not probable, though I formerly inclined to this
opinion, that the eggs should be laid in the wasp im its first state,
and the larva feed on it to the last.”
M. Jurine in his observations on Xenos, remarked that male as well
as female wasps were attacked ; discovered the larva entirely within
the abdomen of the wasp when not visible externally, and that the
head of the larya was turned towards the apex of the abdomen;
the Economy of the Strepsiptera. 165
could not discover any mandicatory organs in the larva: and reared
as many as twenty specimens, all of which had similarly formed ab-
domens and antenne.
Messrs. Kirby and Spence, in their ‘ Introduction to Entomology’,
state that this order consists of two genera, Xenos and Stylops ; since
the publication of which Mr. Curtis has published two others,
Halictophagus and Elenchus. Messrs. K. and 8. further add that
the eggs of the Stylops appear to be deposited in the abdomens
of the Melitte, on which the larve feed till, having attained their
full growth, they perforate the membrane that connects its seg-
ments, and at the proper time their pupa-case bursts, they emerge,
and take their flight.
From the preceding quotations we are enabled to perceive that
the real extent of the knowledge obtained relative to the earlier
stages of the life of the Strepsiptera only amounts to this, viz.
that according to the statements of Messrs. Jurine and Peck the
larvee of these insects had been found entirely within the abdomens
of the perfect wasp; but as regards the deposition of the egg, the
suppos.tions of the different authors are much at variance, some
sayiny that it is in the larva, others in the perfect insect, that the
parasite lays its egg. Therefore the points in the economy of the
Strepsiptera respecting which information or confirmation is re-
quired may be arranged as follows.
1. What are the sexual distinctions in these insects ?
2. In what manner and at what period of the year does the fe-
cundation of the female take place ?
3. At what period of the year are the eggs deposited ?
4. Are they deposited separately in the cell of the wasp or bee,
or are they laid in the eggs of those insects, or within the larva,
pupa, or perfect insect ?
5. How long do they remain unhatched, and do they lie in that
state until the larva of the imsect attacked has attained its full
growth, or assumed the pupa state ?
6. How long do the larve of the Strepsiptera remain in that state ?
Do they cast their skins? In what manner do they feed ?
7. How long do they remain in the pupa state?
8. Do the parasites render abortive the female Hymenoptera, in
the bodies of which they are reared ?
9. Do the sexes appear simultaneously ?
10. Do the perfect Strepsiptera take any nutriment ?
11. Of what use are those acute organs termed mandibles, and
the two-jointed palpi ?
12. What genera of bees are attacked in this country ?
VOle f PARLT LLY. 7 0
166 Mr. W. B. Pickering’s Observations on
Having been informed by my friend Mr. G. Waterhouse that
many of the Andrene were to be obtained during the winter months
by digging, and as this mode of collecting presented several ad-
vantages, such as the discovery of the sexes of these bees, the as-
certaining of the insects parasitic on the Andrene, and also that the
specimens so obtained would be in the greatest state of perfection,
I determined to adopt it, and I was fortunate in capturing An-
drena Clarkella, A. tibialis, (both sexes of each,) and some species
of Halictus and Sphecodes on Christmas-day ; in the evening I
killed these insects, and on examining a specimen of A. tibialis prior
to setting it out, I observed some protuberances between the abdomi-
nal segments, and thinking my bee might be stylopized I endeavoured
to remove one of these swellings, and the Society may imagine my
surprise and joy on seeing a perfect Stylops issue forth.
That the Andrena from which the Stylops was taken had never
quitted its cell is proved by the state of the specimen, which is very
perfect, the discharge of a white fluid (this happened while the bee
was in my hand), which takes place shortly after the birth of every
insect; and from its being in its cell. It may be objected that the
fact which I have noticed involves no new idea as to the economy
of these insects, and that in finding a Sty/ops within the body of a
perfect bee, I have done no more than many other collectors of in-
sects; but in opposition to this I would state that the bees hitherto ob-
served to be stylopized by every author have been found at large,
and consequently that there is no proof as concerns them that the
eges of the Stylops have not been deposited in their bodies after
their escape from the cells. The reverse of this however is the case
with my discovery. Many of the Andrene are known to appear on
the first bursting forth of the palm blossoms, a circumstance neces-
sarily dependent on the weather ; and as these trees afford an abun-
dant supply of pollen, I consider it isin order to avail themselves of
this supply that they undergo their last change so long previous to
their appearance on the wing.
Admitting then the fact that our bee had never quitted its cell,
and the Stylops ready to burst forth from an inclosed bee,—knowing
moreover that the Andrene in their imperfect states inhabit earthen
cells formed by their parents, which are closed when the egg and a
sufficient supply of pollen paste are stored up, and that the Stylops from
its delicate structure is unable to make its way through any depth
of earth (for it was at about the distance of a foot that I found the
cells of the Andrene),—we at once arrive at the conclusion that the
Stylops must lay its egg previous to the closing of the bee’s cell.
There is also another circumstance which has been overlooked by
the Economy of the Strepsiptera. 167
those authors who have considered that the Stylops deposits her
eggs between the scales of the abdomen of the perfect bee. It is
known that the Stylops appears at the same time of year as the An-
drene, a fact which has evidently led to the adoption of such
idea by those who have not calculated the impossibility of such
a mode of proceeding; since, if such were really the case, one or
other of two very different species of economy must be adopted,
both of which militate against the general rules of insect life; for
either the development of the Sty/ops must be so rapid as to take
place during the short life of the Andrena in whose body the eggs
have been deposited, or its development is slow and the bee remains
alive till the following spring. But against these opinions it may be
urged that we should be compelled, with respect to the former, to
advocate that the Stylops being arrived at its perfect state in spring,
must necessarily survive the winter in order to deposit its eggs at
the commencement of the following spring in the newly disclosed
bee, a circumstance which the tender construction of the Stylops
completely prevents ; whilst against the latter the well-known short
life of the Andrene, and the fact now ascertained that bees are sty-
lopized previous to leaving their cells, and which could not happen
were we to adopt the latter idea, may, without fear of contradiction,
be asserted.
Having proved that the Stylops cannot deposit her eggs in the
perfect bee, and that it is impossible for it to make its way to the
cell of the Andrena so as to lay its eggs in the larva of the bee,
which are not born until after the cell is closed, I will now offer
to the consideration of the Society the circumstances which appear
to me to take place in regard to the deposition of the eggs of the
Stylops, and which are founded on the necessary consequence that
they must be laid in the cell previously to its being closed. Whether
indeed it is in the cell itself that the eggs are deposited, so that the
larvee of the Stylops when born may make their way into the body
of the larva or pupa, or even into the perfect bee, or whether they
are actually deposited in the egg of the bee, we have no means at
present of determining. I may however be allowed to mention
that at the first I felt strongly inclined to adopt the supposition
that the former of these opinions was the correct one, and that the
larve when born made their way into the body of the larva of the
bee ; but not being able upon an examination of what is generally
considered to be the larva of the Stylops to discover any organs by
which it could effect this purpose I was obliged to give up this idea,
and adopt the startling theory that the Stylops deposits her eggs in
the egg of the Andrena.
02
a
168 Mr. W. B. Pickering on the Strepsiptera.
With regard to the genera of bees attacked by this order of in-
sects in this country, I am inclined to believe that the parasite is
confined to that of Andrena, six species of which I know to be
infested with it, viz. Andrena nigro-enea, A. tibialis, A. rufitarsis,
A. labialis, A. fulvicrus, A. Collinsonana?. I have no doubt that
there are other species of this genus attacked which I have not
been able to ascertain.
My Stylops is specifically distinguished by its comparatively
large size; dark wings, marked with strong black nervures; basal
joint of antennz produced obliquely internally to a considerable
distance beyond the insertion of the second joint; by the shape of
the wings, which are produced at the external anterior angle to a
point, and are very broad and rounded behind; and by the pitchy
red anus.
As one of the species of the genus Stylops has been described
with the name of our esteemed Honorary President, I have thought
that this very distinct species could not be more worthily distin-
guished than by the name of his talented coadjutor, and have ac-
cordingly named it Stylops Spencii. (Plate XVII. fig. 1.)
Before concluding I must, as an act of justice to our Secretary, re-
cord my grateful thanks for his kindness and the valuable hints he
has given me in the preparation of this communication.
P.S. Since the above observations were laid before the Society, I
have had many opportunities of inspecting the cabinets of Mr. Kirby
and other members of the Society; and I have therein found, as I
had suspected, many other species of Andrena stylopized, in addition
to those already enumerated, viz., Andrena Mouffetella, A. varians,
A, picicornis, A. parvula, A. xanthura, A. convexiuscula, A. Afzeliella,
a new species (No. 120); all which are in the collection of British
Bees presented to the Society by Mr. Kirby ; a new species of An-
drena, near A. labialis, in the cabinet of Mr. Shuckard; Andrena
Gwynnana in the collections of Mr. Westwood and myself, many spe-
cimens having been taken this year affected with these parasites; and
two or three new species of Andrena in my own cabinet.
Mr. J. O. Westwood wpon the Strepsiptera. 169
XXXV. Observations upon the Strepsiptera.
By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c.
[Read January 5, 1835. ]
Tnx opportunity kindly afforded me by Mr. Pickering of examining
a recently killed stylopized bee and its parasites has enabled me to
add a few particulars, in addition to those given by that gentleman,
and which relate, first, to the preparatory states of the Stylops, and
second, to its structure in the imago state.
The bee was a female of Andrena tibialis, and had nourished three
of these parasites: one of these Mr. Pickering had extracted in the
perfect state, having scaled off the head-case ; another, apparently
in the state of a larva, he had extracted; and the third, together
with the exuvie of the last-mentioned individual, still remained
within the abdomen of the bee, all having appeared between the
dorsal articulations. For the purpose therefore of ascertaining
the structure of the parasite still remaining within the bee’s ab-
domen, and in the hope that it might possibly be in the pupa state,
or perhaps ready to burst forth like the one first above mentioned,
I carefully removed the scales from the under surface of the abdo-
men, when a quantity of thick white fluid first presented itself. On
removing this the air-vessels and viscera were observed occupying
the centre of the abdomen, on one side of which was an elongated
fleshy white mass extended to the base of the abdomen, which
proved to be the body of the remaining parasite, and which (from its
vermiform appearance and the complete want of that solid appearance
which the bodies of the dipterous larvee assume when they have passed
into the coarctate species of metamorphosis, and inclose the true pupa,)
I should not hesitate to regard stillas the larva of the Stylops although
the head was protruded. On the other side the exuvie of the first
individual were observed.
Upon comparing the volume of the internal air-vessels and viscera
when extracted with those of a perfect female bee discovered at the
same time, it was at once evident that they were very considerably
reduced in size, and although the ovaries were perfectly distinct in
the latter insect, I was unable to perceive them in the former ; indeed,
as they are of considerable size, and are not conducive to the life of
the bee, I should consider that Mr. Kirby’s supposition that their
presence renders the insects attacked abortive is well founded.
170 Mr. J. O. Westwood’s Observations
I next endeavoured to remove the remaining parasite, the body of
which was internal, and its head exserted. The hind part of the body
was perfectly free and yielded to the action ofa pencil ; but although
I widened the space where the head protruded I found it impossible
to detach the parasite, the neck being apparently in some manner
attached to the interior surface of the bee’s abdomen. After con-
siderable difficulty I ascertained that the attachment was caused by
a fine thread extending from one side of the neck and firmly at-
tached to the abdomen of the bee. Mr. Pickering, who was present
at the time, observed this curious circumstance as well as myself,
and we preserved the parasite attached to a portion of the abdomen
by means of this thread, in the bottle of spirits now exhibited, so
that any person now present may himself perceive the connexion.
Whether this thread was tubular or not I cannot state, but the cireum-
stance, combined with the want of manducatory organs in the head
of the Stylops larva as noticed by Jurine, seems to favour the idea
originally entertained by Mr. Kirby, that the Stylops in its larva
state feeds by absorption. I would however by no means wish it to
be considered that this view of the subject is satisfactorily esta-
blished, even although it appears to be confirmed by the examination
of the exuvie of the Stylops which Mr. Pickering had extracted.
This, on removal, was found to consist of a thin and transparent
pellicle, being of a long cylindric and narrow form, having the dor-
sal portion more darkly shaded, and presenting the appearance of
indistinct articulations. This therefore appears to have been the
larva skin of the insect; the neck exhibited the thickened appear-
ance visible in the neck of the larva, and, precisely in the same
situation that the thread above noticed was attached in the larva, I
observed an apparent spiracle or circular aperture connected with
an incrassated and apparently tubular process of the neck: within
the pellicle I likewise observed a long thread which appeared to
arise from the same aperture, but this might possibly be accidental
as it was removed without any difficulty or rupture.
Within this pellicle at its posterior extremity was observed ano-
ther crumpled-up mass of pellicle of a dark opake colour, perfectly
distinct from the pellicle of the larva above mentioned, and which
evidently had formed the covering of the inclosed pupa, and had
been shed by it previous to the time when Mr. Pickering extracted
the imago. Hence, as well as from the account given by Jurine, it
is evident that the pupa of the Stylops is inclosed in a distinct skin,
and is also in that state enveloped by the skin of the larva, contrary
to the suggestion of Mr. Kirby ; and hence the accounts and figures
given by most authors of the pupa of these insects are in fact merely
upon the Strepsiptera. 171
representations of the larva in an altered form, but totally different
from that of the real pupa, which no one except Jurine appears
ever to have seen.
No insects have so much perplexed entomologists with respect to
their structural peculiarities as the present. Hence it is not per-
haps surprising that we should find an author at one period regard-
ing them as belonging to the Hymenoptera*, at another to the
Dipterat, and at a third period as belonging to none of the esta-
blished orders, but wandering comet-like amongst the entomological
circles ¢. In the second of these instances Mr. Newman has pub-
lished a series of observations upon the structure of the thorax and
its appendages, and the oral organs, which, it is probable, if left un-
corrected might lead to erroneous impressions as to the true struc-
ture and consequent affinities of the Strepsiptera. If indeed Mr.
Newman had dissected the specimen of Stylops which he examined,
or if he had carefully examined Mr. Curtis’s beautiful figures of the
dissections of this genus, or even those published from my figures,
in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, he would surely have hesitated before
he had made the observations alluded to. He would in fact thence
have seen that the prothorax is clearly proved to be a very slender
and short yet distinct segment, not lost in the mesothorax ; that
the mesothorax instead of being a large and conspicuous segment is
scarcely larger than the prothorax, indeed Mr. Newman appears en-
tirely to have overlooked it; that the part termed the scutellum of
the mesothorax is the postscutellum of the metathorax ; that the
pseudelytra are attached to the collar-like mesothorax and not to the
anterior part of the same segment which bears the miscalled scutel-
lum ; that these pseudelytra instead of representing the patagia or tip-
pets are in fact the real analogues of the anterior wings of the Lepi-
doptera; that the large spreading wings of the Stylops, instead of re-
presenting the anterior wings, are the analogues of the posterior ;
that the supposed metathorax is only the produced lateral lobes of
the metasternum; and that the pair of ‘‘ crumpled opake whitish
hind wings” stated to have been observed by Mr. Walker, and to be
attached to this supposed metathorax, are either entirely extraneous
bodies connected accidentally with the insect, or are torn portions
of the real wings. I have not the slightest doubt with respect to
this last assertion, having examined several specimens of Stylops,
both in a living and dead state, without having been able to discover
the least trace of such a pair of organs as those mentioned above,
* Newman, in Mag. Nat. Hist., No. 23. + See Entomol, Mag,, vol. ii. p. 326.
t See Sphina vespiformis, an Essay, &c.
172 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Strepsiptera.
and which, had they existed, would surely not have escaped the no-
tice of such observers as Jurine, Kirby, Latreille, Passerini, and
Curtis.
With respect to Mr. Newman’s identification of the structure of
the mouth of these insects with that of the Diptera, this gentle-
man admits that he did not dissect it. I will therefore only ob-
serve that I cannot find the least analogy between the oral or-
ganization such as it is in Stylops, and the tubularly developed
elbowed mouth of the Diptera, the labium of which is greatly elon-
gated ; whereas, on the contrary, there seems to me much greater
resemblance in this respect between the Strepsiptera and Lepido-
ptera, the labium in both being soldered flatly to the head, the acute
mandibles, as they have been termed in Stylops, representing the
maxillary tongue of the butterfly, and the large palpi being much
more analogous to the labial palpi of the Lepidoptera than to the
maxillary palpi of the Diptera.
The rare opportunity of examining a living Stylops induced me to
make a series of figures, from which those in the accompanying
plate have been selected, and of which the following is the descrip-
tion.
PLATE XVII.
. Stylops Spencit, Pickering, magnified.
- Ditto, with the wings closed.
. Ditto, ditto, seen laterally.
Head of ditto, seen from beneuth.
. Ditto, ditto, seen in profile.
cro ow ho
. Metathorax and abdomen seen laterally, the wings and legs truncated.
. Metathorax seen from beneath.
. Tarsus.
. Larva greatly magnified, seen from above.
. Ditto, seen from beneath.
. Ditto, seen laterally.
. Anterior portion of ditto, showing the cord (a) by which it is attached
to the abdomen of the bee (0).
. Exuvie of larva remaining in the ody of the bee. (a.) Exuvie of
pupa remaining within the exuvie of the larva.
. A cord observed near the neck of the exuvie of the larva.
—
wom ououana
—_
oo
—_
—
Mr. J. O. Westwood on a new Strepsipterous Insect. 173
XXXVI. Description of a new Strepsipterous Insect re-
cently discovered in the Island of Mauritius. By J. O.
Westwoop, F.L.S., &c.
[Read May 4, 1835.]
Genus Exencuus, Curt.
Species Ex. Tempretonu, Westw. Plate XVII. fig. 15.
Fuscus, thorace valde gibboso, oculis magnis nigris, seementis ab-
dominalibus constrictis, antennarum articulo 5to subclavato et in
medio subangustato, articulum referente; elytris clavatis nigri-
cantibus versus apicem ; alis latissimis pallidis fuscescentibus, nervis
obscurioribus ; tarsis ut in #7. Walkeri, Curt. formatis ; pedibus an-
tennisque pube tenuissima indutis.
Long. corp. 2 lin.; expans. alarum fere lin. 1.
Habitat in Insula Mauritii.
This is by far the most minute species of this anomalous order of
insects hitherto discovered; Hlenchus tenuicornis (Walkeri?) far ex-
ceeding it in size, and differing from it in the darker colour of the
body as well as in the tint of the wings, which is much less sooty
than in that species.
Several specimens of it were captured by Robert Templeton, Esq.,
one of our most indefatigable entomologists, during the course of
last August (1834) in the Island of Mauritius. I have accordingly
dedicated it with his name as a slight return for the many kind-
nesses which I have received at his hands.
The existence of an insect like the present in a region where,
from its peculiar geographical situation, very different kinds of in-
sects might naturally be expected to be discovered from those found
in our own country, is certainly singular, and at the same time
highly interesting, and this is rendered the more peculiar by the
limited number of Diplopterous and Melliferous insects existing in
the Island.
At a former meeting of this Society * I took occasion to read an
extract from a letter from Mr. Templeton relative to the capture of
a specimen of the Klenchus tenuicornis in the nest of a Bombus in
Ireland. Since his return from the Mauritius he has been so kind
* Vide Journal of Proceedings, p. xxxix.
174 —s Mr. A. Ingpen on the Destruction of Cocci.
as to furnish me with the following particulars relative to the cap-
ture of this new species, and in which it will be seen that he seems
now inclined to doubt the parasitic connexion between the Elenchus
and Bombus, and which he had formerly supposed to exist.
«* Around my pavilion at Black-river, in the Mauritius, are sta-
tioned some large Tamarind and Bois de Napp trees, (another of the
Leguminosz, but I do not know what genus or species ;) and the long
grass about their roots, quite shaded from the extreme heat of the
sun, concealed the little insects in question. I never could find
them elsewhere, though I carefully examined under the trees on the
hill and the thick jungle on the opposite side of the river. I began
latterly to think that it was most probably their locale, from the
wasps (Polistes?) being alone found in any numbers about the
house ; the yellow one building busily, last November, its papyritious
habitation and the other (black, with a long abdominal peduncle)
its clay mansion wherever it was permitted to remain unmolested.
At any rate my supposition stated in a note in Curtis’s ‘ British Ento-
mology’, fol. 433, becomes completely untenable, that it is parasitic
on the Bombus, as there are none in the island. I found a good
number of the Hlenchus, but my net mutilated them so much that
those you have are the only ones which escaped tolerably. I ex-
amined a vast number of the yellow wasps, but could never find any
of the rings with appearances of any irregularity about them ; perhaps
it was the wrong season.”
XXXVI. Remarks on the Destruction of Cocci.
By A. Ineren, Esq., 4.L.8., &c.
[Read April 6, 1835.]
I sxe to exhibit a cutting of a golden pippin apple-tree, put into
my hand by my worthy friend Mr. Anderson, Curator of the Physic
Garden at Chelsea, which is much infested with the Coccus arborum
linearis, Geoff.? The tree from which it was taken is trained against
a west-aspected wall, and every branch is similarly covered. The
injuries which the Cocci do to vegetation are very great, not only in
green- and hot-houses, but also, which is of more importance, to the
out-door fruits. The apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, &c., suffer
alike from their destructive attacks. The effects of their ravages
Mr. C. C. Babington on Haliplus ferrugineus. 175
on fruit-trees appear to be that, by absorbing the sap the growth
of the trees is retarded, the fruit loses both size and flavour, and the
crop decreases.
In consequence of the female Coceus adhering close to the bark
it is extremely difficult to eradicate, and I am not aware of any me-
thod of getting rid of it in this state short of scraping it off the
branches. This mode however would be extremely tedious and at
the same time endanger the life of the tree. There are various re-
medies in use, such as washing the trees with tobacco water, soft
soap and water, and lime water, all destructive of insect life ; but in
a matter of this nature economy is of importance. Vegetable solu-
tions are not injurious to vegetable life, but mineral washes are no
doubt dangerous. Lime water however is an exception, and com-
bines three important qualities. It is perfectly harmless to vegeta-
tion, it is cheap, and at the same time destructive to insects. I
should recommend two or three applications in the spring, at inter-
vals of one or two weeks, of strong lime water with a brush, and a
dusting of quicklime before the branches get dry ; or a washing of
soft soap and water, using also the powdered lime. For plants in
the green- and hot-house a solution of bitter aloes is said not only to
destroy the insect, but to prevent its future appearance on the plant
washed with it.
I think the causes of failure in getting rid of this pest have arisen
from the application of remedies at improper seasons, that is, when
the female has become fixed to the plants. I would suggest that
the remedies be applied when the young larve make their appear-
ance. In this state they are locomotive and may be easily detected
with a pocket magnifier. If therefore at this period any of the
above remedies were applied two or three times in the manner be-
fore suggested, I have little doubt of a successful result.
XXXVIII. Observations on Valiplus ferrugineus of Authors,
being an attempt at tts Subdivision into several Species.
By Cuarzes C. Basineron, J.24., F.L.S., &c.
[Read May 4, 1835.]
My attention having been drawn to the different appearance pre-
sented by insects placed in our cabinets under the name of Haliplus
Serrugineus, 1 determined upon subjecting them to a careful examina-
176 Mr. C. C. Babington’s Observations
tion, and have been repaid by the discovery of five marked forms
included under that name. ‘The total ignorance which at present
exists on the subject of the limits of species in entomology, pre-
vents me from_giving any positive opinion upon the value of the
characters described in this communication, and I now submit them
to the Entomological Society under the idea that it is better to di-
stinguish marked forms by a specific name than to run the risk of al-
lowing good species to continue in obscurity by noticing them only
as varieties. I may add that the character given under all the
synonyms which I have been enabled to quote will apply to either
of the five species if colour is excepted.
From an examination of the Linnzan cabinet it appears that the
insect described by Linnzus in his later works under the name of
Dytiscus ferrugineus, and placed in his collection with that name
appended, in his own hand-writing, is not the Haliplus ferrugineus
of authors, but the same as D. ovalis, Linn. (Hyphidrus ovatus, Auct.)
described in his ‘ Faun. Suecica’. It would therefore appear that he
has introduced the same insect under both of these names in his
‘Systema Nature’, ed.1767. The fact that Fabricius, who had free
access to the Linnzan collections, has no such insect as D. ferrugineus
in either of his works, would appear to prove that he was certain of
its nonexistence as a distinct species. Gyllenhal is the first au-
thor who has described anything under the Linnean name, and I
cannot suppose that he has had better, if such good, opportunities of
determining the question as we have in England. I have therefore
in the following description expunged the reference to Linnzus,
and considered Gyllenhal as the first describer of H. ferrugineus.
St. John’s College, Cambridge,
April 8, 1835.
Haurpuus, Latr.
1. H. rerrueinevs, Gyll. Plate XV. fig. 2.
Rufo-testaceus, nitidus, elytris profunde punctato-striatis inter-
stitiis seriebus punctorum minorum, thorace antice angusto, la-
teribus rectis, elytrorum, quorum maxima latitudo pone basin locatur,
lateribus rotundatis. (Long. corp. 14, lat. $ lin.) -
Ai. ferrugineus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 546. Steph. Ill. (Mand.) ii. 40.
non Dytiscus ferrugineus, Linn.
Reddish testaceous ; head broad, minutely punctured ; eyes slightly
prominent, black; antenne pale, equal in length to the thorax,
which is much narrowed in front, emarginate, the anterior angles
acute, the sides straight, slightly margined, scarcely in continuity
with the elytra, posterior angles acute, distinctly punctured through-
on Haliplus ferrugineus. 177
out, more thickly towards the margins, and a transverse curved se-
ries of larger punctures behind; elytra strongly dilated at the base,
very near to which is their broadest part, from thence gradually nar-
rowed to near the apex, when the curvature of their sides is greatly
increased, each marked with ten rows of large deep punctures, each
of the interstices having a remote series of minute punctures and a
continuous line of the same near to the suture, the larger punctures
dark ; under side pale, the ventral lamine rather faintly punctured ;
legs paler.
In Mus. Soc. Entom.
Taken at Cambridge.
2. H.susnusitus, Bab. Plate XV. fig. 3.
Ferrugineus, nitidus, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, inter-
stitiis seriebus punctorum minorum, thorace antice angusto, lateribus
rectis, elytrorum, quorum maxima latitudo pone basin locatur, par-
tibus intermediis laterum subparallelis. (L. c. lin. 14.)
Dull red; head and thorax as in H. ferrugineus ; elytra strongly
dilated at their base, very near to which is their broadest part, but
they decrease very slightly in width until past their middle ; punc-
tured as in H. ferrugineus, the larger punctures and numerous
blotches dark, forming two interrupted oblique fasciz upon each
elytron, meeting at the suture ; under side paler, the ventral laminz
more thickly and deeply punctured than in H. ferrugineus.
Taken near Cambridge, but not in company with the preceding.
3. H. rutvus, Fab. Plate XV. fig. 4.
Rufo-flavus, nitidus, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, intersti-
tiis seriebus punctorum minorum, thorace antice angusto, lateribus
rectis, elytrorum, quorum maxima latitudo ad 4 longitudinis locatur,
lateribus rotundatis. (L.c.2, lat. 1—1+ lin.)
H. ferrugineus, var. b., Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 546. Steph. Ill. M.
i. 40.—Dytis. fulvus, Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 271.
Reddish yellow : head broad, minutely punctate ; eyes very slightly
prominent, black; antenne pale, about equal in length to the tho-
rax, which is much narrowed in front, emarginate, the anterior
angles very acute, sides straight, slightly margined, not in continuity
with the elytra, posterior angles acute, the disc smooth, the margins
thickly punctate, and a transverse curved somewhat irregular series
of large punctures behind ; elytra strongly dilated at the base con-
tinuing slightly to increase in width for about 4 of their length,
from that point narrowing in a curve of continually increasing cur-
vature to the apex, punctate as in H. ferrugineus, all the larger punc-
178 Mr. C. C. Babington on Haliplus ferrugineus.
tures and a few oblong spots between the strize dusky; under side
darker, the ventral laminz deeply punctured ; legs paler,
In Mus. Soc. Entom.
Taken at Cambridge.
4. H. parauuetus, Bab. Plate XV. fig. 5.
Fusco-flavus, nitidus, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, intersti-
tiis seriebus punctorum minorum, thorace elytrorumque lateribus
subparallelis parte antica hujus et apicali illorum exceptis. (L. c. 2,
lat. 1—1+ lin.)
Dusky yellow; head short, very broad, thickly and rather deeply
punctate; eyes prominent, black; antenne pale; thorax but little
narrower in front than behind, slightly emarginate, sides nearly
straight except near the anterior angles, where they are rounded,
slightly margined, not in continuity with the elytra, the posterior
angles but little less than right angles, thickly punctured, with a
small space on the disc smooth, and a transverse slightly irregular
straight series of large punctures behind ; elytra strongly dilated at
the base, the sides then continued nearly parallel but in most cases
narrowing slightly for about three fourths of their length, afterwards
quickly attenuated to the apex, punctate as in H. ferrugineus, the
larger punctures and frequently the suture dusky, that colour often
suffused so as to give the appearance of a transverse fascia at the
base, and a cloud on each elytron towards the apex; under side
rather paler, the ventral laminz deeply punctate ; legs paler.
In Mus. Soc. Entom.
Taken at Cambridge.
5. H. rusicunpus, Spence MSS.? Bab. Plate XV. fig. 6.
Ferrugineus, nitidus, ovalis, elytris profunde punctato-striatis,
interstitiis seriebus punctorum minorum, thoracis elytrorumque la-
teribus in eadem arcu. (L. c. 14, lat. 3 lin.)
H. ferrugineus, y. Steph. 1. c. supra.
Dull red; head short, broad, minutely punctured, the vertex
smooth; eyes scarcely at all prominent, black; antenne red ; thorax
much narrowed in front, with its lateral margins very slightly
rounded, and so nearly in continuity with the elytra, which are but
little dilated at their base, as to give the insect’s outline the appear-
ance of forming a uniform curve, the whole approaching very closely
to the ovate form, the disc smooth, the margins thickly punctate,
the transverse series behind not so distinctly marked as in the three
preceding species ; elytra but little dilated at the base, gradually in-
creasing in width for about one third of their length, then decreas-
Mr. Spence’s Notice on Aépus fulvescens. 179
ing gradually to the apex, punctate as in H. ferrugineus, the suture,
larger punctures, and numerous irregular clouds, particularly to-
wards the apex, darker; under side red, the base of the abdomen
darker, ventral laminz coarsely punctate ; legs dull red.
Taken at Cambridge.
I have little doubt that all the above species may be found in nu-
merous, if not all, parts of the country; but not having myself au-
thentic specimens from other places, I have only ventured to name
Cambridge as their locality.
XXXIX. Notice relative to Aépus fulvescens, and other
submarine Coleopterous Insects. By W. Srrencr, Esq.,
F.R.S., Hon. Mem. E.S., &c.
[Read Ist June, 1835.]
M. Avupourn in a paper read to the Academy of Sciences, and
which he has lately had the goodness to send me, has given some
interesting details as to the habits of Aépus fulvescens, a very small
beetle of the family of Harpalide, which passes a great portion of its
life under the sea; but he does not seem to have been aware that
the same singular mode of existence obtains also in the case of other
Coleopterous insects, and had been in part noticed by an English
entomologist as long since as the year 1810. As this fact, which I
stumbled on by chance within these few weeks, may be unknown to
some of the members of the Entomological Society, as it previously
was to me, I beg to point it out to their attention by this hasty and
brief notice, and the rather as a good deal of further investigation
seems to me yet to be required, and which they are very competent
to undertake, in order to throw a full light upon the singular facts
to which M. Audouin has directed our attention. ‘The English en-
tomologist to whom I allude is the late Rev. John Burrell, who in
a paper in the first volume of the Transactions of the former En-
tomological Society, entitled ‘‘ Remarks on Staphylinus tricornis,”
read April 2nd, 1811, informs us that on the 27th April, 1810,
walking on the sand-hills near the sea at Cley, in Norfolk, he ob-
served on the level spaces between the hills, just as the tide began
to ebb and they became sufficiently firm to walk over, numbers of
the males of St. (Bledius) tricornis, which were in search of their
females which inhabited holes in the sand, in which he found two
180 Mr. Spence’s Notice on Aépus fulvescens.
ef them, and of which holes, he observes, ‘“‘ whenever I lost the trace
they terminated in very moisture ; consequently these insects may be
truly accounted aquatic, or rather subaquatic, i.e., inhabitants of
the soil beneath the water.” (p. 314.) It is to the same indefati-
gable entomologist and keen observer Mr. Burrell, that is due the
credit of having first observed that another Coleopterous insect, the
Pogonus Burreilii, (which name it is to be hoped no foreign ento-
mologist will attempt to alter, or hesitate to adopt,) has precisely
similar habits : and respecting this species and its congeners he com-
municated to Mr. Curtis, who has inserted them in the Ist vol. of his
valuable work, Plate 47, some important remarks, in which he di-
stinctly states that ‘‘ the genus Raptor (Pogonus). confined as it is to
three British species (Burrellii, Haw., chalceus, Marsh.,and eruginosus,
Steph. MS.), is perfectly maritime, the species being all found in
the same situation, and may be deemed subaquatic, for in the win-
ter, and a considerable part of the summer, the habitat of these
pretty animals is entirely covered with water, which stagnates many
inches deep in the low places of the marshes after the tide has
flowed and ebbed.”
It is quite evident from the preceding quotations that at least as
early as 1810 it had been observed by Mr. Burrell that two Coleo-
pterous insects, viz., Bl. tricornis and Pog. Burrellii, were truly sub-
aquatic, living a considerable part of their existence under the
sea-water; but he does not appear to have been struck by the fact
as particularly remarkable, and still less was he led to those import-
ant speculations as to the mode in which these insects are enabled
to respire in such a situation, for which we are indebted to M. Au-
douin, who, in the case of Aépus fulvescens, attributes it to the fa-
culty of alternately decomposing and renewing the small bubble of
air with which it is provided, as are probably both the insects in
question.
It appears then that at least three Coleopterous insects of differ-
ent genera are strictly submarine, and pass a large portion of their
lives under the sea-water, or at least two of them, for Mr. Burrell
says that the habitat of P. Burrellii is covered with water all the
winter, and a considerable part of the summer, and M. Audouin
that the habitat of A. fulvescens is so low down on the beach that
it can only be uncovered at spring-tides for a few days twice a month,
so that it seems highly probable, as he seems to suppose, that these
insects, while thus covered with sea-water, have the means of pro-
curing themselves food. ‘This however is one of the points which
it would be very desirable to ascertain, and which those entomo-
logists who reside in the neighbourhood of the submarine insects
Lieut.-Col. Sykes on the Land-crah of the Dukhun. 18}
in question might probably solve by transferring some of the insects
along with stones, sea-weed, and sca-water into capacious vessels,
and then carefully watching their operations.
Another point worthy of inquiry is whether several other insects
usually found on the sea-coast, and in particular some of the species
of Hesperophilus, Hope, may not be submarine like the three no-
ticed, and as Mr. Babington tells me he has reason to think is the
case with the larvee of some Dipterous insect.
And lastly, it would be well deserving of further investigation how
far all these insects are constantly surrounded with an air-bubble,
and whether there is ground for believing that it is alternately de-
composed and renewed, as M. Audouin, agreeably to the theory of
M. Dutrochet, supposes.
In laying before the Entomological Society the above hasty and
imperfect remarks, one of my main objects is to give an example of
those brief notices of any casual fact, observation, or suggestion oc-
curring to any member in the course of his reading or studies, which
though not sufficient either as to bulk or importance for a regular
paper, may yet serve as the subject of interesting discussion at the
close of each meeting, and which whether printed in the ‘‘ Proceed-
ings’ of the Society, either in the form in which it is communicated
or condensed into a few lines as may seem best to the Council, to
whose discretion they should be wholly left, could not fail to con-
vey information to many of the members, and to lead others to more
extended inquiries relative to the points adverted to.
W. SPENCE.
May 20, 1835.
XL. Some Account of the Land-crabs of the Dukhun ; hy
Lieut.-Col. W.H.Syxss, F.R.S., &c. With a Descrip-
tion of the Species, hy J. O. Westwoon, F.L.S., &c.
{Read June 1, 1835.]
Turse creatures, called Kenkra by the Mahrattas, abound along the
Ghats from 17° to 19° 23’ N. latitude, the limits of my observa-
tion ; but I have little doubt their location is extended very much
further north and south in an oblique line running between the 73°
VOL, I, PART III, P
182 Lieut.-Col. Sykes’s Account of
and 75° meridian. ‘Their burrows are found in all the valleys, and
on the most elevated table-lands at from 2000 to 5000 feet above
the level of the sea, but I do not think they extend inland from the
Ghats (that is to say, to the eastward) above fifteen or twenty miles.
They are also found along the base of the Ghats in the country
called the Korkun. In the abundant rains of the south-west mon-
soon, in the localities they affect, which appear to be determined by
an aluminous soil, they are seen in a state of great activity, running
over the surface, and frequenting the public roads in such numbers
that instances are constantly occurring of their being crushed under
the feet of horses and cattle, those of foot-passengers, or the wheels of
vehicles. Their movements are active and lively, and they must
have a quick perception of danger from the precipitationawith which
they retreat from it. During the months of extreme dryness, De-
cember, January, and February, they are rarely seen out of their
holes, and I presume must either be in a dormant state or must de-
rive nourishment from the soil in which they have imbedded them-
selves. As the moisture increases along the line of the Ghats in
March, April, and May,—and it increases in the ratios of the proxi-
mity of the location to the western edges of the Ghats,—they re-
appear upon the surfaces, andin April and May, when the fogs pro-
duce a copious aqueous deposition, they are rather abundant. In-
deed I found them not only numerous but troublesome; for being
encamped in the hill-fort of Hurreechundurghur during those months
and the month of March, the numerous servants who slept upon the
ground were constantly disturbed by crabs invading their beds, and
in my own tents they were frequently found under the bed, the
tables and chairs ; indeed all the specimens I have preserved, large
and small, were intruders in this way. As they are met with of all
sizes in their habitat, I have every reason to believe the productive
processes to be completed without having recourse to migration to
the sea-shore as is related of some other species of land-crab. In-
deed had such been their habit it must have come under my notice,
or that of some of the many intelligent observers of nature in West-
ern India. The natives at least would have been aware of it; but
such is not the case. My attention was first called to them on the
30th July, 1812, in a journey from Poona to Baroda. In a leisure
moment I had an opportunity of watching from behind a rock in the
Ghats a crab collecting its food: the celerity and ease with which
the two fore claws were used made them efficient substitutes for
hands, and its rapid lateral movements at pleasure to either side, as
objects attracted its attention, were very efficacious in enabling it to
capture its prey, which appeared to me to be insects and animal
the Land-crah of the Dukhun. 183
matters of various kinds. From this period I had been alive to all
notices of the land-crab, and have no doubt had its habits been mi-
gratory I should have heard of them.
It may be as well to give the following extracts from my Jour-
nals to show my impressions at the moment regarding its localities
and habits *,
“Camp Awpua, (on the edge of the Ghats,) Janz. 19, 1826.—
Multitudes of the holes or burrows of the land-crab are seen about
Awpha, at the level of 2888 feet above the sea. The creatures do
not appear to come to the surface during the cold and dryness of
this season of the year, but lie dormant at the bottom of their holes,
which are pierced in a stiff whitish clay.
“Camp Hurreecuunpureuur, March 31, 1829.—The table-land
of this elevated hill-fortress, at 3900 feet above the sea, is inhabited
by such multitudes of land-crabs, that their burrows render it un-
safe to ride over many parts of the mountain.”
THELPHUSA CUNICULARIS, Westw. Plate XIX. fig. 1—6.
Thelph. ‘Testa piceo-nigra, latiore quam longiore clypeo margi-
nato, antice, supra antennas intermedias, recte truncato, maxillipe-
dum externorum articulo 3tio subhexagono, pedibus ferrugineis fas-
clis numerosissimis nigris transverse notatis, testa in medio bipunctata.
Long. teste unc. 1 lin. 4., lat. 1. 104.
This species nearly approaches Thelphusa indica, Latr., Enc. Méth.
x. 563., Guerin, Icon. R. An. Crust. pl. iii. fig. 3. The shell or
carapax is considerably broader than long, and is much narrowed
behind ; it is uniformly of a dark chestnut black colour, and is nearly
smooth. Its front part is considerably depressed. On each side, be-
hind the eye, is a short tooth, and behind this the margin is slightly
crenulated for about one third of the length of the margin, being in
this part brought into a sharp edge. The sides are marked by nu-
merous slight oblique gutters, which are very irregular and broken :
a rather deep longitudinal impression extends longitudinally down
the middle of the shell, for about one third of its length. Two ob-
lique impressions extend from each lateral angle of the front of the
* “ All the grass through the Deccan generally swarms with a small land-crab,
which burrows in the ground, and runs with considerable swiftness, even when en-
cumbered with a bundle of food almost as big as itself; this food is grass or the
green stalks of rice, andit is amusing to see the crabs sitting, as it were, upright to
cut their hay with their sharp pincers, then waddling off with their sheaf to their
holes as quickly as their sidelong pace will carry them.”—Extract from Bishop
Heber’s Journal, communicated by W. Sells, Esq.
Pp?
“=
184 Lieut.-Col. Sykes on the Land-crab of the Dukhun.
thorax, meeting together in the middle of the shell beyond the cen-
tre ; within these impressions, on each side, are two small circular
punctures. The first pair of legs are of unequal size, the left-hand
claw being the larger; each is more strongly crenulated than the sides
of the shell, the lower edge of the claw itself being notched ; the up-
per angle of the wrist is produced into a point, accompanied by several
smallerteeth. The tarsi are toothed both internally and externally.
The front of the shell is deflexed so as almost to hide the base of the
antennz, the exterior pair of which is very small, and composed of
only eleven joints, including the three large basal articulations ; this
pair of antennz is inserted at the inner angle of the oral cavity. A
straight and slightly elevated line runs from the base of the outer
antenne ; this is succeeded by a very short transverse piece, with an
entire posterior margin, having an obtuse tooth in the centre, which
fits into the space left open by the curvature of the terminal joints
of the external foot-jaws, which joints are very small; the third
joint of these organs being somewhat hexagonal and much smaller
than the 2nd joint, which is oblong. The claws are of the colour of
the shell, but the basal joint of the first and the whole of the other
legs are much paler-coloured, being of a dirty testaceous brown,
with very numerous small transverse black marks.
The genus Thelphusa comprises several species of crabs whose ha-
bits differ considerably from those of the majority of the brachyurous
Crustacea. ‘he type, Telph. fluviatilis, resides, as the specific name
implies, in the rivers and fresh waters of the South of Europe, and an
interesting account is given of its economy in the 10th vol. of the
‘Encyclopédie Méthodique.’ It is eaten in summer by the Pope and
Cardinals, and other high church dignitaries. It is also found in
the rivulets of Mount Athos. M. Leschenault de Latour discovered
another species, the 7. indica of Latreille, on the coast of Coroman-
del, where it is called by the inabitants of Malabar “‘ Tille Naudon.”
It frequents situations where the “ Manglier’ grows; but in the
‘ Cours d’Entomologie’ this species is also stated to have been found
in the mountains of Ceylon, although it is not affirmed to reside out
of water.
PLATE XIX.
Fig. 1. Thelphusa cunicularis, mag. nat.
2. Front of the body seen from beneath.
3. Interior antenna.
4. Exterior antenna.
5. Outer foot-jaw.
6. Abdomen of female.
Mr. Templeton on some undescribed exotic Crustacea. 185
XLI. Descriptions of some undescribed exotic Crustacea.
By Rosert TemMPeceton, Hsq., R.A., &e.
{Read Ist June, 1835.]
Tue following pages contain notices of a few of the minuter Crus-
tacea which were picked up either at Mauritius or on the way
thither ; they are interesting from their either presenting new forms,
or adding species to those genera of which European species alone
have been yet detected. A considerable number yet remain unex-
amined, which I hope will prove sufficiently interesting to form the
subject of another memoir.
Artillery Barracks, Woolwich,
May, 1835.
Anisopus pusius. Pl. XX. fig. 1.
Greenish, dotted over with reddish brown specks. Head large,
subquadrangular, carrying 4 antennz, the superiur nearly as long
as the body, and exceeding in length by about one fifth part the in-
ferior ; the 1st joint is minute, the 2nd large and thick, the 3rd elon-
gate, nearly cylindric, and wanting the little process which charac-
terizes the true Gammari, 4th joint multiarticulate, tapering. The
inferior antenna has the 2nd and 3rd joints, subequal, much longer
than any of those of the superior, and the remaining similar, but of
smaller dimensions. Both antenne are spiny or hairy. The tho-
racic rings are narrow, and extend inferiorly into plates concealing
the upper part of the 5 anterior pairs of legs. Those of the abdo-
men are much larger and end in a 4-articulated tail, with a jointed
stylet on each side proceeding from the inferior posterior angle of
the ultimate and penultimate articulations. The first pair of legs is
extremely minute and terminates in a simple claw, the 2nd much
longer, as are the 3 succeeding pairs, and terminates in joints
slightly dilated, the last carrying a tolerably strong curved claw.
The 3rd pair has the last joint very much dilated, subtriangular, not
toothed, but bearing a very strong curved claw; the posterior edge
is waved and hairy. The 2 succeeding pairs of legs resemble the
Ist pair except in their greater size; but the 6th and 7th pairs, of
nearly equal dimensions, exceed all the anterior legs in being both
much longer and much more robust, and besides differ in having the
cox very much dilated, and the last joint of each leg clavated, sur-
mounted by two blunt teeth, and a large dentated curved claw di-
186 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
rected forwards. Immediately behind these legs arises, from the in-
ferior part of each joint, the bifurcate articulated appendages which
are called fin-feet; so that all the rings of the body have either
true or fin feet or styles articulated to them, in this respect differ-
ing from all hitherto noticed genera.
This species swims with considerable rapidity and has all the
habits of our common European marine Gammari. Its size is about
2th of an inch, and its colour subject to but little variety, being of
a greenish tint more or less brownish in the specimens I have ex-
amined. In its generic characters the great and disproportionate
length of the 2 last pairs of feet, the fin-feet arising from the suc-
ceeding joints, and the appearance presented by the antennz, which
are much longer than in the contiguous genera, at once distinguish
it. The claws also offer distinctions.
Fig. 1. a, The animal magnified.
b, The last joint and claw of the 6th pair of legs.
The feet of one side only are figured, to prevent misconcep-
tion or confusion in the drawings.
THAUMALEA DEPILIS. Plate XX. fig. 2.
Erythrocephalus melanophthalmus ? Tilesius, Neue Ann. Wetter-
ausch. i2p:.6. pl. xxi. a. fir. 5.
Body hyaline, with a few dark specks, especially along the edges
of the abdominal plates or rings. The head is quadrangular, not
large; the eyes deeply imbedded in it; front retracted inferiorly,
from about its middle arise the superior antenne, which are short
and tumid; Ist joints short, forming together a truncated cone on
which rests the elongate spindle-shaped 4th joint. The inferior an-
tenne arise from the inferior part of the frontal surface ; they are
much smaller than the superior, composed of 4 joints, of which the
[st is small and obconic, the remainder in length subequal, the last
conic. The body swells out to about the 5th ring, when it again be-
comes gradually reduced in size and ends in a bifurcate articulated
tail. There are only 6 legs apparent, the 2 first pairs being very
short and apparently without claws, the 4 posterior pairs of about
equal length, tapering, and with slender slightly curved claws. From
the abdominal joints proceed bifurcate articulated appendages, but,
as well as the whole animal, apparently devoid of hairs.
This minute species swims but badly, having none of the celerity
of motion so conspicuous among the Gammari, to which it bears re-
semblance in its form. It differs from every genus I am acquainted
with, in the antenne, in the relative dimensions of the legs, the
some undescrihed exotic Crustacea. 187
elongate and undilated form of the tarsal joints, and in the claws.
I confess my inability to allot to it its proper place among the mi-
nute Crustacea, the differences being in fact more conspicuous than
qualities by which its affinities to any one genus can be traced. It
was found off Port Natal, in the summer of 1835, in lat. 37° S. and
21° Kast, while I was searching for Zoeein the sea-water. It is
about 4th of an inch in length.
Fig. 2. a, The animal greatly magnified.
b, One of the inferior antenne.
ANOPHERURA MINUTISSIMA. Plate XX. fig. 3.
Cyclops ecornis ? 'Tilesius, Neue Ann. Wetterausch. i. p. 7. pl. xxi.
b. fig. 15.
Dark greenish. The head very large, with two minute spines in
front curving downwards over the base of the superior antenne. Su-
perior antenne of about 4rd of the length of the body, with two ra-
ther elongate joints about their middle; the rest short, and some
of them spiny or hairy. Inferior antennz with the apical joint re-
sembling a straight claw, the preceding joint being contracted
posteriorly at its middle and furnished with short thick hairs. Be-
neath the head project two pairs of legs, the lst with the joints
hairy and successively smaller until they reach the tarsus, which is
dilated, ovate, and furnished with a claw directed forwards. The
last pair of legs is much larger and longer; Ist joint short and
thick ; next elongate, a little contracted near its middle, and having
projecting from its distal head immediately in front of the articula-
tion a toothed spine which presents a most singular appearance ; the
3rd joint is also elongate, not so thick, contracted beyond its middle,
and spiny along the back; the 4th is about of equal length, and car-
ries a set of curved spines and a claw. The 4 thoracic (?) annuli
are successively smaller, and furnished with bifid appendages at-
tached to lateral toothed plates, or processes from the rings; and the
tail is composed of six joints, numerously articulated and bifid at its
extremity, and stands straight up at right angles to the line of di-
rection of the body when the animal is at rest. ‘The body is never
rolled up in a ball and is quite opake. It is about 35th of an inch
long. It was found among marine plants.
Fig. 3. a, The animal magnified.
PLEXOCERA MIRABILIS. Plate XX. fig. 4.
Body and large joint of the antenna black. Head white or hyaline.
Eyes sessile. Antenne large, elongate, composed of 5 joints; the
first two subequal, and apparently subdivided or partially subdivided ;
188 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
the 3rd nearly as long as both taken together, spindle-shaped, and
supporting the extreme joints, which are reniform, closing upwards or
forwards on each other as the finger does into the palm of the hand,
the apical joint having two long hairs arising from its tip. The
anterior leg (?) with two elongate joints projecting beyond the facial
plates, the tip surmounted by two hairs. Second leg with a large
dilated tarsus, and a strong claw directed forwards, closing on the
tarsus during each sweep of the leg with a snapping motion, rapid
and very peeuliar. The third pair of legs resembles in every re-
spect the first pair, excepting that it is more profusely furnished
with hairs at the tip. From the three succeeding abdominal an-
nuli proceed inferiorly 4-articulated appendages or fin-legs, elongate
and hairy, especially at the tips; and between these and those of the
opposite side curves forwards the tail, which terminates ina thin an-
gulated hyaline process.
This singular little animal swims with great rapidity, the antenna
being widely separated, and their apical joints almost in perpetual
motion, seizing apparently on objects so minute as to escape my no-
tice. When at rest the tail and posterior legs were folded in, and
the antenne downwards, so that the animal resembled a ball, a pe-
culiarity noted by Risso in his genus Typhis ; there were here how-
ever no thoracic plates beneath which they could be concealed. ‘The
snapping spring-like motion, with which it moved the claw of the
second pair of legs struck me as very peculiar, and as indicative of
a degree of vivacity which is rather rare among the smaller Crustacea,
as they usually seize upon objects with an appearance of delibera-
tion and dread, the result most probably of dear-bought experience.
Fig. 4. a, Natural size.
b, The animal as it appears when swimming.
c, A very magnified view.
d, The tail.
e, e’, The last joints of the antenna, exhibiting the apical stretched out
and folded in upon the other.
f, The claw of the second pair of legs, with the tarsus on which it plays.
Crxarus (Say) aspitus. Plate XX. fig. 5.
Brownish, antenne and legs paler. Body elongate, composed of
about 14 rings, including the head and tail, the latter having about
3 joints. The head is large, subtriangular, most dilated anteriorly,
a minute rostrum projecting forwards between the superior antennz.
The eyes are nearly sessile and smooth. The front is almost verti-
cal and gives origin to four nearly equal antenne; the superior ta-
pering, about 3rds as long as the body, has thrce joints of nearly
some undescribed exotic Crustacea. 189
equal lengths, and a fourth 5-articulate about as long as the two
which precede it. Of the three the lst is somewhat thicker, and
perhaps shorter than the two succeeding. ‘The inferior antenna has
the 1st joint very short, thick, and somewhat conical, and the 2nd
and 38rd much longer and thicker than the corresponding joints
of the superior, the apical remaining part, or 4th joint, being but
very slightly longer than either; it also is composed of five joints.
Both sets of antennz are hairy, the hairs arising from the inferior
surface in a double row, and becoming longer as they approach the
apex of each of the first three joints ; in the remaining part they are
short, in threes or fours, and more resembling spines than hairs. Be-
tween the antennz stand obliquely upward two palpi, each composed
of two elongate filiform joints, the extreme with a very long brush
of hairs. Lower down we find three joints of another (maxillary ?)
palpus, the extreme joint being very minute, nearly as long, but not
so rotund as that upon which it rests, and not so hairy. The joint
supporting the head is small, appearing like a neck, and gives origin
to no legs. One pair however arises immediately in front of it from
the after part of the head, whose basal joints are small, the two
apical longer, more dilated and angulated, the angles giving rise to
pencils of hairs. From the inferior part of the apex, which is trans-
versely truncated, arises a short much-curved claw, not fitted into
any perceptible fissure in the under part of the joint. The 2nd pair
of legs arises from the 2nd ring from the head, and has the penulti-
mate joint extremely large, subquadrangular, with a large tooth pro-
jecting from the inferior posterior angle, and another smaller from
between it and the surface of articulation of the last joint. The
last joint arches over the above-mentioned teeth, and has a strong
hooked claw, arising from the inner side of the apex. The last pair
of legs have the same number of joints as those described, but they
are devoid of peculiarity, being subequal and tolerably cylindric.
From the 8th annulus arises on each side one of those bifid hairy
appendages or fin-feet which are common to the Gammari. ‘They
differ in no essential point from the appearances presented by them
in that tribe; but from the inferior posterior part of the same ring,
and partially concealed by a lateral plate, is to be found on each
side a distinct leg, closely resembling the third pair, but want-
ing the claw, a minute joint with a tuft of hairs replacing it. ‘The
two succeeding annuli each offer one of these last, but they become
successively smaller and more filiform.
The entire animal is about 4th of an inch long, exclusive of the
antenn, and it presents some peculiarities, with one exception,
190 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
unique in this family. It has formed for itself or seized upon a little
membranous tube, nearly 3th of an inch long, which does not re-
semble the case of Tubularia, but seems composed of a series of rings,
and resembles in texture the papyritious covering of the pendulous
wasps’-nests. It is perfectly cylindrical, of a brown colour, and
opake. When disturbed the little animal retires within this tube,
the tips of the antenne alone appearing, with which it continues to
investigate its neighbourhood ; and whenever the feeling of perfect
security prevails, it comes out as far as the second or third ring from
the head, the antennz being perpetually in motion, extended to the
right or left, or as if lashing the objects about it. When it wishes
to change its place it seizes with its claws the little fragments of
sea-weed about it, and dragging, urges itself forward. I have never
seen it dash itself through the water by any mode similar to that of
the Gammari; and I should infer that the tube was its natural place
of residence from the want of legs or fin-feet at the middle rings, in
which it differs from C. tubularis of Say, that author figuring a re-
gular succession of both. I have observed the tail slightly pro-
truded, and the members which are sketched as attached to adjoin-
ing rings used as feelers. While watching it, which I did for some
hours, I was exceedingly surprised and amused to find it disappear-
ing from one end of the tube, and reappearing like magic at the
other, having doubled itself up towards its belly in the passage, but
with such quickness, considering the narrow calibre of its mansion,
that I could hardly credit my eyes but that it had two heads, and
indeed a gentleman who was in the pavilion with me at the time
could not be persuaded to the contrary. The animal however
scarcely remained a second at this extremity, but shot back to the
one it had formerly occupied; and during the time I watched it I
never saw it remain permanently at it, or rather I should say for a
longer period than a second, or second and half at furthest. The
maxillz resemble those of Scolopendra, but are very minute, and I
believe the smaller palpi arise from them or a very closely adjoining
part, but vision is so indistinct in so small an object as to make me
hesitate in affirming this. The circulation of the blood was di-
stinctly visible in the antennz, and the globules, unlike those I had
hitherto examined, were rotund and of comparatively large dimen-
sions. From the upper part of the heada spine, with avery dilated
base, extends forwards to between the roots of the superior antenne.
The eyes were black, with a pale encircling ring. The head brown,
dotted with white, especially behind; and the antenne pale, annu-
lated imperfectly with reddish brown.
some undescribed exotic Crustacea. 191
Fig. 5. a, The tube, of its natural size.
b, The animal out of its tube. =
c, The animal as it appears in its tube.
d, The head seen above, showing the palpi.
e, The superior antenne. >
e’, The tip of the same antenne.
Jf, The inferior antenne.
f’, The tip of the inferior antennz on the same scale.
g, The palpus standing obliquely upwards.
h, The (maxillary ?) palpus which is attached to the parts of the mouth.
i, The first pair of legs.
j, The two ultimate joints with the claw of the second pair of legs.
k, The supplemental legs arising from the joints immediately preceding
the tail.
CapreLLa (Lam.) scaura. Plate XX. fig. 6.
Pale brown. Body linear. Superior antenne twice as long as
the inferior : the 1st joint thick, contracting a little towards its apex ;
2nd elongate, obpyriform ; 3rd very slender and waved ; 4th equally
long, with minute spines arising from teeth or elevations on the in-
ferior surface, beyond its middle subarticulated. Inferior antennz
with the first 2 joints minute; 3rd elongate, and similar in form to
the 2nd of the upper antennz ; 4th of about the same length, waved,
and, as well as the last, with a double series of hairs arising from
the inferior edge, and increasing in length as they approach the
apex of the joint; 5th not so long, tapering, spiny, and articulate.
Eyes sessile, compound, in an irregular arch behind the root of the
inferior antenne. Head rotund, with an occipital spine, and a pair
of feet, 5-jointed, attached behind: a triarticulate claw-bearing pal-
pus projects in front. The joint of the body which supports the
head is long, cylindrical in the middie, but swollen out at the extre-
mities. The second joint of the body is much the longest, tumid
posteriorly, and giving attachment at the thickest part to a very elon-
gate slender pair of legs. The Ist joint very long and waved, 2nd
and 8rd minute ; 4th dilated, especially in the middle, hairy, with two
toothlike processes inferiorly and a large dentate claw articulated to
its apex. The two next joints of the body are shorter and rather
thicker than the anterior, and have attached, a little beyond their
middle, at a part which juts out, two vesicular appendages, which are
narrow, ovate, and scarcely so long as the joint from which they ori-
ginate. The three last joints give attachment posteriorly to three
pairs of legs, successively longer, monodactyle and hairy ; the Ist leg
has five joints, the 2nd six, and the last four. Two small spines
arise from near the base of the ultimate joint in each leg.
From the tip of the antennz to the claw of the hind leg measures
192 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
about one inch. The animal is very slow and deliberate in its mo-
tions. It was found among marine plants at Riviere Noir, Mau-
ritius.
Fig. 6. a. The animal magnified.
5, The anterior part of the head, showing the anterior pair of legs and
the palpus.
e, Extremity of superior antenna.
CapreLia (Lam.) noposa. Plate XXI. fig. 7.
Pale brown, with a darker longitudinal line marking the position
of the intestinal canal. Head very short, the separation from the
Ist joint being only distinguishable by a minute dark dorsal line ;
the eyes black and smooth, not apparently compound : superiorly the
head is furnished with a small blunt spine curved forwards. Supe-
rior antennz longest: Ist and 2nd joints robust, elongate, and al-
most ever porrect, the greatest amount of motion taking place at
the articulation between the 2nd and 3rd joints; the 8rd is shorter,
somewhat obconic, and supports the remaining joint, which is taper-
ing, multiarticulate, the subdivisions being nearly of equal lengths,
and furnished with a few short, often articulated, blunt spines to-
wards their distal extremities. The three first joints have similar
processes, but they are not confined to this latter position. The infe-
rior antenna is in length about one third less; in other respects it
bears a considerable degree of similarity to that just described. As
far as I could observe, the animal has a double set of palpi, but pro-
jecting so little beyond the buccal plates as to be scarcely distin-
guishable ; the hook and one joint of the inferior was alone porrected
sufficiently to be sketched. The 1st joint of the body is short, per-
forming the office of a neck, and has arising from the head imme-
diately in front of it a small leg, precisely similar to that attached to
the anterior part of the succeeding joint, and of which a more mag-
nified sketch is given. The 2nd joint of the body is longer than the
head and Ist joint taken together, but both are so extremely short
as to distinguish this from all other authenticated species. In some
specimens this joint and some of the others have two or three small
processes in groups, moveable and occasionally articulated, project-
ing trom the back. The 3rd and 4th joints of the body are rather
elongate, and each has a flat pyriform vesicular appendage articulated
to it, within whose edge is distinctly to be seen a large vessel carry-
ing blood ; the globules are oval, and easily to be distinguished pass-
ing across the appendages in wavy lines with irregular velocity,
pausing sometimes as if stagnated, and again urged forwards until
they mingle in the stream, returning along the posterior edge of the
some undescribed exotic Crustacea. 193
appendage. Leach and Desmarest consider these as rudimentary
feet, while Latreille looks upon them as branchie. ‘There seem no
lamine or offsets from them passing into the water, and in delicacy
or transparency they are not in the least different from the legs or an-
tenne, so that I am inclined to concur in the correctness of the former
of these opinions. In the females, between the pairs of appendages,
and extending from the anterior inferior extremity of the third seg-
ment of the body to the posterior part of the fourth, is to be found
a complicated apparatus, which Bose calls “ un ovaire trés volumi-
neux lorsque la fécondation est opérée.” Its essential parts consist
of three mobile plates ; one placed anteriorly, and arising by an ar-
ticulation from the anterior inferior part of the 3rd joint, is most ex-
ternal, and permits the posterior edge of the second plate to project
a little from beneath it. The lateral edges of this plate are mem-
branous, and continued into the exterior covering of the sides of the
3rd and 4th joints, or into little lateral plates occupying the same
position, so that a free motion is allowed on the anterior extremity
as a centre, towards the belly of the animal, and producing a sliding
motion over the other two plates. The second plate is narrower,
lies beneath the first, and covers the apical half of the third or pos-
terior plate. The third has similar attachments to that first de-
scribed from the posterior part of the fourth joint, but has its lateral
or superior edge, unlike it, irregularly waved, and extended as far
forwards as the vesicular appendage to the 3rd joint. These plates
are continually in motion, moving like a hinge on their basal extremi-
ties, and sliding over each other against the contiguous plate, as the
free edges were made to approximate or recede from the belly of the
animal. I succeeded in abstracting a number of young from the
cavity, which is perhaps capable of holding a dozen or fifteen. They
were not inclosed in a shell, being probably beyond the period re-
quired for their sojourn in the egg. They were however rolled up
in a little oval ball, the legs and antenne being all turned in. The
fleshy opake part of their body was at a tolerable distance within
the hyaline membrane forming the exterior covering of the body,
especially in the legs and antenne, where it appeared occupying the
centre of the joints like a little heap of dark globules. The joints
were proportionably shorter and thicker, but equally numerous as in
the adult state. At this period respiration was going on, for I saw
the plates forming the ovary in continual motion, the water gliding
in and out as the plates were moved with the sliding motion over
each other. The edges of the plates are fimbriated to prevent the
escape of the minute ova, and at the same time to admit of free pas-
sage to the water; and the blood was distinctly seen penetrating
194 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
through vessels; which traverse the plates principally ina longitudi-
nal direction. Of the remaining segments of the body the fifth was
by far the largest and had several clusters of the little processes no-
ticed above ; and to its distal extremity was attached a leg com-
posed of five hairy joints, the last having astrong hooked claw. The
next segment was smaller, but with a much larger leg, and the last
smallest of all, and with by far the largest pair of legs, and a little
subtriangular process placed between and above their attachment.
This species of Caprella is found in considerable numbers among
the marine plants at Mauritius; it is about 4th of an inch long, and
moves with considerable velocity through the water. It is not vo-
racious, never follows any of the smaller Crustacea to seize on them,
but contentedly devours the very minute ones which chance throws
in its way. The specimens vary a little in the appearance of the
joints.
Fig. 7. a, Animal magnified.
b, Part of the second and remaining joints of the superior antenne:.
c, Last joint of the inferior antenne.
d, Second leg.
e, Second joint of that leg seen obliquely.
f, Ovary. f 1, Anterior part of the third joint. (2, Fourth joint. The
arrow shows the direction of the current of blood.
g, The young; the joints equally numerous as in the adult, but propor-
tionally shorter and thicker.
h, The fimbriated margin of one of the plates seen from below.
SAPPHIRINA (Thompson) ruutGens. Plate XXI. fig. 8.
(Syn. Oniscus fulgens, Tilesius, Neue Ann. Wetterausch. i. p. 10.
pl. 213. fig. 24. Sapphirina Indicator, Thomps. Zool. Researches,
pl. 8. fig. 2.)
Minute, hyaline, but usually returning a most beautiful ultra-
marine blue tint, or transmitting the supplementary colour ; ovate.
Head large ; eyes two, central, brick-coloured, with a darker middle;
antenne two, spiny, triarticulate (?), small, the last joint alone pro-
jecting beyond the head. Body composed of eight segments, the
most anterior as broad as the head, from thence gradually diminishing
in extent as they approach the posterior extremity of the animal ;
last ring arched, furnished with a small hairy scale or appendix on
each side ; fin-legs numerous.
This little animal moves very slowly through the water, having to
depend entirely on the fin-legs for its progress ; but the brilliancy of
its tints makes it an object of great attraction, and leads the observer
to suppose its size much greater than it really is; at a depth of five
or six feet it seems as large as a shilling, and still larger at night,
some undescribed exotic Crustacea. 195
when it becomes luminous. It was found in great numbers in calm
weather off the southern peninsula of Africa.
Fig. 8. a, The animal magnified.
Caxanus (Leach) Arietis. Plate XXI. fig. 9.
Pearly blue, purplish interiorly. Elongate-ovate, narrowed slightly
anteriorly. Head small, quadrate, seemingly formed of a central
part containing a deeply immersed rufous eye, and two lateral parts
forming the roots of two extremely large antennz. Antennze curved,
multiarticulate, spiny, the penultimate and preceding joint being
furnished with two rather long spine-like processes directed back-
wards, and carrying numerous acute ciliz, which, as in Beroe and
Cestus, are perpetually in motion, throwing out iridescent tints.
Behind the head the body is irregularly tumid, and gives origin be-
neath to three pairs of robust, somewhat clavate legs, carrying nu-
merous long waved spines or hairs. The fin-legs could not be ob-
served, from the minuteness of the animal rendering vision obscure ;
they seemed however pretty numerous. The last segment of the
body was concave posteriorly, and supported the tail, which was
about half the length of the body, and dilated posteriorly, the seg-
ments having on each side an obtuse process descending and covering
the articulation with the next segment laterally. The last joint had
on each side a quadrangular appendage, with long curved spines,
and internally a valvular part was observed to expand and contract
with extreme regularity, like the dorsal vessel of some insects.
This minute species, which unquestionably belongs to the genus
Calanus of Leach, was detected in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
The cilia at the extremities of the antennz are extremely curious,
and I believe not to be found in other species of the same genus ; but
I have not lately had an opportunity of examining G. longicornis,
from which this differs in many other respects.
Fig. 9. a, Calanus Arietis, magnified.
b, Portion of one of the ciliated spines.
ec, The form of the posterior edge of the caudal segments.
d, The anterior leg, in one specimen.
Cycrors? (Muller) taticaupa. Plate XXI. fig. 10.
Hyaline; the eyes, which are separate, and minute dots along the
dorsal plates rufous. Head very large. Antenne very short and
spiny, three irregular joints only, projecting beyond the head ; first
segment of the body as broad as the head, rest diminishing in width,
last angulate posteriorly ; first and second caudal segments smaller
than the third, which is nearly semicircular in outline ; three poste-
196 Mr. R. Templeton’s Descriptions of
rior similar in form, but of smaller, size; the ultimate with two rather
large spined appendages. The first segment with a curved process,
terminated by two spines or hairs on each side, (Male generative
organs ?)
In considerable numbers off the Cape, June, 1835. No variety in
form or appearance.
Fig. 10 a, Animal magnified.
b, Right antenna.
Cycrors (Mull.) opesicornis. Plate XXI. fig. 11.
Ovate, somewhat variable in colour, but usually dark green with
reddish streaks. Eye red, single, deeply immersed ; antennz very
large, geniculate, multiarticulate, the basal articulations not clearly
defined, an irregular transverse line alone marking their position ;
spiny, one very remarkable in every specimen curving forwards from
the angle : palpi (?) slender and very hairy. Tail tapering, bifurcate,
and terminated by a number of spines, of which two are rather con-
spicuous from their length.
The antenne of this species are usually dark reddish, in paler, spe-
cimens they assume a pale pink, but differ in none in the slightest
degree in form. They are found in considerable numbers in a little
rivulet which crosses a part of M. Genéve’s property at Riviére Noir,
Isle of France.
Fig. 11, a, C. obesicornis magnified.
b, The left antenna.
Cyctors (Mull.) toneisrina. Plate XXI. fig. 12.
Ovate, hyaline or slightly pinkish. Exceedingly minute. Eye
pink, diffused, deeply immersed. Antenne moderate in length,
rather robust, armed with a tooth-like process arising from the second
joint, and with a spine partially concealed by it. Tail not dilated,
with a few long spines proceeding from the bifurcate apex, one ex-
tremely long, and repeatedly jointed from about its middle. The
palpus robust, tapering, composed of three subequal basal joints, and
a longer and more slender apical one furnished with three diverging
hairs.
This beautiful little animal was exceedingly common in the water
in which the last was detected ; its size, the process of the antenne,
and the long spines of the tail sufficiently distinguish it from every
hitherto described species.
Fig. 12, a, C. longispina, magnified.
b, Right antenna.
ce, Right palpus.
d, Left division of the tail.
some undescribed exotic Crustacea. 197
Cyctors (Miller) stmiuis. Plate XXI. fig. 18.
C. captivus? Miil.
Blueish or brownish. Eyes anda dash on each side of the head and
first annulus of the body red. Body ovate, a circular scale termi-
nating it posteriorly, and from whence arises a diminutive tail, as in
the other species, spiny. ‘The eyes are double, each kidney-shaped,
the facets looking outwards and a little forwards. Antenne about
half the length of the body, many-jointed, with hairs or spines, espe-
cially towards the tip, those passing backwards being the longest.
The palpus was waved, the penultimate jot minute, the rest elon-
gate, and the tip terminated by a set (5) of bi- or tri-articulated hairs,
eurved and moveable on the palpus, their appearance leaving me still
in doubt whether they should not be accounted claws. I believe the
animal used them as organs of prehension, from the mode in which
they were moved about. The outer edge of the last joint of the legs
is dentate, the teeth blunt.
This species approaches so nearly to the description and figure of
C. captivus of Miiller, that singular as would appear the extensive
range of the animal through the ocean, I hesitate considerably in re-
fusing to refer it to his synonymy. One of the females had a little
cluster of eggs, each hyaline with a pink centre, beneath the tail ;
they were about forty in number. The animal was found among
marine plants at Mauritius.
Fig. 13, a, Magnified figure.
b, Left antenna.
, Right palpus.
, Tip of the palpus.
e, The eyes.
Cypris (Miill.) aristata. Plate XXII. fig. 14.
Green, elongate, dorsum arched, beneath slightly concave, poste-
rior extremity protuberant, anteriorly furnished with minute spines.
Antennz 5-jointed, long bristles arising trom the 3 terminal joints.
Posterior pair of legs furnished with a long claw directed forwards,
anterior pair with four claws, one being toothed and attached to a
minute joint which terminates the leg.
In fresh water among Chare and Conferve, Mauritius.
S
a
Fig. 14, a, C. aristata, magnified.
b, View from above.
c, Enlarged view of the spines anteriorly.
d, Left antenna.
e, Last joint of hind leg, with the claw.
f Fore leg.
g, Tip, showing the minute joint and the toothed claw.
VOL. I. PART III. Q
198 - Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Hubits
Cyrpris (Miill.) mucronata. Plate XXII. fig. 15.
Ovate, green, one variety eruginous, scaly posteriorly with a mi-
nute aculeus curving upwards. Anterior legs with three subequal
claws; posterior with short not much curved claws. Motion very
slow.
This minute species was found with the last.
Fig. 15, a, C. mucronata, magnified.
b, The aculeus.
c, One of the claws on the hinder legs-
XLII. Notes upon the Habits of various British Insects.
By J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S., &c.
[Read August 3, 1835. ]
Tue science which the entomologist cultivates may justly be deemed
one of the most interesting of pursuits, constantly affording, as it
does, fresh matter for gratification; for it fortunately happens that
should he be unsuccessful during his rambles in the capture of objects
of rarity, he has at command the means of endless observation upon
the habits of those which do fallin his way, and which, from the com-
paratively little hitherto recorded, will delight him if new, and will
not tire him, if even already noticed.
In some of my recent excursions, when tired with my walk and
** heated in the chase,” I have seated myself on some soft turfy spot
near the residence of some of the sand-wasps, and have amused my-
self with watching their various employments.
Ammophila hirsuta first attracted my attention. The specimen was
a female engaged in constructing her nest ; she was very busily em-
ployed scratching in the sand with her fore legs, and soon formed a
hole about a third of an inch deep. Whilst thus engaged I placed
myself as near to her as possible; on withdrawing her head she
discovered my proximity to her, when creeping upon a little stone
close by, she reconnoitred and then flew away. I lost sight of her
for some time, but on proceeding to the next sand-bank I found her
flymg about, and as she soon quitted this spot I fancied she might
have returned to her old quarters, which I found to be the case on
my returning there. In this manner we continued to play at hide-
and-seek with each other for several times, until I fairly drove her
of various British Insects. 199
away by striking too hard at her with my net. This was at the be-
ginning of June, when scarcely any specimens of this species were
to be observed. More recently, however, towards the end of the
same month, the insect became much more numerous, and one
whose entire proceedings I observed was much more bold than the
former. This one commenced digging a burrow, but being dis-
turbed by me, she quitted it and proceeded to commence a fresh one
close to the former; when she had proceeded about the depth of her
head I observed that her jaws constituted her chief tools ; with these
she brought up particles of sand and bits of stone, creeping backwards
to the mouth of the cell; when a little mound of sand had been ac-
cumulated she set about brushing it further from the orifice by means
of her fore legs, and it was droll to see the celerity with which these
limbs were moved, and the shortness of time required to remove the
sand, which was thrown with force beyond the body of the insect, the
head of which was kept near to the opening of the burrew. In this
manner she proceeded to a depth greater than the length of her own
body, so that she was entirely hidden from view for several moments
at a time, re-appearing, backwards as usual, with her mouth laden
with sand and stones. During the periods whilst thus hidden in the
burrow I amused myself with pushing bits of stone larger than usual
to the mouth of the hole in order to see her manceuvres in removing
them; this she entirely effected by the assistance of her jaws, the
legs not being employed in the task, even in cases where I placed
pieces of stone much larger than her own body, which she removed
in this manner. The largest of the three bits of stone which I now
exhibit was even dragged to a short distance. During these operations
aconsiderable buzzing noise was occasionally made. Notwithstanding
these interruptions she proceeded in her work, and at length flew off.
Thinking she had been frightened away I left the spot, but shortly
returning, I observed her at about a yard distance from her bur-
row engaged in dragging along a large, smooth, green caterpillar,
found, I think, upon the broom, and being that of one of the Noctuide ;
and I noticed that it was only by the assistance of her jaws and fore
legs that she had secured her prey, the latter, which served her as
arms, being clasped round the body of the caterpillar, and the four
hind legs used in walking. When about half a yard distance from
her burrows she set down her prey and flew off towards the nest to
see that all was right, and returning again, seized the inactive cater-
pillar as before, and ascended the bank in a more direct and easy
way than she had previously gone. On arriving at the mouth of the
cell she again laid down her prey and crept into the hole, but instantly
reappeared head foremost, seized the head of the caterpillar with her
Q2
200 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Hahits
jaws and dragged it down. As these proceedings did not oceupy more
than a quarter of an hour, I feel inclined to think that as there was
not sufficient time to dig a deep burrow, the cell thus made was in-
tended only for the reception of a single larva, and that, as the sand was
very loose, and so little time occupied in the operation, a fresh nest
is made for each larva. Lastly, I attribute the boldness of this spe-
cimen to the circumstance of her being further advanced in pregnancy
than the former one was, which rendered her more urgent in com-
pleting her nest.
Another common species belonging to the same genus, Amm. vul-
garis, was flying about the same situation; its attitudes when in
flight are very droll, the abdomen being held out at an angle with
the rest of the body. In walking I observe that the hind pair of
legs are almost useless, being dragged along behind the others, and
nearly motionless. This species differs from the former in the mode
of digging its burrow. It, indeed, uses its jaws, like the A. hirsuta,
in burrowing, but when they are loaded, it ascends backwards to
the mouth of the burrow, turns quickly round, flies to about a foot’s
distance, gives a sudden turn, throwing the sand in a complete
shower to about six inches’ distance, and again alights at the mouth
of the burrow.
The motions of Oxybelus uniglumis in constructing its burrow are
still more droll. This is a bustling little creature, which seems to
have much difficulty in finding an agreeable situation for its hole.
I have seen it commence several within a very small space, and leave
them after all. As soon as it has settled on the bank it raises itself
almost into an upright position by elevating the hind part of the
body and extending its four posterior legs, and immediately com-
mences with amazing rapidity the digging of its hole, its two fore
legs being moved alternately, and with such quickness that it is
difficult to perceive them; by this means it very soon digs a hole
more than sufficient to coyer itself. Mr. Shuckard tells me that
it carries its prey by means of its hind legs.
Osmia bicornis, one of the mason-bees which I have observed bur-
rowing in sand-banks, the mortar in old walls, and in rotten wood,
flies off with the particles of sand or other materials dug up in form-
ing her cell to a much greater distance, I think about three yards,
returning in a direct line to the mouth of the burrow.
To what is this variation attributable? If it were for the mere
purpose of preventing these particles of sand, &c., from accumulating
at the mouth of the burrow, one plan of operation would be suffi-
cient; but in some of the Odyneri observed by myself on Barnes
Common, and in Epipone spinipes as Mr. Shuckard informs me, so
of various British Insects. 201
far is this from being the case that we find them actually forming
these particles into a funnel at the mouth of the cell, whilst in Odyn.
Antilope, as described by me in the preceding Part of our Transac-
tions, this is not the case.
Trochilium crabroniforme. ‘This rare Lepidopterous insect has not,
I believe, been found nearer London than Darenth Wood, where it
is recorded by Mr. Stephens to have been seen flying heavily along
in some profusion. Mr. Haworth gives the middle of July as the
time for its appearance in the winged state, and Mr. Stephens says the
beginning of the month. It has however been discovered by Mr.
Stevens, junior, of King Street, Covent Garden, in the osier-beds on
the Surrey side of the Hammersmith suspension bridge, in the last
week of June, and that gentleman having kindly pointed out the spot
to me, I have had the gratification of capturing the insect. The
osiers are cut annually, and the stumps not above a foot high, so that
when the young shoots grow up the bottom of the tree is completely
hidden. It is therefore not upon the trunks of the trees, as is the case
with the other species of this genus, (Troch. bembeciforme, which is
found on the trunks of the aspen trees in Epping Forest,) but upon
the leaves of the young shoots about breast-high, that the specimens
which I have captured were seen. Here they sit sunning themselves,
the abdomen occasionally being raised and depressed; on the least
approach of danger however they fall to the ground, and are easily
lost in the long grass. My specimens are males; perhaps the other
sex is different in its habits.
Fenus jaculator. ‘This curious insect is to be observed in hot
sunny weather flying about an old wall at the Kingston end of
Wimbledon Common, in which Osmia bicornis breeds. I have met
with them in this locality (first pointed out to me by Mr. Shuckard)
for the three weeks preceding the July meeting of this Society.
Their appearance on the wing is very remarkable ; the abdomen is
stretched out at full length and slightly elevated, and the hind legs
are also carried at full length, and close together, the white tip of the
ovipositor rendering it the more conspicuous. It flies but slowly,
and Saint Fargeau states that it deposits its eggs in the larve of
Hymenoptera which live in the ground in closed cells. In this in-
stance I should rather consider that the eggs are deposited, like those
of the cuckoo bees, in the nests of the Osmia whilst they are in pro-
gress of formation, rather than in the nest after it is completed.
Tipula longicornis, Curtis. I captured numerous specimens of this
new and very striking species of Tipula during the first half of the
month of June, in the low and damp part of Coombe Wood. Some
of them were flying about the trunk of an oak tree, and I observed
202 Mr. J.O. Westwood on the Habits
that they alternately rose and fell in the same manner as the Mphe-
mere. ‘They rested on the neighbouring bushes, but again renewed
these motions upon being disturbed.
Tipula gigantea. In walking home from Coombe at dusk one
evening I heard a considerable rustling of insects’ wings, like those
of a Libellula when flying amongst twigs, and immediately per-
ceived two specimens of this insect flying across my path. Suppos-
ing them to be engaged in amatory dalliance, I seized them, and was
surprised to find that they were two individuals of the male sex. In
like manner I captured two male specimens of a smaller species, al-
lied to T. oleracea, in the evening flying together above my head and
fighting, apparently with great violence. And this reminds me that
some years ago I found two male specimens of Trichiosoma lucorum
rolling about on the ground, having seized each other with their
large and powerful jaws. Deadly battles between rival queen bees
have been recorded, but I am not aware that any of these encounters
between individuals of the opposite sex, incited as we may, perhaps
justly, suppose by jealousy, have been recorded.
Sapyga punctata. Myr. Shuckard, in his interesting memoir upon
the fossorial Hymenoptera, published in the First Part of the Transac-
tions of this Society, has founded some of his arguments upon the
assertion of St. Fargeau, that he had captured this insect in the act
of carrying off its prey, adding, however, ina note, that Mr. Bakewell
had seen it thrusting its abdomen into the nests of Osmia cerulescens.
I have lately met with numerous specimens of the female of this in-
sect flying about walls exposed to the sun, and prying into the dif-
ferent holes, generally in the same manner as the Chrysides do; but
I have never yet seen them engaged in forming a burrow, and in-
deed, from their motions, I am quite inclined to believe the assertion
of Mr. Bakewell rather than that of M. Saint Fargeau, and to con-
sider these insects as parasites, an opinion supported by the simple
construction of the legs.
Methoca ichneumonides. 1 have captured this insect at Blackgang
Chine in the Isle of Wight, in the month of August, and at Low-
Cross Wood, between Dulwich and Sydenham. In both localities I
have found it in hot sandy spots exposed to the noonday sun, where
little clumps of short grass were to be observed. The insect is ex-
ceedingly wary, and endeavours, on being disturbed, to retreat
amongst the roots of this grass.
Miscophus bicolor. On the 16th July, 1825, I captured the only
two specimens recorded as British up to the present time, flying over
hot sunny sand-banks at Coombe Wood. Since that period I have
frequently, but in vain, sought for the insect in the same locality,
of various British Insects. 203
but during the present fine season I have been more successful. In
the beginning of the month of July I noticed a small sand-wasp bur-
rowing in one of the banks in the same place, which, although I was
unable to secure it, had so much the appearance of the insect in
question, that I was induced to repeat my visit to the spot, and at
length, after several journeys, I had the pleasure to see three speci-
mens flying over another of the banks. One of these at length set-
tled, and I perceived it at its work of burrowing in the same manner
as I have above described in the account of Ammophila hirsuta. So
intent was the insect that I secured this specimen with my fingers.
Immediately afterwards another settled precisely on the same spot
as the former, which I also secured, asI did also the third, which
in like manner flew to the same spot. Now, on examining the fore
legs of the female of this rare species, the tarsi are not strongly spined
at the sides, and the tibie scarcely exhibit any ciliz at all. And yet
this insect is a true sand-burrower.
Cerceris leta. This beautiful insect abounds on the northern ex-
tremity of the Vale of Health on Hampstead Heath. Here on the
24th July I observed numerous specimens of both sexes flying over
the flat ridges of the sand-banks, in which were many of their bur-
rows. It was not long before I perceived one of the females laden with
her prey, which consists of Strophosomus —— ? (one of the Curculi-
onide). Having captured this specimen in my net, I perceived that
when walking up its sides she made use of all her legs, holding the
snout of the weevil with her jaws alone. I endeavoured subse-
quently to ascertain the mode of the employment of the legs when
on the wing, in order to ascertain the use of the spines upon the hind
iegs, respecting which, it will be seen on referring to Mr. Shuckard’s
memoir on the indigenous fossorial Hymenoptera, published in the
first number of the Transactions of this Society, that some uncer-
tainty exists. This, although difficult, I was enabled satisfactorily to
ascertain by a little manceuvre. The females, on arriving with their
prey, descend with it suddenly into the burrow, giving no oppor-
tunity of observing this; I therefore closed the mouth of one of the
cells towards which one of the laden females was descending, so
that when she approached she was unable to find her burrow, and
kept flying very slowly about the spot, enabling me to perceive that
the four fore legs are occupied in supporting the prey, the hind legs
alone being extended. ‘The males were less numerous than the fe-
males, but they kept hovering about the mouth of the burrows, fly-
ing upon the females when they approached to their work.
Crapro (Corynopus) tibialis. I observed this rare species of Cra-
bro, whilst in company with the Rey. F. W. Hope, flying over the
204: Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Habits
laurels in the grounds at Netley in Shropshire, one of the seats of
this gentleman’s family ; but the cause of my mentioning its capture
at the present time is to notice the curious statement of MM. Saint
Fargeau and Brullé, contained in their monograph upon this genus
in the third volume of the ‘ Annales de la Société Entomologique de
France,’ p. 963, that (contrary to the universally received opinion of
entomologists, that the antenne of all male aculeate Hymenoptera,
except Ceramius and Masaris, have 13 joints,) some species of Crabro
form exceptions to this rule, the males having only 12 joints, whilst
the abdomen has the ordinary number of joints of the male. Amongst
the insects stated to be thus organized is the Crabro tibialis, Pz. F.G.
83.14, forming the genus Corynopus of this monograph, and of which
the antenne of the males are described thus, ‘‘ Presque filiformes, de
douze articles apparens, le quatrieme fortement échancré en dessous,”
p- 803. Notwithstanding this description, with the assistance of a
lens of very moderate power, thirteen distinct joints are to be per-
ceived, as represented in Plate XXII., fig. B.; according to which
figure it will be seen, from the description given by the French au-
thors of the fourth joint being notched, that they must have overlooked
the true third joint, as it is the fifth which is most strongly notched ;
the third is indeed small, but forms a very distinct cup, receiving the
base of the fourth joint.
Another peculiarity exhibited by this insect exists in the curious
structure of the basal joint of the anterior tarsi in the males, which
is longer than all the remainder of the tarsal jomts, united and
furnished with a broad wing-like membrane of a thin consistence,
quite unlike the dilatation observed in the males of some of the
species of the genus Crabro. In their description of this insect
MM. St. Fargeau and Brullé have not mentioned the construction of
the male tarsi, but in their synoptical table of characters distinguish-
ing the males of the group Crabronites, they incorrectly state that the
anterior tarsi are simple.
This insect is placed in the English catalogues under the genus
Rhopalum of Kirby, of which no description having been yet pub-
lished, the name must sink into a synonym of Physoscelus employed
by MM. Saint Fargeau and Brullé for the Crabro rufiventris of
Panzer; but the differences between Physoscelus and Corynopus ex-
clusive of the incorrect description of the antennz noticed above,
consist merely in a slight variation of the form of the extremity of
the abdomen.
Trypoxylon figulus. 'VYhe name of this genus was proposed by
Latreille, in allusion to the supposed wood-boring habits of the in-
sects of which it is composed. Of these habits the first indication
of various British Insects. 205
was given by Linnzus, who says of his Spher figulus, upon the au-
thority of Bergman, ‘‘ Habitat Upsaliz in parietum ligneorum fora-
minibus ab aliorum insectorum larvis factis relictisque qu primo
purgat circumroditque, deinde fundum argilla obducit, cui araneam
imponit, eique ovulum concredit quo facto nidum argilla claudit.
Larva apoda pallida larvisque apum similis, consumta aranea, mem-
branam luteo fuscam et teneree pup aptissimam net. Una mater
perplurimos nidos construit et plerumque non ultra biduum in quovis
adornando consumit: ale abdomine breviores, abdomen petiolatum
atrum, marginibus segmentorum lucidis, si quis eos a capite oblique
intereatur*.”
M. de Saint Fargeau however, finding that the legs of the female
are not provided with ciliz, and consequently, according to his theory,
unfitted for the formation of a nest or the obtaining of a supply of
food, has considered the statement of Linneus, which has been
adopted by subsequent authors, as erroneous, and as rather appli-
cable to certain species of Pompili, especially Pompilus petiolatus,
Vander Linden, which indeed the French authors regard as agreeing
with the figulus of Linneus both in characters and habitst.
Mr. Shuckard also, in the First Part of the Transactions of this
Society {, has considered Tryporylon to be parasitic; ‘“‘as it isa
very common insect constant opportunities occur for detecting it
with its prey were it predatory.” When the preceding observations
were read by me before the Society I adopted the opinion of Saint
Fargeau, having repeatedly watched the Tryporylon, and observed it
entering successively into the burrows of other insects upon a sand-
bank, in the same manner as other parasitic species, having also cap-
tured Pompilus petiolatus, with its prey, consisting of a large spider §,
and no instance being yet recorded of a fossorial species not con-
structing its own burrow, but making use of the habitation of other
insects.
Since these observations were read, Mr. Shuckard has informed
me that he has captured Tryporylon carrying its prey, consisting of
a spider ; and within the last few days I have been yet more fortunate
in watching the ceconomy of this insect, and thereby ascertaining
the complete correctness of the Linnzean account. On the 9th July,
1836, I discovered a large female Tr. figulus sitting on a leaf hold-
ing a spider with her jaws and fore legs, and with which she flew
off. I watched her flight, and she appeared to enter the open
hall-door of my residence, but the laurels which grow near it pre-
* Syst. Nat. ii. 943. + Encycl. Méthod. vol. x. p. 750. Hine Hs
§ I have published an account of the habits of this insect in the ‘ Annales de la
Societé Entomologique de France,’ for the present year.
206 Mr. J. O. Westwood on the Habits
vented me from seeing where she deposited her load. A few hours
afterwards however, whilst standing at the door (in the side posts of
which various fossorial Hymenoptera had taken up their abode), I
heard a scratching noise in one of the open burrows, and immediately
afterwards the Tryporylon made her appearance at the mouth of the
hole and flew off. I then stopped up the hole with a small pebble,
and the next day I ascertained that I had been assisting the insect
in so doing, as I saw her busily occupied in fetching small loads of
moistened sand with which she was plastering up the little crevices
which still remained.
Two days afterwards I observed another burrow, which I had not
noticed before, filled with newly made powdered wood, and the Try-
poxylon was now busily occupied in making a cell at the bottom of
the hole with moistened sand. ‘That the burrow was newly formed
was evident from the quantity of fresh-powdered wood with which
it was filled, and that the Trypoxylon was the architect I infer from
there being no other fossorial species then at work in the perfect
state in the door-post.
The spider which Trypoxylon selects appears to be the young of
Epeira diadema, which is now of small size, and of a greenish colour,
and which suspends its geometric web amongst the branches of
shrubs. The prey of Pompilus petiolatus is a much larger silky species
of Lycosa. As regards the doubts of M. de Saint Fargeau relative to
the specific identity of Tryporylon figulus with the Sphex figulus of
Linnzeus, it is quite evident from the shortness of the wings, and the
lucid margins of the abdominal segments of the Linnzan descrip-
tion, that it, and not Pompilus petiolatus, is the msect described by
Linneus. I might have added some observations upon the effect
which the facts thus confirmed will have upon the theory of M. de
Saint Fargeau, but his views have been so much weakened by the
memoir of Mr. Shuckard, as well as by some observations of mine
read before the Entomological Society of France, that further discus-
sion upon the merits of this theory seems uncalled for.
Species of Coccus infesting the Pine-apple-—On examining the
leaves and fruit of the pine-apple exhibited by J. G. Children, Esq.,
at one of the meetings of the Entomological Society in 1835, I
observed two distinct species of Coccideous insects parasitic upon
them, belonging in fact to two different genera, and having very
different modes of transformation and oviposition.
The species which infests the leaves, and which I should imagine
from its smaller size must be the least obnoxious of the two, is more
properly a scale insect, or true Coccus, than the other. The male
larvee when full grown are of an oval and flattened shape. ‘They
of various British Insects. 207
then become stationary, and by degrees an elongated double pellicle,
of a thin texture and white colour, is added to the extremity of the
body in some way or other, I suppose by secretion. This pellicle
becomes a true cocoon for the pupa, which is detached from it
within, just as in the Muscideous pup the skin of the larva becomes
the cocoon, inclosing a distinctly formed incomplete pupa within.
In the specimens which I have examined, the pellicle (with the cast
external skin of the larva attached) alone remained, the pupa and
imago not being perceivable. Hence I have no doubt that the males
had simultaneously arrived at the perfect state previously to the
leaves being plucked, made their escape, impregnated the females,
and died. Here indeed is clearly no continuous production of the indi-
viduals as asserted by Bouché in his account of the Coccus Bromelie ;
I should, on the contrary, say only an annual one. ‘The female larve
when full grown become stationary for the remainder of their exist-
ence, and cover themselves, as I imagine by secretion, with a thin
scale or pellicle of a circular form, much larger than the male pel-
licle ; beneath this pellicle the fleshy-bodied female is easily disco-
vered, but dead, having in most cases several minute eggs or already
hatched young ones beneath her body.
The species which infests the fruit continues active all its life ; at
all events this is the case with the females; the males I have not
discovered ; and at the time when this observation was made the
females might be perceived in the act of depositing their eggs in the
midst of the cottony mass which gives so unsightly an appearance
to the fruit. The form of the body of this female is quite unlike
that of the other species, being provided with numerous lateral rays
and covered with a downy kind of powder. ‘The insects which are
at the crown of the fruit are of a smaller size than those at the bottom,
and not occupied in depositing eggs. Hence we may suppose that
the production is in this species continuous, but in as much as the
body of the females and young is never covered with the scale-like
secretion observable in the others, the application of remedies will
be less difficult and more sure of success than in the latter; indeed
it seems evident that the most effectual period for attacking the pine-
leaf Coccus must be that when the young and tender larvee are first
bursting forth from beneath the scale of the female. M. de Wael
tells me that an infusion of colloquint is very efficient in destroying
these insects applied with a brush or syringe.
208 Mr. W. K. Shuckard’s Description of the
XLUL. 4 Description of the superior Wing of the Hymeno-
ptera, with a view to give a fuller and more certain De-
velopment to the Alary System of Jurine. By W. E.
SHUCKARD.
[Read March 2, 1835.]
Plate XVIII.
‘Tux anterior or superior wings of the Hymenoptera were first ap-
plied by Jurine the elder of Geneva to their distribution into genera,
from the relative disposal of some of the nervures with which they
are observed to be more or less intersected. He had a strong par-
tiality for this order, and feeling dissatisfied with the characters de-
rived from the mouth made use of by Fabricius, as evidently tending
to mislead,—for they even misled their celebrated author,—and as be-
ing difficult of access, and in unique insects dangerous to investigate,
he was induced to seek for external characters which would prove
more satisfactory in their results and not absolutely demand a skilful
or practised hand in their inspection, a correct eye being all that
was required; and after either a laborious examination, or by a
lucky chance, or possibly led by the hint given by one of his prede-
cessors, Harris or Kirby, who had both however neglected to
elaborate the discovery, he found that the similarity of the neuration
of the superior wings grouped these insects into divisions, the species
whereof, in the majority of instances, agreed in general structure,
habits, and economy. He however limited his use of these nervures
to the longitudinal and transverse ones placed beyond the stigma of
the wing, and forming the radial or marginal, and the cubital or
submarginal cells, with the one or two recurrent nervures springing
from the latter. This system has since been very generally followed,
and almost exclusively used in that division of the aculeate Hymen-
optera which comprises the Fossores, or burrowers, but in the other
divisions it is sometimes of primary, and at others of subsidiary im-
portance.
The appended comparative view of what other writers have done
with respect to the neuration of the wing wili show how far I have
diverged from them, and they from each other. The inconvenience
of some of the systems will be observed from several nervures and
cells having double names, as well as from others being left un-
named, or named collectively, which tends to create both confusion
and doubt.
superior Wing of the Hymenoptera. 209
Several circumstances concurred to lead me to a studiously care-
ful inspection of the neuration of the superior wing throughout
the order; and the result has been the discovery of a nervure
which, by the degree of influence it exercises over several that are
subservient to it, will, I expect, afford important assistance in re-
ducing to order some of the yet comparatively chaotic tribes.
Upon making this discovery my first object was to ascertain the
name of this nervure, for I could not remember that any had been
applied to it; and, as I had surmised, I sought in vain, for no full
and detailed description of the wing has as yet been given ; and I con-
sidered that before I proceeded with the elaboration of my discovery
it would be both useful and desirable to give a full description of the
reticulation of the nervures upon the superficies of the wing, and
to apply individual names to such as had as yet been either neg-
lected, or named in conjunction with others. I have taken the
wing of Gorytes mystaceus as my type, for I consider it the most per-
fect in the order, and of which the rest are only modifications or
aberrations. I candidly admit that I ought to have restricted
myself to merely naming the hitherto anonymous portions, but I
thought that if I did so it might tend possibly to confuse ; I have
therefore preferred incurring your censure by the recapitulation of
what has been already done before me, that 1 might give greater
lucidity and precision to my own views, and in consideration that
a full description of this organ has never yet been given in one
tablet.
The contour of the wing is formed by its anterior, apical, and
posterior margins. ‘The anterior margin is that portion which is
situated anteriorly upon its expansion in flight, extending from its
base to the distinctly visible extremity of the costal nervure, a little
beyond the marginal cell ; at its termination the apical margin com-
mences, and extends to the sinus of the wing, which is the incision
at the apex of the posterior margin, which latter extends from this
sinus back to the base, and it is by this margin that the upper and
under wings are connected in flight, The costal nervure is the first
longitudinal nervure of the wing, and, as we have seen, extends upon
the anterior margin to just beyond the extremity of the marginal
cell. ‘The second longitudinal nervure is the post-costal; this ex-
tends to the stigma, which is that thickened point or spot upon the
wing placed upon its anterior margin at about two thirds of the
distance between its base and extreme apex, and appears to me to
be a dilatation of the costal nervure.
The third longitudinal nervure is the externo-medial, which pro-
ceeds in a direct line nearly parallel with the preceding for a little
210 Mr. W.E. Shuckard’s Description of the
more than half the length of the post-costal, or about one third of the
entire length of the wing, and then leads off at an obtuse angle to
join the post-costal just before its junction with the stigma. The
anal is the fourth longitudinal nervure, which also extends from the
base to the sinus at the apical extremity of its posterior margin: a
transverse nervure unites the externo-medial and anal, and which I
propose calling the transverso-medial. "These nervures, which I con-
sider the primary nervures of the wing, severally inclose what have
hitherto been called collectively the basal or humeral cells, but to
which I purpose applying different names (derived from the nervures
which inclose them), that they may be the more readily distinguished
from each other. ‘The first, or that very narrow one between the
costal and post-costal nervures, is the costal cell; the second is that
placed between the post-costal and externo-medial nervures and
which I call the externo-medial cell: that inclosed between the ex-
terno-medial and anal nervures parallelly, and terminated at its apex
by the transverso-medial, is the znterno-medial cell; and the cell
seated between the anal nervure and the posterior margin of the
wing is the anal cell.
From the interior margin of the stigma arises the radial nervure;
which makes a curve and then joins the costal upon the margin of
the wing: the lanceolate space thus inclosed forms what is called
the radial or marginal cell. The cubital nervure is nearly parallel
with the radial, and originates from the externo-medial near its junc-
tion with the post-costal ; this extends to the apical margin of the
wing just below its extreme apex. The space thus inclosed is divided
by three transverse nervures, which I propose calling the transverso-
cubitals, inclosing as many spaces forming so many cubital or sub-
marginal cells, a fourth being formed in consequence of the cubital
nervure extending to and joing the apical margin. ‘The third
nervure, originating from the primary nervures of the wing, is what I
call the discoidal nervure,—(it is from this that I anticipate the chief
results),—and which, commencing at the transverso-medial, extends
in a direct line to the disc of the wing directly between the stigma
and the sinus, when it makes a sudden curve at a right angle back-
wards and joins the anal nervure close to the sinus. From this dis-
coidal nervure at the centre of its apical return another springs,
forming what I call the subdiscoidal nervure, and which here ex-
tends to the posterior margin of the wing. From the cubital nervure
two others originate ; these are called the recurrent nervures, the
first of which always inosculates at the angle of the discoidal
nervure, and the second just beyond the centre of the subdiscoidal.
By the reticulation of these four nervures several cells are formed
superior Wing of the Hymenoptera. 211
upon the disc of the wing; the first of these, which is inclosed be-
tween the discoidal and anal nervures, I call the first discozdal cell ;
the second is that placed between the externo-medial cubital, first
recurrent, and discoidal nervures ; the third discoidal cell is that in-
closed by the second recurrent, subdiscoidal, discoidal, and first re-
current nervures. The space inclosed between the second recur-
rent, subdiscoidal, and cubital nervures, and the apical margin of
the wing, forms the first apical cell, and there is a second only when
the subdiscoidal nervure extends to the apical margin, by which and
a portion of the discoidal cell it is inclosed.
This completes the description of the nervures and the cells of the
wing. I will add a few observations, premising that I have never
departed from the nomenclature of my predecessors but where, from
the co- and sub-ordination of the nervures and cells it was requisite
to do so to give the description greater precision.
The costal nervure (Latreille, Kirby, St. Fargeau,) is the radius
of Jurine and Gravenhorst. It extends from the base of the wing
generally to the extremity of the radial or marginal cell, and where
this is open or incomplete, as in the females of Tiphia, it still extends
nearly to where it would have been closed by the radial nervure, or
to opposite the termination of the latter, asin Stilbum, Leucospis, &c. ;
but where there is no radial nervure it terminates at the stigma, as
in Meria, and it generally dilates near its termination into a round
opake spot, which is the stigma of the wing, but which is occasion-
ally obsolete. It derives its name from lying parallel when in re-
pose with the sides of the insect.
The post-costal nervure of Latreille and Kirby is the cubitus of
Jurine, and occasionally coalesces with the preceding. ‘These two
nervures inclose my costal cell, which is however wanting when they
unite. In the genus Lyda the interior of this cell is occupied by a
nervure springing from its base and terminating in a fork, the prongs
of which join the limitary neryures; sometimes, as in Lophyrus, a
transverse nervure cuts it asunder.
That the true course of the next nervure, the externo-medial, is
that whichitis described to take in the type,—namely, to run obliquely
up to the post-costal in preference to its apparent course by inoscu-
lating sometimes at its salient angle with the discoidal and transverso-
medial nervures, as in many of the Securifera, the normal and
aberrant Ichneumons among the Pupivora, and several of the Hetero-
gyna and Fossores,—is proved to be correct by the majority of those
tribes, the whole of the Diploptera, and most of the Mellifera, in
which it could not take the other course without an evident distor-
tion, and is confirmed by its separate and distinct existence in
212 Mr. W.E.. Shuckard’s Description of the
Neurospora *. The externo-medial cell inclosed by it is always a
variously modified transverse triangle.
The transverso-medial nervure invariably inosculates at the sa-
lient angle of the externo-medial when the discoidal nervure springs
from the same point or from the transverso-medial: but always
when the discoidal nervure springs from the exterior of the externo-
medial, which it generally distorts, as will be hereafter shown, the
transverso-medial is regular, and generally directly transverse ; this
formation occurs in Larra, Tachytes, Miscophus, Astata, Crabro, &c.
In the Diploptera it is placed much nearer the base of the wing than
in the other tribes. The cell, my interno-medial, to which this
forms the closing apex is crossed transversely, and divided into twa
by a pseudo-nervure in the genus Lyda.
The anal nervure generally joins the posterior margin of the wing
at its apex, where it terminates at the sinus ; but in Sphex and some
other genera its positive junction is obsolete, being merely slightly
traced, and sometimes this union is entirely obliterated, as in Scolia.
The anal cell is occupied in many of the Securifera by either an
undulating nervure as in Cimbex, Pachylosticta, Sirex, Tremex, &c.,
or by merely a transverse one as in Cephus, or by both as in Lyda.
These cells, to which I have given individual names, derived from
their limitary nervures, are what constituted collectively Jurine and
St. Fargeau’s brachial cells, and Gravenhorst’s humerals, and the
basal cells of other writers. The nervures above described, by which
they are inclosed, I consider the primary ones of the wing, as the
existence of the rest is wholly dependent upon them.
The rest comprise the secondary nervures.
The marginal cell is cut transversely, chiefly in the Terebrantia,
by one or two nervures which I call the transverso-radial ; they can
be named only in the order of their succession, their separate and
distinct existence not being dependent upon their position or inos-
culation. We have but one instance of there being two, viz., in the
genus Xyela: when there is but one transverso-radial nervure across
the body of the cell there are two cells, as in many of the Securifere ;
but when this transverse nervure is removed closely to the apex of the
radial cell, the latter is then called appendiculated, whether the por-
tion thus separated be open, as in Astata, or closed, as in Hylotoma,
* This insect, which is unique in my own cabinet and as yet undescribed, is evi-
dently allied to Paxylomma, Breb., the Plancus of Curtis. Their true situation ap-
pears to me to be between the Ophiones and Adsciti, where Pelecinus and Stephanus
ought to come, for Pelecinus has certainly no connexion with the Evaniales, nor are
the latter in their proper place unless the relative situation of the groups which fol-
low be much remodelled.
superior Wing of the Wymenoptera. 213
Larra, Patarus, &c. The cubital nervure originates generally either
towards the extremity of the externo-medial near the stigma, or
from the centre of its bend upwards beyond the salient angle ; but as
a rare exception we find it in Menus springing from the salient angle.
When the first and second transverso-cubital nervures unite, prior to
their junction with the radial nervure, the second submarginal cell
is called petiolated, as in Miscophus, Pison, Nysson, Cerceris, &c. ;
when this happens to the second and third transverso-cubitals, it
is the third submarginal cell which is petiolated, as in Miscus, but
this formation is of very rare occurrence. The most important of
the secondary nervures is what I have called the discoidal nervure,
from the circumstance that no discoidal cell or recurrent nervure can
exist without it; it originates sometimes from the point of union
of the externo-medial and transverso-medial nervures, sometimes
from the externo-medial itself after it has left the transverso-medial,
and sometimes from the latter. It always shows a strong tendency
to draw the nervure with which it inosculates outwards towards the
disc at their point of contact, and it will be found, in conjunction
with the other nervures, to yield very good subsidiary characters :
it always returns upon the anal nervure, which it joins near the
sinus. At its discoidal angle the first recurrent nervure invariably
inosculates ; and from near the centre of its posterior return springs
the subdiscoidal nervure, upon which depends the existence of the
second recurrent.
I have arranged my order of the discoidal cells differently to St.
Fargeau, for I treat them in relation to their consequence; as we
invariably see that where there is no discoidal nervure (which when
it exists always incloses the first discoidal cell,) there is never a re-
eurrent nervure, which always inosculates with it, forming the ex-
terior of the second discoidal cell, and thus consequently subordi-
nate to it; and proceeding upon the same principle we find that the
third discoidal cell never exists but where there is a subdiscoidal
nervure, with which the second recurrent nervure inosculates, form-
ing the exterior boundary of that cell. The second recurrent ner-
vure stands in the same subordination to the subdiscoidal as the first
recurrent does to the discoidal, for it has never a separate existence,
although the subdiscoidal nervure is sometimes found alone. It will
be thus seen that I have not given the discoidal nervure undue im-
portance, as upon its existence hangs that of the first recurrent, sub-
discoidal, and second recurrent nervures, and consequently of all
the discoidal, submarginal, and apical cells. By not taking this
view, which careful investigation proves to be correct, St. Fargeau
has unjustly charged Jurine with having erred in saying that a first
recurrent nervure exists in his genus Anomalon; this is evidently
VOL. I. PART III. R
214 Mr. Shuckard on the superior Wing of Hymenoptera.
the fact, and St. Fargeau himself is distinctly in error, for otherwise
in this genus the cubital nervure would originate from the discoidal,
which can never be the case, as it is proved by analogy invariably
to arise either from the base of the stigma, or just below from the
exterior of the externo-medial nervure, which in that genus, and
indeed throughout the normal Ichneumons, the anterior portion of
the cubital nervure is deficient, thus merging the second discoidal in
the first submarginal cell. This is the case also in the genus Ozy-
belus amongst the Fossores; in Paxylomma, Chelonus, several Mi-
croctoni, and Aphidii, amongst the aberrant Jchneumones ; in Helorus
amongst the Oxyurites ; and by a peculiarity in this genus the above
two cells are not separated from the externo-medial cell, owing to |
the upper half of the externo-medial nervure between its salient
angle and the stigma falling back upon the anastomosis of the re-
current nervure with the salient angle of the discoidal nervure, thus
inclosing a triangular portion of the second discoidal cell. And
that this is correct is evidently proved by the existing remainder of
that first portion of the cubital nervure, found most strongly in the
approximate genus Ophion, as well as in Trogus, Echthrus, Rhyssa,
and the majority of the genus Ichneumon; for there is decidedly no
anomaly of structure in this tribe, but merely the suppression of that
portion of the cubital nervure which would have formed half of the
first cubital cell at the junction of the first recurrent nervure with it.
The discoidal cells I have named in reference to their position and
existence, being influenced by the discoidal nervure, and the apical
cells from their situation upon the apical margin.
The following I consider their relative value in point of organization.
. The primary nervures in their consecutive order.
. The radial or marginal nervure.
The discoidal nervure.
The first recurrent nervure.
. The cubital nervure and its transverso-cubitals.
. The subdiscoidal nervure.
. The second recurrent.
And that this is their true natural gradation I feel fully persuaded,
and willingly invite the fullest, but at the same time candid and un-
prejudiced, investigation. I am fearful that the repetition of terms
(which was important to the full elucidation of my views) may have
proved tedious; I will therefore nolongerdetain you upon this subject,
but will defer its practical application to our next meeting, when I
hope to prove more fully the extent of its value, and which I expect
to render more interesting than the present paper could possibly be,
by the intercalation of desultory remarks upon several genera.
SHUCKARD.
a The costal nervure
> The apical margin ..... eeeacesece
c The posterior margin
d The post-costal nervure.........
e The externo-medial nervure ...
Jf The anal nervure
we eeeeressee
g The transverso-medial nervure.
h The radial nervure
2 The cubital nervure
k& The discoidal nervure
Z The subdiscoidal nervure
m The transverso-cubital nervures
n The recurrent nervures..... sone
SMe NeNSu AINA cerecencsesccee ces vac
1 The costal cell
eoeeeccssers
eeeceeces
ee
Jurine, Nouvelle Méthode de
classer les Hyménopteres,
4to, 1807.
Le bord externe and radius, as
far as the point or stigma.
6 Dherlsticubitalicell..-2.--.22e-
mplulver 21 di ————" 1s eiecetacccn
Smibhersrd: @——= 9) Sec sseecsess
Gee r4thy yi———=")| sen evesiences
LOslstidiscoidalcelles.ccesesccstecc ce
11 2nd Msiaetlecniearentons
WO Sil = ===» Hanontoponsnooood
aS /lstranicaliicellcs.: cstosnecsesece :
WAP Onde (———) ease cesiecececacuenees
Bord! POStericur......cecesscrereere
Bordlainteritesssescscucescetosesceeee
Cub itrsie ceecisetessioccecs cctaweitee c's aoe
Nervure brachiale ...........ss+se0«
Nervures récurrentes............0+.
Le point ou carpe .............200+.
Wesshve SOR ARE OB AERC ROO EEOC REOLETIEEE
Gellulescubitalesite.c-c-.csececeeecs
Cee rem eee rere esos eseeeeseseeeessess seeee
Oem ewer meee es ee ree eee ee eeeeeeeeseeeees
Cl ewe ce rece see asereeeesesesserseesesseeuseee
Ce eRe meee eee eee eee eae ese eesseeesssesese
LartreIuui
et Insec
Costa ees.
Post-costa
Nervus in
coer eaesscssce
eeeecsccsesore
PPS eee eee seer ee sereslge ees see se BOSE EF SEH THESE ESE HEHE ESSESESESSHeressseseeeeee
Areola sul
cere seseeceee
eeeeeseeseseee
* Although St. Fargeau’s work has appeared since the reading of my paper, I th:
in the important feature of the subordination of the parts : thus he inverts the rel:
does not include the recurrent nervures, which afford, by their inosculation with t
rad
4? 7 > _ x —
5 od —— eo rz J
——— eye er SS
ar a ; |
| - i
7 =
j
| i
t . |
<>! j
wie |
yt i |
Wi |
Ly r :
; ‘ ;
n 2
7
i ay ~ t
7 } |
j Ta | |
ite
7]
i, 7
H 7
7.
' ;
| ’
'
a
Ve
fi
i
n
ji -
¢
f
i
' ~
‘ : To face page 214.
——$—$——— ee oe crn agi |
Jonixe, Noweelle Méthode det, rerii.e, Genera Crustaceorum| P ALLE, Specimen novam Hyme- | Sx. Fanor avin Eneyclop. ME | Kinny ayo Srxxct, Introduction | T.1. 1829,and NexsanEsrsveck, | Dancoom, Ezercitationes Hyme-| W Draconis Sr. Paxouav, Histoire Naturelle
Snuckano. cle tes Hymenepteren "er fuetorum, vol iv. 1807. | MPCG dizonendh mettonum | thodiqu, 1, 49;, (Partie "i Eaiomolagy, vl. 1826, | Monographie Hymenepterorum, |” nopterolgice, 128 1881 Tetgqe, 1883. | dee Ice Hymenoptrer,
, 1807. . 1, 1886,
——_——<—<$—< —< <__—_———_—_ P = 5 = =
.| Le bord externe and radius, as Costa .. wa] Norvus costalis ...cseecesserrssenes Bord oxtés teur, cOte .....ccceeeee Costal nervure ...0ssccesssers-eee np Riera reget (Thi nervure, | Nervus costalis..... 1” nervure humérale, as far as} Radius supérieur.
far as the point or stigma. from the base to the stigma, the stigma, (and from thence
os aca he calls the radius.) ebte PEG) costale, and
i cote extérieur.
Bord postéricur « Bord posté riour ., Margo posticus at)
"perl vara Bord intér ieur Sa ar Margo internus Céte intéricur...2. Bord intérieur.
a || Post-costal nervu iy re 5 r
cash: .| Externo-medial nervure 2 pce pian to te bine
S .| Anal nervure ... gme —_ — (taking in a} 2nde ‘!
my externo-medial w! ‘ion also of my transverso~
itsjunction with the transverso- veda) 4
medial, goes off to the stigma,
is also one of his nerei connec~
tentes, as are also nll the trans~
verse nervures of the wing.
Nervus connectens
nsverso-medial nervure.
lia) nervure... ,
pital nervure
HHI
nsverso-cubital nervures|
urrent nervures .| Nervures récurrentes..
eT As. -| Le point ou carpe ..
sal cell sata
Part)
} | areolet.
erno-medial cell .... Aren costalis, (in Iehneumon and | —— ee ssceseeee] The intermediate area and basal »| 1% cellule humérale
Braco.) areolets.
+) 2nde —_—_.
| me ——
.| Cellule radinle ..
:| Anal aren and basal areolet.
.} Cellule radiale ‘Arcola margin . Area cos-| Cellule radinle ‘| ‘The costal area (part) and mid- ‘Area costalis ultima Cellule radiale.
talis, (in Tchneumon.) dle areolet. |
cubital cell ssyeess-000-4 Cellutes cubitales sssseessess Areola submarginalis | Arcola intermedia. Area costa-| 1" cellule cubitale...s..sssssrsssees Middle areolet , sscsssseo Area costalis | 1 cellule cubitale,
lis, (in Tehneumon.) g
i Poa es = ae a ———— ake Cellula cubitalis intermedia ......) Areola intermedia.
p — Ae, — ~ [—— Cellula cubitalis externa Area terminalis
— a aes == me —— :| Apical areolet sS
‘idil ce ‘| Middle areolet ula postica interna ‘2nde cellule discoidale.
2nde discoiddle supérieure
7"
Cellule discoidalis interia me
These comprise t)
mediate area.
scoidalis, in Bracon,
Areola specularis Diseoidale ipférieur — Cellulo discoidalis intermedia ....] Area sp sme ——
.| Apical areolet Cellula discoidalis externa (area | Area terminalis ‘nde cellule du limbe.
cularis, Nees).
i ere +=} Cellula postica externa... —_ — me
ficient
the parts of the wing; for in his second part, which he styles * Partie Charactéristique,’ if
gh St. Fargeau’s work has appeared since the reading of my paper, I thought it d
ortant feature of the ANE bATS of the parts: thus he rents rade position of the Ist and 2nd ar
elude the recurrent nervures, which afford, by their inosculation with the cubital cells, characters quite as important as those supplied
ible to notice it comparatively with the other systems. It is true he has gone here into greater detail than he did in the « Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ or than any preceding writer, but I do not consider that his view should supersede mine, as it
Tiscoidal and apical cells, and gives no names to several important nervures. Nor has he procceded upon a sound principle in his division A
is the mere number of the radial and cubital cells.
site ere ovanenl Hl iy oe
oe i is a’ ore bax:
hari aoe rd sath et ah
» Mme
ie) evar we
7 Toe ail ye §
ce
Mr. G. R. Waterhouse on Diphucephala, 215
XLIV. Monograph on the Coleopterous Genus Diphuce-
phala, belonging to the Lamellicornes. By G. R. Wa-
TERHOUSE, Esq., M.E.S., and Curator to the Zoological
Society of London.
[Read 2nd November, 1835. ]
Dirnucepuara, De Jean. Plate XXII. fig. 1—6.
Corrvs oblongum: abdomen ventre valde convexo et fere gibbo:
clypeus antice profunde emarginatus: mandibule breves, subar-
quate: maxillz mandibuliformes, apice tridentate: palpi maxil-
lares articulo basali brevi, articulo terminali robustiore, coniformi ;
mentum subtriangulare: antennz 8-articulate, clava triphylla:
tarsi maris antici articulis 4 primis dilatatis, subtus pubescentes.
Obs. A narrow portion of the clypeus extends backwards on to
the eye, and in all the species I have examined is furnished with a
tuft of pale hairs. The prevailing colour of the species of this ge-
nus (which appears to be confined to Australia) is of a metallic
green, varying to shades of a brassy, golden, or copper-like hue.
The principal generic character consists in the deeply emarginate
clypeus, a character which at once distinguishes Diphucephala trom
its allies, Serica, Macrodactyla, and other genera of the Phyllophaga
in which, like our present genus, the claws are bifid *.
The twelve species of Diphucephala I have examined appear to be
allied to each other thus :
D. sERICEA.
CHILDRENII,
Hoprer,
AFFINIS,
EpwWaArpslIl,
SPLENDENS,
PULCHELLA.
PILISTRIATA,
CASTANOPTERA,
AURULENTA,
PARVULA.
SPENCII.
* It is worthy of observation that in this character, of the bifid claws, there
exists an analogous structure to that of the bees. The analogy is the more perfect
R2
216 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Monograph on
Several of the species of Diphucephala very closely resemble eacis
other, and might easily be confounded unless minutely examined ;
and as in writing this monograph it has been essential that I should
do so, it occurred to me that much time might be saved to those
who may use the following descriptions in investigating the species,
were I to make a few preliminary observations upon the characters _
which have been chiefly chosen by me for their separation.
With respect to the form, the deeply emarginated clypeus has
been mentioned as a generic character; there is however consider-
able variation as to the ertent of the emargination, and the form of
the lateral processes, as I have termed the projecting parts of the
clypeus, caused by the deep emargination.
In D. sericea the emargination im the males is moderate. In D.
Childrenii, Hopei, and affinis the emargination is very deep, and the
projecting processes either have the inner edges parallel with each
other, or else their apices are somewhat approximating. In D. Kd-
wardsii the emargination is also deep, but the lateral processes are
slightly diverging. D. splendens and pulchella have the emargina-
tion of the clypeus moderate, the projecting processes not very wide
apart, but diverging at the apex. In the remaining species the
clypeus is not deeply emarginated, and the projecting processes (in
all excepting parvula) are wide apart and diverge at the apex.
The length of the thorax is generally about equal to the width
(which is slightly narrower than the elytra); it always has the ante-
rior part truncated, the posterior margin dilated in the region of the
scutellum, and the posterior angles more or less acute. The lateral
margins are always straight, and parallel with each other, posteriorly ;
dilated in the middle, and from thence contracted gradually to
about the same width as the head. In D. pulchella, aurulenta, pili-
striata, and Spencii the dilated part of the lateral margin is produced
into a tooth-like process; in the remaining species it is rounded or
somewhat angular.
since in our present subjects, as well as in bees, there is a similar difference in the
structure of the claws of the twosexes. In the males the divisions of the bifid claws
are of equal length or nearly so; whilst in the females the inner portion of each is
considerably shorter than the outer; the claws are also less deeply cleft in the fe-
males. In the sexes of D. sericea these characters are very evident. In the male
of D. splendens the inner division of the claw is not quite so long as the outer, (in
which respect this species differs from the same sex of the foregoing, as in that they
are quite equal,) still between the male and female there is an evident difference in
the proportionate length, as may be seen by comparing the drawings.
I should not have dwelt upon these points, but it appeared that by thus observing
the same peculiarities in different orders, which nevertheless resemble each other in
some of their habits, we may gain a clue to the discovery of the uses of such structure.
the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala. SLT
As regards sculpture, the thorax is always furnished with a dorsal
channel more or less distinct; this is a simple groove in all the
species excepting D. aurulenta and parvula, in which it is very
broad, and divided on the basal half of the thorax by a longitudinal
elevated smooth ridge ; or we may describe the thorax of these spe-
cies as having a dorsal channel en the fore part only, (which is indi-
stinct in parvula, and rather deep in aurulenta,) and posteriorly hav-
ing two longitudinal fovee.
All the species have a fovea on each side near the lateral margin
and at the dilated part of the thorax: these fovee are very large
and extend from the margin (where they are broadest) to the dorsal
channel, and form a transverse depression in D. pilistriata, castano-
ptera, aurulenta, and parvula ; in the remaining species they are con-
fined to the margins. In D. pulchella they are very large and rather
deep.
The anterior tibiz have generally the external part produced, be-
yond the base of the tarsus, into a pointed process: behind this, and
still on the external part, there is another pointed, or tooth-like
process; where this obtains I have described the tibiz as bidentate
externally. There is also, in some of the species, a tooth-like pro-
cess springing, and projecting at right angles, from the apex of the
inner part of the tibia; this last character is peculiar to the males,
and is found tae) in D. Childrenii, Hopei, affnis, Edwardsi, and
splendens*. D. affinis has the outer portion of the anterior tibie
but slightly elongated and the adjoining tooth indistinct, in which
respect it differs from those species nearest allied. In D. splendens
the two outer processes are closer together than in either D. Chil-
drenii, or Edwardsii, and the apical one is recurved.
In D. splendens and Hopei (and in the females only) there are
two short spines on the under part of the basal joint of the tarsus ;
a character which separates them from allied species ; the simple an-
terior tibia will render it easy to distinguish D. Hopez.
Species 1. D. sEricEa.
Melolontha sericea. Kirby, in Linn. Trans., vol. xii. p. 463.
D. viridis, supra sericeo-nitida, pilis sparsis decumbentibus, sub-
tus ex pilis albis decumbentibus incana: capite punctulatis-
simo: thorace subconico, confluenter punctulatissimo, su-
perne subcanaliculato, ad latera subspinoso: scutello acumi-
* Not having seen a perfect male of D. pulchella, I am not aware whether it pos-
sesses this character. D. castanoptera is another species which I must omit to no-
tice, not having one by me at present to examine.
218 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Monograph on
nato, triangulari, leviter in medio depresso, levissimo ; elytris
subseriatim punctatis, lineis duabus longitudinalibus eleva-
tiusculis: pedibus rufescentibus, pilis niveis obtectis; tarsis
piceis ; tibiis anticis ad apicem obsolete bidentatis.
Long. corp. 4—5 lin.
Obs. The two tooth-like processes at the apex of the anterior tibie,
in this species, are obtuse and placed rather close together; the
terminal segment of the abdomen is nearly of the form of an equi-
lateral triangle, finely punctured, convex, and partially covered with
white decumbent hairs.
I am indebted to the original describer of this species (the Rev.
W. Kirby) for the loan of a specimen for examination, and likewise
to the Rev. F. W. Hope and J. G. Children, Esq., for the loan of
several specimens of both sexes. There are specimens in the collec-
tions of the Entomological and Zoological Societies, and the British
Museum, which I have examined.
Sp. 2. D. Cuitpreni1.
D. viridis, supra sericeo-nitida, subtus pilis albis decumbenti-
bus: capite confluenter punctato: thorace sub lente punctu-
latissimo, dorso subcanaliculato: elytris subseriatim punctatis :
tarsis cyaneis; tibiis anticis bidentatis.
Long. corp. 4—5 lin.
Obs. This species is the only one, excepting D. sericea, which has
asilk-like gloss on the upper surface of the body. The head and tho-
rax are of a dull golden green colour; the elytra are of a bluish
green, and the margins and suture frequently of a brighter and
gold-green hue ; they are rather faintly punctured (as in D sericea) ;
the punctures are disposed in strie and scarcely confluent. The ter-
minal segment of the abdomen is somewhat triangular, very spa-
ringly furnished with yellowish white pubescence ; the sides and a
longitudinal patch in the centre are bare: in the female there is a
longitudinal fovea in the middle and one on each side. The scu-
tellum is smooth and in the form of an equilateral triangle : the
anterior tibiz are bidentate externally, and furnished with a distinct
tooth internally at the apex.
Through the kindness of J. G. Children, Esq., who has lent me
all his specimens of Diphucephala for examination, I have been
enabled, since the reading of this paper, to add two new species,
D. affinis, and the one above described, which I have taken the li-
berty of naming after that gentleman.
the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala. 219
Sp. 3. D. Hore.
D, viridis, subtus pilis albis decumbentibus : capite confluenter
punctato: thorace obscure viridi, sub lente punctulatissimo,
dorso subcanaliculato : elytris nitidis, subseriatim punctatis,
lineis duabus longitudinalibus elevatiusculis: tarsis cyaneis ;
tibiis anticis inermibus.
Long. corp. 4—5 lin.
Obs. In this species the thorax is dull in the male, being finely
shagreened : in the female it is slightly glossy, and punctured ; the
Jateral margins are slightly pubescent ; the scutellum is impunctate,
and impressed with a fovea in the middle. The anterior tibie are
without the usual tooth near the apex, and the basal joint of the
anterior tarsus in the female is armed beneath with two spines ; the
terminal segment of the abdomen is thickly punctured, slightly con-
vex, and covered with decumbent yellowish hairs; in the female
this part is impressed with an impunctate longitudinal fovea in the
middle, which part is destitute of hairs.
The Rey. F. W. Hope received many specimens of this insect from
the Swan River, which he lent me for examination. Some he has
deposited in the collection of the Entomological Society. I have
named the species after this gentleman, in testimony of the many
kindnesses I have received from him.
Sp. 4. D. arrris.
D. viridis, nitida, subtus pilis albis decumbentibus: thorace
punctulatissimo, dorso subcanaliculato: elytris subseriatim
punctatis : tarsis cyaneis; tibiis anticis sub-bidentatis.
Long. corp. 4—4 lin.
Obs. LD. affinis is rather more brilliant in colour than its imme-
diate allies. The body is of an uniform bright green above ; the head
and thorax of the male are a little less glossy than the elytra; the
clypeus is deeply emarginate ; the head is slightly rugose ; scutellum
smooth and triangular. The thorax of the female is distinctly punc-
tured; the puncturing on the thorax of the male is much less di-
stinct. The terminal segment of the abdomen is somewhat triangular,
very sparingly furnished with minute decumbent hairs, and alike in
both sexes, excepting that in the female it is rather shorter than in
the other sex. The anterior tibia (which is bidentate externally)
has the outer part produced at the apex; this portion is not pointed
(as in most of the species of this genus), but truncated. The males
are furnished with a tooth-like process internally at the apex.
In the collection of J. G, Children, Esq.
220 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Monograph on
Sp. 5. D. Epwarpsu (Kir. MSS.).
D. viridis, subtus pilis albis decumbentibus: capite cupreo: tho-
race obscure punctulatissimo, dorso subcanaliculato : scutello
punctulatissimo: pedibus cupreis, tarsis viridi-cyaneis; tibiis
anticis bidentatis.
Long. corp. 4—44 lin.
Obs. This species is rather smaller than either of the foregoing,
and appears to be rather more variable in colour, some being green
and others cupreous. It has the clypeus deeply emarginated, the pro-
jecting portions narrow and diverging. The head is flat above, and
uniformly rugose. The thorax in the male is dull, and in the female
rather glossy and minutely punctured. The dorsal channel is indi-
stinct, the lateral fovez are small, and the lateral margins are pro-
duced into an obtuse angle in the middle. The scutellum is finely
punctured. The elytra are rather short in proportion to the head
and thorax, especially in the males. Terminal segment of the abdo-
men alike in both sexes, nearly flat, (under a strong lens,) finely
punctured throughout, and sparingly furnished with decumbent hairs
towards the apex.
The anterior tibiz are bidentate externally, and furnished with a
tooth-like process internally at the apex.
Described from specimens lent me by the Rev. W. Kirby; they
were procured from the Swan River. These specimens, together
with several others, are now in the collection of the Entomological
Society, having been presented with that gentleman’s collection.
Sp. 6. D. sptenpEns, (MacLeay, in Appendix to Capt. King’s Nar-
rative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of
Australia, p. 440.)
D. viridis, subtus pilis albis decumbentibus : thorace obscure
punctulato, superne canaliculato ad latera pubescente : scutello
triangulari levi: tibiis anticis distincte bidentatis, dentibus
piceo-rubris.
Long. corp. 4 lin.
Obs. In this species the head is slightly convex, thickly punc-
tured anteriorly, and has an indistinct transverse groove on the
posterior part, which is smooth ; the thorax is almost impunctate ;
the dorsal channel is narrow and distinct, the lateral fovee are large ;
the basal joint of the anterior tarsus is armed beneath with two
spines, one at the apex and the other near the middle. The termi-
nal segment of the abdomen approaches somewhat to the form of an
the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala. 221
equilateral triangle; the central part is without the longitudinal
groove observable in D. Hopei, but in its place there is a broad, flat
portion, which is thickly punctured, and furnished very sparingly with
decumbent hairs; the remainder of this segment is impunctate, with-
out hair, and has a fovea towards each of the anterior angles,
In the male the clypeus is not very deeply emarginate ; the thorax
is glossy, and distinctly punctured ; the apical segment of the abdo-
men flat, and furnished throughout with decumbent white hairs ; the
anterior tibie are bidentate externally, and furnished with a distinct
tooth internally at the apex ; these processes are of a pitchy-red
colour : the hinder tibize are furnished with a spinous process which
springs from the outer part and curves inwards and upwards.
The specimens from which the description was originally drawn
were females, and were lent me by the Rev. F.W.Hope. Since
the reading of the paper I have examined many specimens of both
sexes, and compared them with the original specimen described by
Mr. MacLeay in the work above mentioned.
Sp. 7. D. putcuenya (Kir. MSS.).
D. viridis: thorace punctato, dorso canaliculato; foveis laterali-
bus magnis et profunde impressis: scutello fovea profunde
excavata: elytris confluenter punctatis: tibiis anticis biden-
tatis.
Long. corp. 34 lin.
Obs. From either of the foregoing this species may be known by
its great glossiness, smaller size, the straight lateral margins of
the. elytra, and more narrowed thorax. The anterior part of the
head is very thickly and finely punctured; the posterior “portion is
glossy and distinctly punctured. Thorax glossy, distinctly punc-
tured, the dorsal channel rather broad and deep; the anterior angles
acute ; lateral margins armed with a tooth or angular projection;
the lateral foveze are large and rather deep; the scutellum is im-
punctate and has a distinct fovea ; elytra thickly and rather coarsely
punctured. Body beneath sparingly furnished with white decum-
bent hairs; anterior tibie bidentate externally.
In the collections of the Entomological Society and British
Museum.
Sp. 8. D. pruisrxiara.
D. viridis, nitida; subtus pilis albis decumbentibus tecta, supra
pilis albis ornata striis longitudinalibus supra elytra depositis :
thorace canali lato dorsali impresso, foveisque 2 lateralibus,
sparsim punctato: scutello levi: pedibus testaceis: tibiis an-
ticis bidentatis.
2929 Mr. G: R. Waterhouse’s Monograph on
Long. corp. 34 lin.
Obs. The character from which I have named this species (viz.
the elytra being furnished with pubescence arranged in longitudinal
strie), and the red colour of the legs, at once distinguish it from
either of the others. The clypeus of the male is not very deeply
emarginate; the lateral processes are wide apart and diverging ; the
head is thickly punctured and transversly indented posteriorly. The
thorax is coarsely punctured, but the punctures are not thickly dis-
posed ; the dorsal channel is broad and shallow; the two fovez,
which in most of the foregoing species is confined to the lateral mar-
gins of the thorax, are in this extended from thence to the dorsal
channel, and form a transverse indentation, which becomes deeper
and broader as it approaches the margins, which are toothed. Scu-
tellum short; anterior tibie distinctly bidentate externally; the inner
tooth acute; the outer one (which forms the apex of the tibia) is
recurved.
I have examined four specimens of this species; they are in the
collections of the Rev. F. W. Hope, Mr. Spence, and the Entomo-
logical Society. I have also one in my own cabinet, which was
given me by Sir Patrick Walker, who informs me there are speci-
mens in some of the collections in Edinburgh.
Sp. 9. D. casTanoprERa.
D. viridis, pubescens : thorace canali lato dorsali, foveisque 2 late-
ralibus impresso; elytris pallide castaneis, subseriatim punctatis :
tibiis anticis bidentatis.
Long. corp. 34 lin.
Obs. In this species the clypeus of the male is not deeply emar-
ginate ; the head is rugosely punctured anteriorly, less so posteriorly ;
thorax distinctly punctured, the punctures confluent in the dorsal
channel, which is shallow and very broad ; the lateral fovez are very
large and shallow, and occupy nearly the whole portion of the thorax
from the dorsal channel to the lateral margins, which are distinctly
toothed ; anterior tibize bidentate externally: these processes are
very distinct, and in their form and position nearly resemble D. pili-
striata.
Sp. 10. D. aurutenta (Kir. MSS.).
Colaspidoides ? Schén. Synon. Insect. 1. p. 101.
D. cuprea, nitidissima, supra pilis albis ornata, subtus viridis, pilis
albis decumbentibus: capite dense et crasse punctato: thorace
crasse sed sparse punctato sulco transverso profundo ; canali
dorsali in partes duas, thoracis basin versus, diviso ; marginibus
lateralibus distincte dentatis: elytris crasse punctatis : scutello
the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala. 223:
ceneo, levi: pedibus viridibus; tarsis cyaneis, tibiis anticis bi-
dentatis.
Long. corp. 4 lin.
This species may be distinguished from all the foregoing by its
rich copper-like colour, and the following characters: The head not
very deeply emarginate in the male; thorax sparingly but coarsely
punctured, divided by an irregular transverse indentation ; the dor-
sal channel is deep, and gradually increases in width from the apex
to the base, leaving a longitudinal elevated smooth surface in the
centre; the basal portion of the dorsal channel forming, as it were,
two oblong fovew, which are thickly and finely punctured ; the lateral
margins of the thorax are dilated in the middle, so as to form an ob-
tuse tooth on each side. Elytra coarsely punctured, the punctures
confluent ; the anterior tibize as in D. splendens ; the inner portion of
the (bifid) claws very thick.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, the Rev. W. Kirby, and Mr. Wm. Spence
have each lent me specimens of this beautiful species for examina-
tion. ‘There is a slight variation of the colour in different speci-
mens, some being of a brassy green, and others more inclined to
copper. There are also specimens in the collection of J. G. Chil-
dren, Esq., which I have since examined.
Sp. 11. D. parvuna.
D. viridi-znea vel cuprea, supra et subtus pilis albis decumbenti-
bus sparse tecta: capite punctato: thorace punctis magnis no-
tato, foveis 2 longitudinalibus parallelis submediis basin versus,
marginibus lateralibus subdentatis: elytris rugosis: scutello
levi: tibiis anticis inermibus.
Long. corp. 24 lin.
D. parvula is much smaller than either of the foregoing. The
clypeus in this species is rather narrow, not deeply emarginate ; the
head is rugosely punctured on the upper surface, with the exception
of a small smooth and shining space towards the posterior portion.
Thorax coarsely punctured, divided transversely by an indentation,
which becomes deep and forms a large fovea near the lateral margin
of the thorax : the dorsal channel is scarcely to be traced on the an-
terior part ; posteriorly it is divided, and forms two oblong parallel
fover, having an elevated space between them ; the lateral margins
are indistinctly toothed ; the anterior tibiz are simple.
I am indebted to the Rev. F. W. Hope for several specimens of
this insect. This gentleman has likewise deposited specimens in the
collection of the Entomological Society.
224 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Monograph on
Sp. 12. D. Spencer.
D. eneo-cuprea vel cuprea, supra et subtus pilis albis decumben-
tibus sparsim tecta: capite et thorace rugosé punctatis : thorace
canaliculato, marginibus lateribus dentatis : scutello apice de-
presso, subpunctato: elytris subseriatim punctis confluentibus
notatis : pedibus viridibus, tarsis cyaneis: tibiis anticis externe
bidentatis, dentibus rufescentibus.
Long. corp. 24 lin.
This species is about the same size as the last, but its proportions
are very different. The head is very large ; the thorax is almost as
wide as the elytra, and has the anterior angles produced into a tooth-
like process; dorsal channel indistinct ; the upper surface is uni-
formly and thickly covered with coarse punctures, which gives a dull
appearance to that part; the lateral fovez are distinct. The scu-
tellum is somewhat heart-shaped, and has the apical portion de-
pressed and minutely punctured.
I have seen but two specimens of this small species: one was
purchased from the collection of the late A. H. Haworth, Esq., by the
Rev. F. W. Hope; for a loan of the other I am indebted to W.
Spence, Esq., after whom I have named it*.
Sp. 13. D. rurcata, Guérin, Griff. Cuv. Insecta, vol. i. p. 483.
plate lv. fig. 13.
~« Black, with a white band on each side of the thorax. Elytra
red with the base and suture yellow.”
Never having seen a specimen of this species, the above account
(which is from the work quoted) is all I am able to give. From its
colouring I should imagine it could scarcely be one of this genus.
Mr. MacLeay, who has lately returned to England, having in a
most liberal manner lent me all his specimens of Diphucephale, I
am enabled to add three species which are distinct from those already
described. I subjoin them as an appendix, not being able to insert
them in their proper places, owing to the former part being already
in the printer’s hands. In this gentleman’s collection I find the fol-
lowing species :—Diph. sericea, splendens, aurulenta, parvula, Spencit,
pulchella, pilistriata, and the new species I am about to describe.
I may here mention that I have also lately examined numerous
specimens of Diphucephale in the Collections of the Zoological So-
ciety and British Museum. The total number of specimens of this
* Since writing the above I have examined many specimens, some of which are
in the collection of J. G. Children, Esq. The anterior angles of the thorax I find
are not produced in the females as in the males.
the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala. 225
genus which have been examined by me amounts nearly to two
hundred*.
Sp. 14. D. rurirss.
D. viridis, nitida ; capite thoraceque punctulatissimis : thorace supra
canaliculato : pedibus testaceis: tibiis anticis, tarsisque posticis
cyaneis ; tibiis anticis ad apicem obsoleté bidentatis.
Long. corp. 3 lin.
In Mus. D. Macleay.
Obs. This species is rather less than D. pilistriata: the head is
very finely and thickly punctured throughout: the clypeus in the
male is but slightly emarginate, and recurved ; the thorax is also
finely and thickly punctured throughout, and is very convex, glossy,
and sparingly covered with indistinct white hairs ; the dorsal chan-
nel is very narrow but rather deep. The lateral foveze are small;
the elytra are short, punctured, the punctures confluent, and very
sparingly covered with white pubescence; the hairs are so short as
tu appear like dust, or very minute scales, rather than pubescence.
The scutellum is of the form of an equilateral triangle, and smooth.
The terminal segment of the abdomen is very long in the male, co-
vered with white scale-like hairs, and furnished at the apex with a
distinct tuft of hairs. The legs are of a pale reddish yellow colour ;
the hinder tibize (with the exception of a small portion near the fe-
mora) and tarsi are black with a green or blue gloss; the terminal
joint of each of the anterior tarsi and the claws are pitchy black ; the
anterior tarsi are bidentate externally ; the hinder tarsi are very long.
There is a specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society
* Some of the species described in this monograph may probably be the same as
those noticed by M. le Docteur Boisduval, in his “ Faune Entomologique de
L’Océanie;” but in the very loose descriptions there given the characters which I
have found essential to identify the species, are entirely overlooked; indeed these
descriptions (where the size is not even mentioned) will do equally well in most
cases for almost any one of the genus. M. Boisduval says, at the end of the
descriptions, ‘‘ Il est méme probable que parmi celles que je viens de décrire,
il y en a plusieurs qui ne sont que des variétés.” I must say I never examined a
group of insects in which good specific characters were so readily found.
I very much question whether a synopsis of wndescribed species of insects is de-
sirable, for the characters of these animals are seldom of such a nature as to admit
of their being expressed in few words; species, then, which have been only briefly
noticed, must be re-described, and the person who takes upon him this task, in order
to avoid the introduction of synonyms, of course must consult these brief notices ;
here perhaps he finds that those characters, by which alone the species can be iden-
tified, are overlooked ; he must therefore give a new set of names to insects already
named, unless he has an opportunity of seeing the original specimens noticed in the
synopsis, a thing which perhaps he is not able to do.
296 Mr. G. R. Waterhouse’s Monograph on
which agrees exactly with this species, excepting that the hinder
tibize are tipped only with black; and as this specimen is a female,
and those from which the above description was taken were males,
the black hinder tibize may be only a sexual character, or else it may
be a character liable to variation in both sexes, a point which can
only be determined by the examination of a number of specimens.
Sp. 15. D. pusriya.
D. viridis, pilis albis decumbentibus : capite punctatissimo ; tho-
race punctato, canali lato dorsali, foveisque duabus lateralibus :
tibiis anticis bidentatis ; tarsis cyaneis.
Long. corp. 24 lin.
In Mus. D. MacLeay.
Descrip. The head is punctured throughout ; the thorax is nar-
row, and has the lateral margins produced in the middle, and form-
ing an angle. The dorsal channel is very broad and distinct ; the
lateral fovee are very large, deep towards the lateral margins of the
thorax, and extend to the dorsal channel. The thorax is distinctly
punctured; the punctures are most thickly disposed in the dorsal
channel and lateral foveee. The elytra are coarsely punctured ; the
punctures confluent: the two elevated ridges on the disc of each
elytron are distinct ; the terminal segment of the abdomen is convex,
thickly punctured throughout, and covered with white pubescence.
Obs. I have seen only one specimen of D. pusilla, and this is a
male; it differs however in so many respects from its allies D. par-
vula and D. Spencii, that I have no hesitation in describing it as a
distinct species. Upon comparing the three together we at once
perceive a considerable difference in the form, owing to the elytra
being longer and larger in proportion, and less convex, and the tho-
rax being narrower in D. pusilla than either of the other two species.
In D. pusilla the clypeus is nearly in the same plane with the fore
part of the head, whereas in D. Spencii this part is considerably re-
curved, and rather more deeply emarginate. In D. parvula the
clypeus is slightly recurved, and narrower than either of the other
two. The thorax of D. pusilla has a simple shallow dorsal channel,
whereas this part is divided by an elevated ridge in D. parvula;
the lateral fovee are larger and deeper in D. pusilla than in D. Spen-
cii, and are connected by a shallow transverse impression with the
dorsal channel; the thorax is more finely punctured in our present
species than either of the other two; the punctures are less thickly
disposed and uniform than in D. Spencii. The anterior tarsi are
longer and less dilated in this species than in the two with which
we are comparing it.
the Coleopterous Genus Diphucephala. 220
There are many other minor points of distinction, but enough has
been said to render it easy to identify the species. The only speci-
men I have seen being a male, I have, of course, compared with it
the males of others only.
Sp.16. D. pvemma.
D. viridis, pilis albis decumbentibus: tibiis anticis bidentatis :
capite thoraceque punctulatissimis: scutello triangulari, fovea
excayato, punctulatissimo ; tarsis cyaneis.
Long. corp. 2 lin.
In Mus. D. Macleay,
This is the smallest species of Diphucephala I have examined, be-
ing less than either D. Spencii or D. parvula: it is of a rich green
colour, but not glossy. In the male the clypeus is rather narrow,
and recurved, not very deeply emarginate : the head and thorax are
shagreened, exhibiting, under a strong lens, very delicate punc-
tures ; the latter (which is rather broad) has a shallow dorsal chan-
nel, which is divided posteriorly by an indistinct elevated ridge ; the
laterai fovee are large, and tolerably deep ; the thorax in the female is
more distinctly, although very finely, punctured. The scutellum has a
large impressed fovea towards the posterior part, which is very finely
punctured. The sculpturing of the elytra is more delicate than in
the allied species D. Spencii and D. parvula; the two usual elevated
longitudinal striz on the disc of each elytron are tolerably distinct.
The anterior tibie are bidentate ; the tooth-like processes are of a
pitchy red colour, and so are likewise the claws. The whole of the
upper surface is furnished with white or yellowish decumbent hairs,
which are rather thickly disposed.
The specimens examined are from New Holland.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.
PLaTE XXII.
Fig. 1. Diphucephala sericea.
aa, Mandibles of do.
b, Maxilla.
c, Labrum.
d, Mentum.
e, Antenna.
f, Hind leg.
g, Anterior tarsus and apex of tibie.
. Anterior tibia of Diphucephala Hopei.
Do. do. of D. splendens.
Claws of anterior tarsus of female, D, Hopei.
Do. do. of male.
. Anterior tibia of D, pilistriata,
oO mF & dO
228 Mr. G. Newport on the Predaceous
XLV. On the Predaceous Habits of the Common Wasp,
Vespa vulgaris, Zinn. By G. Newrort, Esq.
[Read 7th December, 1835.]
Every naturalist is acquainted with the predaceous habits of the
common wasp, and the devastation it commits among Dipterous,
Hymenopterous, and Lepidopterous insects, but I am not aware that
any particular account has been given of the manner in which it
commits these devastations. Dr. Darwin has somewhere made a
statement respecting the wasp, which he seems to think affords a
strong proof of a faculty of reasoning in insects ; but I think it will
appear that the fact he observed, and upon which he founded his
opinion, was only one of those occurrences which form part of the
instinctive predaceous habits of the species. Dr. Darwin’s account,
as nearly as I can remember, is, ‘“‘ that happening one day to see a
wasp kill a fly, he watched its motions, and saw it cut off the head
and abdomen, and then attempt to fly away with the remainder;
but the wind being strong, the flight of the wasp with its prey was
impeded; and that the wasp then alighted again on the ground, and
cut off the wing, and then flew away with the remaining portion.”
This statement, upon a prima facie view, certainly looks very likea
process of reasoning on the part of the wasp, but it appears to be
only its usual habit upon every similar occasion. In September,
1834, I had an opportunity of observing the predaceous habits of the
wasp in a large garden in which there was a very numerous colony.
I was capturing insects upon a small plot of ground overgrown with
thistles, which were then in flower. The common white butterflies
Pontia napi aud P. rape were exceedingly abundant, and the wasps,
and many Dipterous insects, were flying about very actively, when
I observed, on a sudden, a specimen of P. rape, towards which I was
then looking, precipitated to the ground from the thistle-blossom
upon which it had been very quietly seated ; and upon going up to
it immediately, I found a wasp very busily employed in cutting off
its wings and head, and afterwards its legs. When it had done this
it took up the dismembered body, and poising it between its own
legs, flew away with it to a neighbouring tree, where, upon follow-
ing it, I found it mangling the body of its prey, as if to destroy the
little remaining vitality. While doing this the wasp had suspended
himself upon a leaf by the claw of one leg, which supported its whole
weight, while its other limbs were employed in holding and turning
the mangled body of the butterfly. When it had done this suffi-
Hahits of the Common Wasp. 229
ciently the wasp rolled up the body between its second and third
pairs of legs, and poising itself upon its wings, flew away towards
its nest. During the same morning I had several opportunities of
watching the proceedings of the wasps, and found that their mode
of capturing and subsequent treatment of the prey were always the
same. They cut off the wings, legs, and head immediately they
had struck their victims to the ground, and then carried off the body
to a neighbouring tree or resting place to mangle it still further,
before they took their final departure for the nest. This proceeding
generally takes place in the middle of the day, while the sun is
shining brightly, and the butterflies are intoxicating themselves
with the sweets of the thistle-heads. It is then that the wasp is
most active, flying round with great swiftness from thistle to thistle,
and pouncing down upon the luckless butterflies like a falcon on his
prey. The butterflies, which appear to be aware of the common
enemy, sometimes avoid it by dropping aside or taking flight at
the very instant of its attack. The wasp attacks Dipterous insects
in a similar manner, by pouncing upon them, but I have not observed
it strike them to the ground as in the case of the butterflies. I
saw a wasp capture a species of Hristadis ; it cut off the head, limbs
and wings, as of the butterfly, but devoured the abdomen on the
spot, and then flew away with the trunk. Its chief prey among
Lepidopterous insects is P. rape, although it attacks all the other
species of white butterflies. I saw it attempt to capture the fine
species Vanessa Atalanta, but the insect was too nimble for it. If it
misses its object it does not make a second attack, but flies on to the
next thistle.
From these facts Iam induced to believe that Dr. Darwin’s opinion
respecting the existence of a reasoning power in insects, as deduced
from the fact he observed, was too hastily formed, and that, instead
of its proving this, it shows us that insects have an unerring instinct,
very similar to, but perfectly distinct from reason, and that this in-
stinct prompts them always to act in the same manner.
VOL. f. PART It, 8
230 Mr. R. Templeton’s Description of a new
XLVI. Description of anew Hemipterous Insect from the
Atlantic Ocean. By Rosert Tempueton, Esq., R.A., &c.
{Read Sept. 7, 1835. ]
Hyprometrip#, Leach.
Genus Gerris, Latr.
Subgenus Hatosates, Eschscholtz, Entomographien.
Sp. H. Streatfieldana. Plate XXII. fig. A.
BroanDty ovate or lozenge-shaped, brilliant black ; eyes, two minute
spots near the prothorax, and the sides and apices of the first un-
covered pair of abdominal annuli (4th and 5th) rufous ; beneath
brownish black, the first five abdominal rings yellowish with rufous
apices, offering the appearance of five narrow transverse fasciz ; last
rings broad and rufous black. Apterous.
Length 0°13 inch.
Found on the Atlantic Ocean in longitude 20° under the line.
This beautiful species was captured nearly midway between the
continents of Africa and America by Col. Streatfield, 87th R.T. F.,
whose name I have in consequence done myself the favour to affix
to it, as being most appropriate, and as a slight testimony of the
grateful recollection I have of his kindness in presenting me with
many interesting species of insects and other rarities. The sea was
quite smooth, with a gentle swell, at the time the insect was caught ;
a number were seen swimming about among the Porpite, which
formed the first object of attraction, and fortunately directed atten-
tion tothe insect. The singularity of its distance from any land, and
the possibility of its being driven off from the African coast by the
south-eastern gales, gave full play to conjecture and excited our at-
tention to the little creatures in the water, in the hope of ascertaining
on what objects it preyed ; but all possibility of discovering this was
quickly put a period to by the S. E. trade sweeping over the surface
and banishing all traces of the Meduse and their companions.
This species obviously belongs to a section or subgenus distinct ~
from that in which our linear European species are placed, and cha-
racterized by the contracted dimensions of the body, and the dilata-
tion of the head and prothorax, and the shortness of the latter.
When examined minutely we find the whole body covered with mi-
nute hairs, those on the legs predominating beneath, the upper curv-
ing downwards. The head is somewhat triangular with two cupped
processes laterally within which lie the bases of the antenne ; two
Hemipterous Insect from the Atlantic Ocean. 231
small rufous macule are on the sides of the middle line closely ad-
joining the prothorax. The eyes are large, rufous, semiglobular,
and occupy the space between the base of the head and the pro-
cesses of the antennz, emarginating the corselet laterally. The
antenne are about 3 the entire length of the body; the Ist joint
slender and curved outwards, the last thickest, attenuating towards
the tip.
The prothorax is excessively short, collar-like, and gently chan-
nelled above into three subequal divisions, which nearly disappear in
the dried specimen. The first pair of legs, arising closely to the
mesothorax beneath, are moderately long, rather robust; the coxa
short, obconic, and curved ; the femur slightly f-shaped, with 4 or 5
strong black spines near its base exteriorly ; tibia basally attenuated,
arising with a curve from the preceding joint, and with 4 or 5
strong black spines inferiorly, apically giving origin to a strong ob-
tuse process, which projects backwards and outwards from near the
articulation. ‘Tarsus with the two joints subequal, the last dimi-
nishing in diameter beyond its middle, after giving attachment to
two strong claws and an anomalous horny process on the under side,
and also furnished with two long curved spines arising from the back
part on gach side, and lying adpressed among the hairs.
The metathorax and mesothorax seem confounded together, pre-
senting superiorly a hexagonal figure, a little longer than broad, the
anterior side being carried a little forwards, so as to leave the lateral
angles behind the centre. The posterior surface is transversely
striate from being impressed upon the abdominal rings. The sides
in the dried specimen become somewhat hoary from the light thrown
back by the minute hairs. Beneath it is somewhat similar in form,
but excavated behind, exposing in the sinus the abdominal rings,
The sides posteriorly are rugose, with trochantines, from whence
proceed directly backwards the coxe of the last 4 legs, that of the
posterior pair lying beneath the other on each side. The legs are
slender, the middle pair exceeding the first, and the last pair the
middle, by about one third. ‘The last also has the apical half of the
tibia, and 1st joint of the tarsus, with a row of long hairs beneath.
Above the origins of the legs we find rudimentary processes, which,
as the insect is apterous, must be looked upon as those of the un-
developed wing.
Fig. A. Represents the insect magnified.
A. 2. Right antenna.
A. 3. Sketch in profile of the body to show the origins of the legs.
A. 4. The right fore leg.
A. 5. The last tarsal joint, exhibiting the claws.
s2
232 Mr. R. H. Lewis’s Case of
XLVII. Case of Maternal Attendance on the Larva by an
Insect of the Tribe of Terebrantia, belonging to the Genus
Perga, observed at Hoharton, Tasmania. By R.H.Lewis,
Esq., M.E.S., in a Letter addressed to the SecRETARY.
[Read Dec. 7, 1835.]
Tue maternal solicitude of insects for their offspring has been seldom
observed to extend beyond the various contrivances which instinct
directsthem to makeat the time of the deposition of the egg, the female
insect dying in most cases immediately after.. In social Bees and
Ants the parental duties to the larve are performed by a particular
portion of the community allotted for that purpose. The cases of
the Earwig, first, I believe, observed by De Geer, and subsequently
said to have been confirmed by Mr. Rennie in the Penny Magazine,
and a doubtful one of Acanthosoma grisea mentioned by Kirby, are
the only instances I can call to mind resembling the present. On
the 4th April, 1835, I first had the pleasure of observing, in the
Government domain on the banks of the Derwent, this most decided
case of parental attendance in a tribe of insects where I least ex-
pected to find it, the Terebrantia. I have not been able to detect
the male insects, they probably having all died before I arrived, but,
judging from the females, it would seem to belong to the genus Perga,
of which it is probably a new species ; but I am now rearing a brood,
and when I am in possession of the other sex I will not fail to trans-
mit a full description of its characters. A description of the female
will be found appended, from which you will perhaps be enabled to
pronounce its true situation; but at this distance from collections
and works of reference I can give little better than conjectures. The
female insect deposits her eggs in a longitudinal incision between
the two surfaces of the leaves of one of the gum trees (Hucalyptus),
adjoining the midrib. Though it is but one chamber, I imagine it
to be formed by numerous punctures in successively depositing the
eggs, traces of such being visible along the midrib. The eggs are
placed transverselyin a double series, and are in number about eighty,
but this is subject to considerable fluctuation. They are of a pale
yellow colour, and of an oblong form, two lines in length and half
a line in breadth. On this leaf the mother sits till the exclusion
of the larvee, which appear not to remain in the ova state many
days; nor can she be made to leave the spot except by actual force,
Maternal Attendance on the Larva. 233
when her flexible tarsi enable her to cling pretty firmly, some of the
articulations being wrapped round the other side of the leaf. I at
first imagined that she might facilitate their exclusion by gnawing a
passage for them through the epidermis of the leaves ; but, from the
apertures (of which there are but two or three) being circular, and
but just sufficient to allow of the egress of the larve, it seems more
probable that they are made by them, as her large mandibles are by
no means fitted for such delicate workmanship. The larve, when
hatched, are of a dirty green colour, with shining black heads ; they
keep together in the brood, arranging themselves in oval masses,
their heads pointing outwards; but sometimes I have seen them
arranged on both sides of the leaves, their heads pointing towards
the edges. The former is their attitude when not eating, which
they appear to do at night; at least I never observed them very
actively engaged in the daytime. The mother insect follows them,
sitting with outstretched legs over her brood, preserving them
from the heat of the sun, and protecting them from the attacks of
parasites and other enemies with admirable perseverance. I endea-
voured to drive some from their posts by pricking them with the
point of a black-lead pencil; but they refused to leave, seiz-
ing whatever was presented to them in their mandibles, no doubt
very formidable weapons when employed against their own race.
They never offered to use their wings or move from the spot. In
one instance a nest of eggs and group of larve being on two nearly
contiguous leaves, the mother of the former had deserted hers for
the latter, two being found attending on that group, the one partially
clinging on the back of the other, which showed no disposition of
resenting it. In another instance two were found attending on one
nest of eggs: the nest being rather large I at first thought they
might each have had a share in its construction, but a group of larve
a little distance off being without any guard, it seemed to be another
case of desertion. I put one of them on the leaf which had the larve,
when she seemed much discomposed at first, but in a little time
stretched herself over the group as though her own, which indeed it
might have been. But to put to a certain test whether they were
capable of distinguishing, or led by any particular care for their indi-
vidual progeny, on the 15th April I transposed two specimens, so
distinct that I should know them again. When first placed on each
other’s nests they seemed somewhat uneasy, as was to be expected
from handling them, but on examining them the next day they
appeared perfectly reconciled to the change. They continue resting
on these leaves until death puts a termination to their labours, a
period of from four to six weeks, and the principal object of their
234 Mr. R. H. Lewis’s Case of Maternal Attendance.
care seems to be the preservation of the brood from enemies, as I never
observed them give any direct assistance to the larve, either in their
exclusion from the nest or in their feeding, and those broods which had
been deprived accidentally of their mothers being still in a thriving
state. The larve, at least those which were without mothers, when
sleeping, preparatory to casting their skins, arrange themselves in an
oval mass, their heads pointing outwards, and with the anterior legs
elevated, resting on the four posterior only; the remainder of the body
is likewise thrown upwards, and their tails meet in the centre, form-
ing a conical mass, which may not inaptly be compared to the high
crust of a pie: concealed in the centre of this mass are the small
and feeble individuals of the brood. Frequently, however, they ar-
range themselves round a twig. You will bear in mind that the
preceding observations were not made in a study, where confinement
and other circumstances might be supposed to influence their habits,
but in the open air, on their native trees. The larva not having
arrived at full growth it is useless describing it. The following is a
short description of the female insect: Head large, quadrate, nearly
equalling the thorax in breadth. Antenne clavate, not longer than
the head : first joint subglobular; second shortest; third, fourth,
and fifth cylindric, and of equal length ; sixth large, elongate, ovate,
and longer than the three preceding joints taken together. Wings
with one marginal cell, sending forth a nervure to the apex of the
wing; submarginal cells four, the division between the first and
second frequently obsolete. Stigmalarge. Four posterior tibize near
their middle furnished with a spine. 9 above dark ochreous; the
head and mesothorax above with a fuscous line on each side, be-
neath luteous. Posterior legs, with the apex of the tibie, the apex
of the first joint and nearly the whole of the subsequent joints of the
tarsi black. Eyes and ocelli black. Length 8 lin.
P.S.—As the insect described by Mr. Lewis differs from any of
the species of Perga recorded by Dr, Leach in the Zoological Mis-
cellany, vol. iii., it may be appropriately named and characterized
thus :
Prrea Lewisit supra ochracea, capitis thoracisque linea laterali
apiceque tibiarum et articulorum tarsalium posticorum nigris.
Long. corp. 8 lin.
Habitat in Australasia. In Mus. nostr.
J.O. W.
Dr. Burmeister on the Larva of Calosoma sycophanta. 235
XLVIII. Anatomical Observations upon the Larva of Calo-
soma sycophanta. By Dr. HERMANN BurMEIsTER, Fellow
of the Natural History Society of Berlin, For. M.E.S., &c.
[Read Oct. 5, 1835.]
Tue first author who has given a description of the larva of Calo-
soma sycophanta was Réaumur (Mémoire, &c., vol. ii. p. 457),—
whose account has been republished by many subsequent authors.
I have often had occasion to observe this insect, which is not rare
in the pine-woods in the neighbourhood of Berlin in the larva as
well as in the perfect state, in both of which I have seen it employed
in devouring the larve of Liparis dispar and other moths, which are
very common in the vicinity of this capital.
The length of the animal is one inch and a quarter; the colour
black on the upper side, but on the under side white, with black
spots. The skin of the upper side is corneous, but on the under
membranous, and the spots alone corneous. Nine of these corneous
spots are placed on each segment, in the manner and being of the
relative size represented in the figure. Between the two exterior a
small spiracle is to be observed. The whole body is composed of
thirteen segments : the first segment is the head, upon which are af-
fixed the antenne, trophi, and six eyes on each side behind the lat-
ter organs. ‘The antenne have four joints, of unequal size; the first
being the shortest and thickest, the remainder of equal length, but
gradually smaller (fig. 13.a,a.). The mandibles (fig. 2. fig. 13.6, 6.)
have a large tooth in the middle. The maxille consist of a small
basal joint (fig. 4.), and a second larger, bearing two articulated ap-
pendages ; the exterior three-jointed, which forms the maxillary pal-
pus, and the interior two-jointed, forming the interior maxillary pal-
pus, or the galea of Orthoptera. The underlip is a small coriaceous
piece (fig. 5. fig. 13. d.), bearing two two-jointed palpi, and closing
the mouth from beneath. The three following segments after the
head form the thorax and bear the legs. The first is larger than the
others and has a small longitudinal impression in the middle; the
two following are respectively equal in size with the remaining seg-
ments, the last only excepted, which is evidently smaller. The legs
are composed of five joints, gradually decreasing in size ; of these the
first large and thick joint is the coxa, the second the trochanter,
the third the thigh, the fourth the tibia, the fifth the inarticulated
tarsus, armed at the extremity with two equal claws. On each side
236 Dr. H. Burmeister’s Anatomical Observations
of the body and between all the segments a spiracle is to be per-
ceived, but between the second and third and the two last I have
not found these organs. Therefore on each side of the body there
exist only nine spiracles, which are indicated as black spots in the
ninth figure. The last conical joint bears the anus at the extremity,
over which are two long spines, which on the under side are armed
with a small tooth (fig. 12.).
For making the following anatomical disquisition I opened the
larva on the left side along its whole length, turning the upper part
over on the right side, as represented in fig.9, whereby the in-
ternal organs become conspicuous. By this means two large longi-
tudinal muscles on the back are perceived, which arise from the
head and terminate at the anus. Between them is an open space,
in which is placed the longitudinal dorsal vessel, or the heart, affixed
with its wing-muscles on each side of the skin. On observing this part
with the microscope I have found the same structure which Straus-
Durckheim has described in his account of the heart of Melolontha
vulgaris ; but the wing-muscles were finer, and covered with minute
grains, which I presume may be grains of fat. The openings in the
vessel which this lynx-eyed author has detected, and of which he
has given a very elaborate description, I have also very distinctly
observed in this larva, namely, the valves which close the openings
from the internal side, and also in front of each opening the aper-
ture in the lateral wing-muscle of the heart. In that part of the
vessel which lies in the first three segments of the body, the wing-
muscles and the openings are wanting; I have also observed this
part of the dorsal vessel very intimately fixed upon the intestine, and
attending it to the brain, under which it passes with the cesophagus.
The intestines when extended are double the length of the body,
but in the natural position (fig.11.) they are of the same length
with it. A short cesophagus (fig. 12. A.) arises at the mouth, and
goes into the first segment, at the end of which it is amplified into
the stomach (fig. 10 and 11. A.), which occupies the greatest space
in the cavity of the body. This stomach is of an equal width, and
is formed of two fine membranes; it is covered with the fat, into
which many trachee are extended. ‘This largest part (which may
be called the craw) is succeeded by the second part of the stomach,
smaller than the former but of the same length (fig. 10. B.), with
thicker membranes, and very conspicuous transverse folds. At its
extremity we observe a constriction before which four fine vessels,
termed bilious vessels, or, from their first discoverer, vessels of Mal-
pighi, vase Malpighiana, pass into the stomach. Both parts of the
stomach, the first or craw (A) and the second (B), are continuous,
upon the Larva of Calosoma sycophanta. 237
and we find no valves separating them: this circumstance is very
curious, hecause at the same place in the perfect state of the insect
we observe another little stomach, covered on the internal side with
teeth, and used for masticating the food, of which also we see no
trace in the larva. The second part of the stomach, as well as the
ileum, makes a great winding in the natural state, so that we could
not see the second stomach in this state, but only the latter (fig. 11.
C.) The ileum (fig. 10. C.) is a short part pointed towards both
ends and smaller than the stomach. It contains a white matter of
calcareous appearance, which also fills the rectum (fig. 10, 11. D.)
This part has a very minute opening, but is subsequently dilated,
and constricted towards the end. It consists, as does also the whole
intestine, of two membranes, namely, an internal slimy tunic (tunica
mucosa), and an external muscular tunic (tunica muscularis), which
forms the transverse folds upon the second stomach and the rectum,
upon the latter of which four large longitudinal folds are internally
to be observed, three of which are represented in the figure, and
which are the cause of the curious form of the excrement in many
other larve. ‘The anus appears as a small cone at the end of the
body (fig. 10, and fig. 12.).
The bilious vessels (fig. 10. E, E.) pass into the intestine at one
place on the under side, and not, as Ramdohr says, around the circum-
ference. From this source they ascend towards the cesophagus, and
are laid upon the stomach (fig. 12, E, E.) Having reached the front
part of the stomach, they are turned backwards to the hind end,
pass the place of their insertion, and attend the windings of the
ileum, between which they make many copious folds, and return to
their first source in the stomach, as represented in fig. 10.
The respiratory system is formed of a long trachea placed on each
side of the body (fig. 9.), which receives the air which passes through
the spiracles by the addition of small lateral branches. At the same
place two other branches arise from the longitudinal vessel, one of
which ascends to the back, and the other descends to the inferior
portion of the body; many smaller branches extend to all the internal
organs. At the hind end the longitudinal trachea is extended into
numerous small branches. In the third thoracic segment this ves-
sel has two great arms, of which the superior goes to the back side,
the other passes along the chamber of the thorax, and emits a small
branch towards the belly, in the lower portion of the body (see fig. 9.) :
the larger branch goes through the thorax towards the head, emit-
ting various minor filaments which le upon the muscles of the tho-
rax and the other organs, and is united with the branch of the first
spiracle. From this spiracle arise therefore five branches, two going
938 Dr. H. Burmeister’s Anatomical Observations
to the head, one for the muscles on the superior and inferior part of
the body, the fourth is the connecting vessel with the longitudinal
trachea, the fifth, which is cut off on each side in my drawing, goes
to the stomach, and attends it with many small and large branches
to the beginning of the abdomen. The four tracheex also which go
into the head, attend the cesophagus, namely, two on the superior,
and two on the inferior side. The superior arms are connected to-
gether by a transverse branch on arriving at the head (fig. 10, a, a.),
their front parts emitting many little branches, which go to the brain
and the muscles in the superior parts of the head: the two inferior
arms are not connected ; they attend the nervous system (fig. 6, a, a.)
and go to the maxille and the labium in many little branches.
With respect to the muscular system, I have already described
the muscles of the back, but the muscles of the belly side are now to
be noticed. In the hind part of the body the same construction is ob-
served, namely, two long muscles, which arise at the anus and go to
the head, affixed to the membrane between two segments of the
body, as represented in my drawing; but in the three first segments
the muscles are very numerous, as I will now describe, from the
head towards the abdomen. In the first segment we find the mus-
cles for the head and the first feet. The muscles which move the
head are continued from the great longitudinal muscles above men-
tioned. To this end each longitudinal muscle is divided into two
arms, one external going to the margin of the first segment (a), the
other internal going to the margin of the head (6). The external
arm of the belly-muscles has at its base a small muscle which goes
to the external margin of the segment (vy). The muscles of the feet
are in all three segments alike, and may therefore be described
at once. I must therefore observe that from the internal layer of
the skin at the outside of the feet there arises a corneous lamella
(fig. 7, A,B,C.), from which one muscle (fig. 8, d.) goes to the hind
margin of the foot, moving the leg backwards. ‘Three other small
muscles (fig. 8, a, b, c.) arise from the fore and internal margin of
the foot, and go to the outside of the back segment, covering each
other (fig. 8, a,6,c.). These muscles move the leg during walking.
Between the first and the second a little corneous lamella exists,
(fig. 7, D, E.) which separates them from each other, but is not con-
nected with either of them. The whole apparatus is smaller in the
anterior leg, and largest in the four posterior legs, as my drawing
(fig. 7.) will show from the size of the lateral corneous lamelle,
from which arise the first-named muscles. In the internal space of
the leg we see three muscles, which go from one joint of the leg to
the next, and move the several joints. Between these muscles
upon the Larva of Calosoma sycophanta. 239
nerves (fig. 7.) and trachez pass, which come from the great vessel
of the stigma. In the second segment of the thorax the muscular
system is more complicated. We see in the middle a small longitu-
dinal muscle (6), from which two small oblique branches (n, 7.) go
to the middle of the breast. Under this longitudinal muscle may
be seen two others, one oblique (0) and one transverse (e), which
connect the belly-side of the body with the back, as shown in the
right side of my drawing (fig. 9.). In the third segment of the tho-
rax the construction is nearly the same, but yet more complicated.
The longitudinal muscle is double («), one superior, the other infe-
rior; and between them we see at the anterior and posterior part of
the segment a large transverse muscle (vy, ¢), connecting both to-
gether. This same muscle is likewise at the posterior part of the
first segment, as represented in the figure atv. For the connexion
of the second and third segments is used a muscular cross, formed of
two muscles (A, \.), which come from the superior longitudinal mus-
cle on one side, passing to the opposite part of the second segment,
on which it is affixed before the foot under the longitudinal muscle.
The connexion of the back- and belly-side of the third segment is
effected by three muscles, two oblique (7, p.) and one transversal
(p), on each side. Lastly, we remark, for the connexion of the first
abdominal segment with the thorax, a pair of muscles, which arise
from the longitudinal muscle and go towards the middle of the an-
terior margin, on which they are affixed (x). All these muscles
have their proper trachez, which come from the neighbouring great
branch, already described, and delineated in fig. 9.
The nervous system is composed of a long double thread, con-
nected together by thirteen ganglions, of which two are placed in
the head and the others in the body. The first ganglion lies upon
the cesophagus, and is called the brain, or more correctly the great
brain, because from it arise branches passing to the organs of sense,
namely, the eyes and the antenne. In fig. 12, we see this brain asa
transverse stripe, constricted in the middle, and attenuated on each
end into a fine thread, which is divided into six others. These are
the nerves for the eyes, which are more distinctly represented in
fig. 7, 6, b. From the great brain arise also the nerves for the an-
tenn, being simple threads, as exhibited in fig. 13, and fig. 7, a. a.
Moreover, from the anterior side of the brain two nerves (fig. 7, 9, g.)
arise, which are furcate, and which go with the external branch to
the muscles in the forehead, with the internal to a little ganglion
which lies upon the cesophagus, as seen in fig. 13. From this little
ganglion arises a fine nerve, which returns to the brain, passing un-
der it, but not being connected with this organ, since it reaches its
240 Dr. Burmeister onthe Larvaof Calosoma sycophanta.
hinder side, and attends the esophagus to the stomach. In front of
this organ the nerve forms a little ganglion, which emits two nerves ;
and behind the brain the same nerve is divided into two branches
from two little ganglions, which are also connected with the brain,
and lie on the external side of the esophagus. The second ganglion
of the head (fig. 7. F.), which I have named the little brain (in my
‘ Manual of Entomology,’ vol. 1. p. 297.), lies under the cesophagus,
upon a corneous fork, which I have figured in fig. 4, A., between
the great muscles of the mandibles (fig. 6.4, 6.) With the great
brain it is connected by two thick nerves, embracing the cesophagus.
From this little brain arise eight nerves, four on each side, the exter-
nal one going to the mandibles (fig. 7. f, f.), the two following to the
maxille (fig. 7, e, d.) : the centre ones are the nerves of the labium
(fig. 7, ¢, c.) From the hind end arise six nerves ; two thick ones go-
ing to the first ganglion of the body, the two external making a little
system of nerves for the muscles in the prothorax, and the other two
making a connecting system with the first abdominal ganglion, from
which go other small nerves to the muscles and internal organs. ‘The
first ganglion of the body (G,) lies in the first segment, which is af-
terwards the prothorax. From this ganglion arise the connecting
threads with the preceding and following ganglion, and three other
nerves; the first of which goes to the muscles in the segment, the
middle one to the leg, and the hind one forms another connecting
nerve, which has a little ganglion, and from this various small nerves
are emitted to the muscles. The second ganglion of the body (H,)
has the same structure, but the nerves are somewhat larger, and the
nerve for the legs has several branches. The third ganglion (I,) has
also the same structure, but the hind connecting threads are not
connected with the fourth ganglion, which is only connected by the
two middle and greater threads. These two ganglions (I, K,) are
also the most contiguous of all, except the two last, which touch
each other. From the fourth ganglion arise the connecting threads
and two little muscular branches. The seven abdominal ganglions
possess a similar structure, and send out on each side three nerves,
from which one goes on the upper side of the longitudinal muscles,
and the two others under that organ; the first of which we may re-
gard as the respiratory nerve, because it goes to the trachea on
each side, as is shown in the drawing (fig. 9.) : the other four are
muscular nerves. The last ganglion alone, which sends out other
smaller nerves in the middle, supplies some of them to the rectum
and the generative organs, of which I have found no sign in this
larva. Regarding the situation of the nervous system, we find it
placed at the lower part of the body, and in the central line, being
Mr. W. Mills on the Corn Weevil. 941
i)
exactly opposed to the dorsal vessel, or the heart. In the three first
segments the first and last transverse connecting muscle (fig. 9, t, p,)
lies over it, and also the oblique and internal muscles, which form the
cross (fig. 9,.), and the internal first abdominal muscles (fig. 9, y.) 5
the other parts of the nervous system are free, and only covered by
fat and the intestine.
XLIX. Observations upon the Corn Weevil, contained in a
Letter addressed to the Rev. F.W. Horr, F.R.S., Pres.
E.S., &c. By Wiuuiam Mitts, Esq., F.L.S., &.
[Read 2nd November, 1835. |
I spent from the month of January till August this year (1835) in
Madeira with my friend Lord Vernon, with whom I went out in his
yacht, the Harlequin, and I had an opportunity of observing a good
deal upon the Weevil (Calandra granaria). What the progress of
the annual laying of the egg in common wheat is I am not quite pre-
pared to say, as Shaw declares that the female perforates a grain of
wheat and lays its eggs; but I am inclined to differ with him in
that; and in regard to Indian corn, I am pretty certain that the
animal lays its egg in the blossom, and that the corn is formed with
the egg in the heart. I examined very many grains for several days,
and most minutely, with a microscope, and could discover no signs
of perforation anywhere, although the chrysalis was evidently there
in the centre of the grain. I then cut the grain open, took the chry-
salis out, but could discover no wound of any nature in the corn
itself by which it could have been lodged from without: this hap-
pened so continually that it leads me to suppose that it must have
been deposited during blossom. I then tried at what heat I could
hatch them, and I found 110° Fahrenheit succeeded, whilst from
130° to 140° of heat kills them. A gentleman of the name of Wil-
kinson, in Maderia, has now established a heated room with hot
water pipes, in which he receives as many as 800 bags of wheat at
a time ; these become heated through at about 135°, and the wheat,
when resifted, is perfectly cleansed from these noxious insects, and
makes quite as good bread as before. I also tried some of it in the
ground that had been subjected to this heat, and it came up. It is
very possible I may not haye communicated anything very new to
242 Mr. W. Mills on the Corn Weevil.
you, but which, if such be the case, I am sure you will excuse. An
old medical gentleman assured me that he considered the wings and
erustaceous parts of the Weevil so heating to the system as to be
almost as injurious as cantharides taken internally on a slow scale.
And when we consider the quantity of bread which is imbued with
them in warm climates, it is decidedly worth attending to for
the sake of a purer food. I am aware that weevils, when once
brought amongst corn, continue to breed by laying the egg in wheat.
But how do they first get there at all? Nature has supplied them with
wings, so that the reaching of the blossom for the purpose of laying
the egg is perfectly attainable to them. In almost all the instances
I have alluded to the insect was in the heart, and the farina formed
all round it without a wound of any nature. Amongst rice and
other grain I believe them to be communicated entirely in store, or
in a ship, which amounts to the same thing.
PROSPECTUS
PRIZE ESSAYS
SUBJECT OF NOXIOUS INSECTS AND REMEDIES
FOR THEIR DESTRUCTION.
Ir being one of the principal objects of the EnromoLoeicaL
Society or Lonpon to render their labours practically useful, the
Council have resolved to appropriate the annual sum of Five Guineas,
or a Gold Medal of the like value, to the Writer of the best Essay
(to be drawn up from personal observation) upon the natural history,
ceconomy, and proceedings of such species of insects as are ob-
noxious to agricultural productions, to be illustrated by figures of
the insects in their different states; together with the result of
actual experiments made for the prevention of their attacks or the
destruction of the insects themselves.
The subject of the Essays for the year 1834 to be the Turnip-
Ruy. :
The Essays must be forwarded to the Secretary, (at No. 17,
Old Bond Street,) with fictitious signatures, on or before the
Fourth Monday in January 1835, when they will be referred to
a Committee to decide upon their respective merits, after which,
* “ This part of our inquiry” (as to the transformations and early proceedings
of the Turnip-fly) ‘is by far the most important ; and, important as it is, cannot,
in the present state of information, be fully answered.” —Report of the Committee
of the Doncaster Agricultural Association on the Turnip-fly, 1834, p. 23.
VOL. I. G
Xvi PROSPECTUS OF PRIZE ESSAYS.
with the permission of the Writers, both the Prize Essay and any
others of value will be published.
The Essays must be respectively accompanied by a sealed letter,
indorsed with the fictitious signature adopted by each Author, and
inclosing the real name of the Writer.
General Meeting,
2nd of June, 1834.
BY-LAWS.
Cuap. I. Object.
1 By Pt Sree
THE EnromouogicaL Society or Lonpon is instituted for the
improvement and diffusion of Entomological Science.
Cuape. I]. Constitution.
The Society consists of British and Foreign Ordinary Members,
the number of whom shall be unlimited; and of Foreign Honorary
Members, whose number shall not exceed ten.
Cuap. III. Management.
The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council, con-
sisting of thirteen Members, to be chosen annually, four of whom
shall not be re-eligible for the following year.
Cuapr. IV. Officers.
The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President; three Vice-
Presidents; a Treasurer, who may be a Vice-President; a Secretary;
and a Curator.
Cuap. V. Annual Election of Officers.
The Officers shall be elected annually out of the Council. The
President and two of the Vice-Presidents shall, however, not be
eligible for re-election more than two years successively.
Cuap. VI. Duties of the Officers.
The business of the President shall be to preside at all the Meet-
ings of the Society and Council, and regulate all the discussions
therein, and to execute, or see to the execution of the By-Laws
and orders of the Society.
G2
XVill BY-LAWS.
Cuap. VII. VMice- Presidents.
1. It shall be the duty of a Vice-President, in case of the absence
of the President, to fill his place, or of a Member of the Council then
present in the absence of all the Vice-Presidents, who shall for the
time being have all the authority, privilege, and power of President.
2. If no Member of the Council shall be present at any Ordinary
Meeting, the Members present shall nominate and appoint to be
Chairman such Member as they shall deem fit.
Cuap. VIII. Treasurer.
1. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive for the use of
the Society all sums of money payable to the Society, and to dis-
burse all sums payable by the Society out of the funds in his hands.
He shall moreover furnish the Society with a true and particular
account of all such receipts and disbursements twenty-one days pre-
vious to each Anniversary,
2. No payment exceeding £5, excepting for rent or taxes, shall
be made by the Treasurer without the consent of the Council.
3. The Treasurer shall keep a book of Cheque Receipts for ad-
mission fees and annual payments; each receipt shall be signed by
himself, the date of payment and name of Member paying being
written both on the receipt and on the part of the cheque which is
left in the book.
4. The Treasurer shall demand all arrears of annual payment,
after such payment shall have been due three months.
5. The accounts of the Treasurer shall be audited annually pre-
viously to the Anniversary Meeting by a Committee of three Mem-
bers of Council, and three Members of the Society, to be elected by
Ballot, of which Committee three shall be a quorum.
Cuap. IX. Secretury.
1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a list of all the
Members of the Society, stating their address, place of residence, &c.
2. Minutes of the Proceedings of Monthly and Council Meetings
shall be taken by him, or in his absence by any Member whom the
Chairman may appoint for the occasion.
3. The Minutes shall be fairly copied by him into a Minute Book,
and at the next Meeting read aloud for confirmation.
BY-LAWS. Xix
Cuap. X. Curator.
1. It shall be the duty of the Curator to take care of the Library
and Cabinets of the Society*; to display, arrange, and class the in-
sects, &c. A Catalogue of the Library shall be made, and a Cata-
logue of the insects contained in the Museum shall be kept by him,
containing the names of the donors and the times and places of their
capture, as far as practicable.
2. All Members of the Society shall have free access to the Ca-
binets at the time specified in the By-Laws for the purpose of ex-
amination and description, excepting that if a Member or Stranger
present specimens of new insects to the Society with manuscript
names attached, specifying his intention of publishing the same,
then no individual, whether Member or Stranger, shall during the
space of twelve months publish any description or figure of such
specimen.
3. No Stranger shall be allowed to see the Library or Cabinets
unless in company with a Member, but a note addressed to the Cu-
rator, Secretary, or Member in attendance, shall be deemed a suffi-
cient introduction, the Curator, Secretary, or Member in attendance
then acting as the introducing Member.
4. No Stranger shall be permitted to take away or to describe
any insect, or to make a drawing of the same, except by special per-
mission of the Council previously obtained.
5. A Book for Synonyms shall be kept by the Curator, and any
Member making observations therein must sign his name to them.
Cuarp. XI. Library Regulations.
1. A Catalogue of the Library and MSS. shall be kept by the
Curator, with the names of the Donors.
2. No Member shall be allowed to borrow from the Library more
than two volumes at one time, or keep in his possession the same
longer than one week, without leave of the Curator.
3. If the Books are torn, injured, lost, or not forthcoming when
demanded by the Curator, full compensation shall be made for the
same by the borrower.
* The Curator is in attendance at the Rooms of the Society every Tuesday between
the hours of Eleven and Four, for the purpose of showing the Collections, &c. to
Members of the Society.
XX BY-LAWS.
Cuar. XII. Election and Admission of Members.
1. Every Candidate for admission as a Member of the Society
shall be proposed by three or more Members, who must sign a Cer-
tificate in recommendation of him.
2. One of the three must have personal knowledge of the Candi-
date.
3. The Certificate shall specify the name, rank, profession, quali-
fications, and usual place of residence of the Candidate.
4. The Certificate having been read at one of the Ordinary Meet-
ings, shall be suspended in the Room, and the person therein recom-
mended shall be balloted for at the second Ordinary Meeting after
such reading.
Cuap. XIII. The Election of Members.
The method of voting for the election of Members is by Ballot,
and two thirds of the Members balloting shall elect.
Cuap. XIV. Admission Fee.
1. The Admission Fee shall be £2 2s., the Annual Contribution
£1 1s.; and the composition in lieu of the Annual Contribution
£10 10s.
2. The Annual Contribution shall become due on the first day of
January in every year in advance; but any Member elected after the
30th of September will not be called upon for his subscription for
the remaining portion of that year.
Cuap. XV. Withdrawing and Removal of Members.
1. Every Member having paid all fees due to the Society shall be
at liberty to withdraw therefrom upon giving notice in writing to
the Secretary.
2. Whenever written notice of a Motion to be submitted to a
General Meeting for removing any Member from the Society, signed
by the Chairman for the time being of the Council, on the part of
the Council, or by any five or more Members, shall have been de-
livered to the Secretary, such notice shall be read from the Chair at
the four successive Ordinary General Meetings next following the
delivery thereof; and within fourteen days after the last of such
Meetings, a Special General Meeting shall be called for taking such
Motion into consideration, and deciding it by method of Ballot;
whereat if eleven or more Members shall ballot, and a majority of
BY-LAWS. Xxl
e
the Members balloting shall vote that such Member be removed, he
shall be removed from the Society.
Cuap. XVI. Privileges of Members.
1. The Members have the right to be present, to state their opinion
and to vote at all Meetings, to propose Candidates for admission into
the Society, either as Ordinary or Honorary Members, to introduce
Visitors at General Meetings of the Society, and to introduce scien-
tific foreigners to the Library and Museum, to purchase the Trans-
actions of the Society at reduced prices, and to have personal access
to the Library and Museum.
2. No Member to introduce more than one Visitor.
3. All the Members are eligible to any office in the Society.
4. No Member shall be entitled to vote on any occasion until he
shall have paid his subscription for the then current year.
Cuap. XVII. Foreign Members.
1. Every Foreigner who has distinguished himself as an Entomo-
logist, or who has shown himself able and willmg to promote the
ends for which the Society is founded, may be elected a Foreign
Member ; his Annual Contribution shall be £1 1s., and he shall be
entitled to the same privileges as other Members.
2. Foreign Members shall not be required to sign the Obligation
until present at a General Meeting of the Society, and when so
present shall be admitted as other Members.
3. Foreign Members shall be exempt from the payment of any
Admission Fee.
Cuav. XVIII. Honorary Members.
1. Every person proposed as an Honorary Member shall be re-
commended by the Council, and be balloted for, and elected, and
be liable to be removed in the like form and manner, and be subject
to the same rules and restrictions as an Ordinary Member.
2. Honorary Members shall be exempted from the payment of
Fees and Contributions; they shall have the privilege of attending
the Meetings; and have access to the Library and Cabinets, but they
shall not be entitled to vote at the Meetings of the Society.
3. No resident in Great Britain can be an Honorary Member, except
the Honorary President, the Rev. William Kirby, A.M. F.R.S. &c.*
* And William Spence, Esq., F.R.S., who was elected as an Honorary English
Member at the same Meeting at which the By-Laws were adopted.
XXIi _ BY-LAWS.
Cuar. XIX. Meetings of the Society.
1. The Ordinary General Meetings of the Society shall be held
on the first Monday in every month in the year, beginning at eight
o clock precisely in the evening, or at such other time as the Council
shall direct.
2. At the Ordinary Meetings the order of business shall be as
follows.
3. The names of the Visitors allowed to be present at the Meeting
shall be read aloud by the Chairman.
4. The Minutes of the last Meeting shall be read aloud by the
Secretary, and proposed for confirmation by the Meeting, and signed
by the Chairman.
5. The Presents made to the Society since their last Meeting shall
be announced and exhibited.
6. Certificates in favour of Candidates for admission into the So-
ciety shall be read or submitted to ballot.
7. Members shall sign their names in the Obligation Book, and
be admitted.
8. The President shall have a discretionary power as to the
Papers to be read at the Meetings of the Society; and the Se-
cretary, assisted by the President and any Member or Members of
the Council, shall determine as to the priority in which such papers
shall be read, and propriety of omitting any portion of the same.
9. All Memoirs which shall be read at any General Meeting of
the Society shall become the property of the Society, unless other-
wise stipulated for previous to the perusal thereof*.
10. Entomological communications shall be announced and read
either by the Author or the Secretary. When the other business
has been completed, the persons present shall be invited by the
Chairman to make their observations on the communications which
have been read, and on the specimens or drawings which have been
exhibited at the Meeting.
11. No Motion relating to the government of the Society, its
By-Laws, the management of its concerns, or the election, appoint-
ment or removal of its Officers, shall be made at any Ordinary
Meeting
tis.
* This Clause was adopted at the General Meeting of the 5th of May 1834.
BY: LAWS. XXUl
Cuap..XX. Special General Meeting.
Upon the requisition of any nine or more Members, presented to
the President and Council, a Special General Meeting of the Society
shall be convened, and any proposition to be submitted to such
Meeting shall be stated at length in the Notice to Members.
Cuap. XXI. Annual General Meeting.
1. The Annual General Meeting of the Members shall be held in
the Meeting-room on the fourth Monday in January of every year.
2. The objects of the Meeting shall be to choose the Council and
Officers for the then ensuing year; and to receive from the Council,
and hear read, their Annual Report on the general concerns of the
Society.
3.* The Council for the time being shall annually cause to be
prepared two written Lists, one of which (No. 1. in the Schedule
hereto) shall contain the names of four Members, whom they shall
recommend to be removed from, and of other four Members to be
elected into the Council; and the other List (No. 2.) shall contain
the names of such Members as they shall recommend to fill the
offices of President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Curator for the year
ensuing, which Lists shall be read at the Monthly Meeting in Ja-
nuary in every year, and then fixed up in the Meeting-room for the
space of fourteen days at the least. And if any six or more Members
shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other person or
persons, not exceeding four in number, than such as shall be con-
tained in the said Lists, to be removed from or elected into the
Council, or to fill the respective offices of President, ‘Treasurer, Se-
cretary, or Curator, such six or more Members shall leave Notice in
writing, signed with their names, at the Rooms of the Society, of
the name or names they propose to substitute, within the said space
of fourteen days. And after the expiration of such fourteen days, in
case no notice shall have been given as aforesaid, the said Balloting
Lists shall be printed; but in case of any such Notice or Notices
left as aforesaid, then the name or names proposed to be substituted
shall be added to the Lists respectively proposed by the Council in
different coloured ink, according to the forms Nos. 3. and 4. in the
Schedule hereto. And such Lists shall be transmitted to every Mem-
ber whose known residence shall be im London, or within the limits
* This and the four following Clauses were adopted at the General Meeting of the
Ist of September 1834,
XXIV BY-LAWS.
of the Threepenny Post, at least seven days before the Annual Ge-
neral Meeting shall take place.
4. On the day of voting, each Member present shall put his Bal-
loting Lists into the respective Glasses to be provided for such oc-
casion; before doing which, however, in case any name or names
shall have been added to the Lists proposed by the Council, he shall
strike out the name or names of those persons recommended for
whom he does not vote. And if more names shall be suffered to
remain in any List than the number of persons to be elected or re-
moved, such Lists shall be rejected. And in case the names suffered
to remain shall be less than the number of vacancies to be supplied,
those names only which shall remain in the List shall stand as voted
for.
5. The President shall appoint two or more Scrutineers from the
Members present, not being Members of the Council, to superintend
the Ballots, and report the results to the Meeting.
6. The Ballot for the Council shall remain open for one half-hour
at the least, and the Ballot for the Officers for one half-hour at the
least, after the result of the Ballot for the Council shall have been
declared.
7. If from any cause an election shall not take place of persons
to fill the Council, or any of the offices aforesaid, then the Election
of the Council and Officers, or the Election cf Officers, as the case
may be, shall be adjourned until the next convenient day, of which
notice shall be given, in like manner as is directed for the Annual
General Meeting.
8. No Ballot, either for the election of Members or any other
business, shall be taken unless nine Members be present.
Cuap. XXII. Transactions.
1. The Transactions shall consist of Papers communicated to the
Meetings of the Society.
2. The Transactions shall be published from time to time, and at
such prices as the Council shall direct for each Part or Volume; but
the price for one copy of each Part or Volume to each Member who
shall have paid his Annual Contribution for the year in which such
Part or Volume shall be published, shall not exceed three fourths of
the price charged to the public.
3.* Foreign Members of the Society who shall have paid the An-
* This Clause was adopted at the General Meeting of the Sth of May 1834.
BY-LAWS. XXV
nual Subscription for the year, shall be entitled to receive the Trans-
actions of the Society published during the year without any further
payment.
4. The superintendence of the Publications shall be by a Com-
mittee, which shall consist of nine Members, and of the President,
Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and Secretary.
5. The Committee of Publication shall consider every Paper which
shall be communicated to the General Meeting of the Society, and
shall report to the Council thereon; but no Paper shall be reported
on at any Meeting of the Committee unless there shall be five or
more Members present*.
Cuar. XXIII.¢ Alteration of the By-Laws.
Any of the By-Laws of the Society may at any time be repealed,
or altered and amended, or others adopted in lieu thereof, at any
Meeting of the Society, to be specially summoned in pursuance of
Notice to be given to the President and Council, to be signed by
nine Members at least, such Notice to specify the intended repeal or
alteration, and to be read at three General Meetings of the Society
previous to such Special Meeting.
THE SCHEDULES REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER XXI, OF
THE PRECEDING BY-LAWS.
Now:
Form of the List for the Council.
List of Four Members of the present Council recommended by the
Council to be removed at the Election on the day
of January 18
ANB} lye
(1D) GH
Four Members recommended to be elected into the Council.
I ARC N oO
L M Pi @)
* The following Resolution was adopted by the Council at the Meeting of the
4th of August 1834:—
That Authors of Memoirs to be published in the Transactions of the Society shall
be allowed an unlimited number of Copies of their Communications, the entire ex-
pense whereof shall, however, be borne by themselves.
{+ This Clause was adopted at the General Meeting of the 5th of May 1834.
XXVi BY-LAWS.
No: 2:
Form of the List for the Officers.
List of Persons recommended by the Council to be appointed to
the offices of President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Curator of the
Society, at the Election on the day of January 15
President . B A
Treasurer . Dae
Secretary .. | « 10eaG;
Curator PgG,
No. 3.
Form of the List for the Council when a Notice or Notices shall have
been given according to Chapter X XI. Clause 3. of the By-Laws.
List of Four Members of the present Council recommended to be
removed.
By the Council.
J ile iD ley
C D G H
By Notice signed by and
I Ne
LM ja
By Notice signed by and
RS VW
fe Xe Ys
List of Four Members recommended to be elected into the Council
in their places.
By the Council.
By A F E
IDY 18 HG:
By Notice signed by and
Ke] O N
M L Q P
By Notice signed by and
Ss R We Vi
Ub ene
Note.—lf more than four names are suffered to remain, the Vote
will be rejected. ‘
BY-LAWS. XXVIi
No. 4.
Form of the List for the Officers when a Notice or Notices shall have
been given according to Chapter X XI. Clause 3. of the By-Laws.
List of Persons to be appointed to the offices of President, Trea-
surer, Secretary, and Curator of the Society at the Election on
the day of January 18
As recommended by the Council.
President»).+ 9.77 Av B
Treasurer . . C D
Secretary E F
Curdtory) eG VE
As recommended by Notice signed by and
President LFS
Treasurer LM
Secretary N O
Curator BQ
As recommended by Notice signed by and
President RS
Treasurer fur o)
Secretary VeW
Curator ee as
Note.—If more than one name shall be suffered to remain for
each Officer, the Vote will be rejected.
Bina a ie ny ns OP
hath ey ms ' vy j i ‘4 Bila te A
| saat
io ap Aiea
or
ren Br
ime
i
. chy nity §
LIST OF MEMBERS.
(To the 6th of October 1834, inclusive.)
Those Persons to whose Names an Asterisk is prefixed are original Members.
Honorary President.
* The Reverend Wituiam Kirsy, M.A., F.R.S. L.S., &c. &.
Honorary English Member.
* Witiiam Spence, Esq., F.R.S. L.S., &e.
Honorary Foreign Members.
Aupourn, M. Vicror, Cheval. Leg. Honour, Professor at the Jardin
des Plantes, President of the Entomological Society of Paris,
&c. Paris.
Gravennorst, Professor J. L. C., Phil. Doct., &c. Breslaw, Silesia.
GyLLENHALL, Major Lronarp, Cheval. of the Royal Order of Wasa,
Member of the Acad. Sciences of Stockholm and Upsal, &c.
Skara, Sweden.
Haan (Dr), W., Phil. Doct., Member of the Societies of Natural
History of Regensbourg, Calvados, Paris, &c., Conservator
of the Museum at Leyden.
HAMMERSCHMIDT,
, Doctor of Laws, Member of various So-
cieties of Natural History. Vienna.
XXX LIST OF MEMBERS.
Kuve, Dr. Frepertck, Hon. Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Director of
the Museum of Natural History, &c. Berlin.
Leresvre, M. ALexanpre, Corresponding Member of the Museum
d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, of the Imperial Society of
Naturalists of Moscow, Secretary of the Entomological
Society of France, &c. Paris.
PasseRIn1i, Signor Carto, Member of the Entomological Society of
France, Director of the Museum of Natural History, &c. —
Florence.
ScuonueErRR, C. J., Councillor of Commerce, Cheval. of the Or-
der of the Polar Star, Member of the Academies of Natural
Sciences of Stockholm, Pisa, Moscow, Berlin, Leipzic, &c.
Skara, Sweden.
Weipemann, Dr. Cur. R. W., Prof. Zool. Keil.
Ordinary Members.
*Babington, Charles Cardale, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. Memb. Phil. Soc.
Camb., &c., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
*Bainbridge, Mr. William, 19, Guildford-place, Clerkenwell,
London.
*Barker, Mr. George, 17, Aldgate High-street, London.
*Barnes, Joseph §., Esq., St. Luke’s Hospital, London.
*Bass, Isaac Gray, Esq., Brighton.
Bassi, The Chevalier Carlo, Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Milan.
*Bevan, Edward, M.D., Woodland Cottage, near Ross, Here-
fordshire.
*Bell, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. Z.S. &c., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris.
Corresp., New Broad-street, London. Vice-President.
*Bennett, Mr. William, Lark-hall-lane, Clapham.
*Bevington, James B., Esq., St. Ann’s Hill, Wandsworth.
*Bird, Rev. C. H. Smith, M.A., F.L.S., Burghfield, near Reading.
*Blomer, Capt. Charles, Burton-crescent, London.
*Blundell, E. S., M.D., Orchard-street, Portman-square.
*Blundell, Thomas, M.D., Newgate-street, London.
*Bowerbank, J. S., Esq., 19, Cutchell-place, New North-road,
London.
*Bramall, Thomas, Esq., Tamworth Castle.
“Broadwood, Henry, Esq., Bryanston-square, London.
*Broome, C. E., Esq., Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
*Browne, Rey. R. G. S., Dulwich College.
LIST OF MEMBERS. XXXi
Chevrolat, M. August., Memb. Ent. Soc. Paris, &c., Paris.
*Children, J. G., Esq., Sec. R.S. F.R.S.E. &c. &c., British Mu-
seum. President.
*Christy, William, Jun., Esq., F.L.S., Clapham-road.
*Christy, J. P., Esq., Clapham-road.
*Churton, Henry, Esq., Oxford-street.
*Curteis, Mrs. J., Tenterden-house, Kent.
*Curtis, Charles M., Esq., Montpelier-square, Brompton.
*Darwin, Charles, Esq., Shrewsbury.
*Davis, Abraham Hopkins, Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Bruns-
wick-place, Camberwell.
*Desvignes, Peter, Esq., Golden-square, St. James’s.
*Desvignes, T., Esq., Golden-square, St. James’s.
*Doubleday, Mr. Edward, Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Epping.
*Doubleday, Mr. Henry, Epping.
*Downes, H., Commander R.A., F.L.S., Naval and Military Mu-
seum, Whitehall.
Edwardes, Sir Henry, Bart., Ryton, Salop.
*Engleheart, N., Esq., Park, Blackheath.
*Eveleigh, Joseph, Esq., Manchester.
*Eyton, Thomas, Esq., Eyton, Salop.
*Goodal, Rev. Joseph, D.D., F.A.S. L.S. H.S. &e., Provost of
Eton College.
Gory, M. Hippolyte, Memb. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ent. Soc.
France, &c., Paris.
*Gould, John, Esq.; F.L.S., Z.S., Broad-street, Golden-square.
*Gray, John Edward, Esq., F.R.S. G.S. R.G.S. Z.S., &c., British
Museum.
*Gray, George Robert, Esq., Memb. Soc. Ent. France, Hamp-
stead-green.
*Griesbach, Rev. Alexander William, B.A., Wesbow, near Whit-
well, Yorkshire.
*Griesbach, Henry, Esq., 49, York-street, Baker-street.
*Griesbach, G. Adolphus, Esq., Vine-house, Old Brompton.
*Griffith, Edward, Esq., F.R.S. A.S. L.S., Featherstone-buildings.
Guerin, M. F. E., Memb. Soc. Hist. Nat., Soc. Ent. France, &c.,
Paris.
VOL, I. H
XXX1l LIST OF MEMBERS.
*Hanson, Samuel, Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Botolph-lane,
London.
*Hardwicke, Major-General Thomas, F.R.S. L.S. Asiat. Soc. &c.,
The Lodge, South Lambeth.
*Harris, The Hon. Charles M., Heron Court, Hants.
*Hawkins, , Esq., London-terrace, Hackney-road.
*Heales, G. S., Esq., Doctors’ Commons.
*Henessy, P)H1.; Esq:
*Hole, Henry, Esq., Ebberley-house, near Great Torrington,
Devon.
*Hooker, Joseph, Esq., Glasgow.
*Hope, Rev. Frederick William, M.A. F.R.S. L.S. Z.S. & GS.
Memb. Ent. Soc. France, 37, Upper Seymour-street, Port-
man-square. Vice-President and Treasurer.
*Horsfield, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S. L.S. G.S. Z.S. Royal Asiat.
Soc., Imp. Acad. Nat. Curios. Socius, Corr. Memb. Acad.
Nat. Sciences Philadelphia, and Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania,
&c., East India House.
*Hoyer, Jacob, Esq., Stockwell-square.
*Jenyns, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S. Memb. Phil. Soc. Camb., &c.,
Swaffham, Bulbeck, Newmarket.
*Image, Rev. John, Dulwich College.
*Ingpen, Mr. Abel, A.L.S., 29, Upper Manor-street, Chelsea.
*Johnson, Mr. A., Wellington-cottage, Camden-town.
Johnstone, J. C., Esq., Grenada.
*Kidd, Rev. Dr., Oxford.
*Lees, Edwin, Esq., Worcester.
*Leigh, H. T., Esq., Hammersmith.
*Letts, Mr. Thomas, Royal Exchange.
*Lewis, Mr. R. H., Queen-street, Chelsea.
*Lewis, Mr. W. E., Queen-street, Chelsea.
*Longman, William, Jun., Esq., Hampstead.
*Lucas, Geoffrey, Esq.
*Malmesbury, Right Hon. the Earl of, Heron Court, Hants.
Mannerheim, Count C. G. De, Governor of Wasa, Cheval. Ord.
St. Wladimir, Finland.
*Marshall, Thomas, Esq., The Crescent, Birmingham.
LIST OF MEMBERS. XXX
*May, Rev. George, Strode-house, Herne.
*Melly, A., Esq., Pall Mall, Manchester.
*Meynell, Thomas, Esq., Yarn, Yorkshire.
Mills, W., Esq., F.L.S., Willington, Durham.
*Morris, Edmund, Esq., 38, Cambridge-terrace, Edgware-road.
*Newman, Edward, Esq., F.L.S. Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Union-
street, Deptford.
*Norris, Thomas, Esq., Ridvales, Bury, Lancashire.
*Paget, C. J., Esq., Great Yarmouth.
Petit, Louis Hayes, Esq., F.R.S. A.S. L.S. H.S. &c., Lincoln’s Inn.
*Pickering, Charles, Esq., Phillimore-place, Kensington.
*Preston, Rev. J. D. J., Asham, Bryant, near York.
Prichard, J. O., Esq., Pudding-lane, London.
Power, John Arthur, Esq., B.A., Clare Hall, Cambridge.
*Raddon, William, Esq., Trafalgar-square, Little Chelsea.
*Read, W. H. R., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Temple.
*Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., Sec. R.S. F.L.S. G.S., 39, Bernard-
street, Russell-square, London.
Rucker, Sigismund, Esq., West-hill, Wandsworth.
*Rudd, Rev. George Thomas, M.A., F.L.S., Marton-lodge, Stockton-
on-Tees.
*Saunders, Sydney Smith, Esq., Foreign Office.
*Saunders, William Wilson, Esq., F.L.S., East-hill, Wandsworth.
Sells, W., Esq., Kingston-upon-Thames.
*Shuckard, William Edward, Esq., 29, Grove-street, Camden-town.
*Skrimshire, , Esq., Cottage-green, Camberwell.
*Slaney, Richard, Esq., M.P., 3, Devonshire-terrace.
*Smee, Capt. Walter, E.I.C., 61, Baker-street, Portman-square.
*Spence, R. H., Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, 36, Great Coram-
street.
*Spence, W. B., Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, 36, Great Coram-
street. Foreign Secretary.
*Stephens, James Francis, Esq., F.L.S., &c., Admiralty, Somerset-
house. Vice-President.
*Swainson, William, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. Soc. Hist. Nov. Ebor.,
Soc. Hon. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris., et Acad. Sc. Phil. Corr.
Tittenhanger-green, near St. Alban’s.
XXXIV LIST OF MEMBERS.
*Sykes, Lieut.-Col. William Henry, F.L.S. G.S. M.R.A.S., 47,
Albion-street, Hyde-park. Vice-President.
*Trusted, Mr. George, London.
*Vigors, Nicholas Aylward, Esq., M.P., D.C.L. F.R.S. A.S. L.S.
Z.S. H.S. &c., Chester-terrace, Regent’s Park.
*Wailes, George, Esq., Newcastle.
*Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S. G.S. Memb. Soc. Ent. France, 49,
Bedford-square.
*Walker, Sir Patrick, Knt., F.R.S. Edin. L.S. &c., Drumseugh,
near Edinburgh.
*Walton, John, Esq., Canonbury-square.
*Waterhouse, George Robert, Esq., 11, Gloucester-road, Old
Brompton. Curator.
*Westwood, John O., F.L.S. Soc. Ces. Nat. Cur. Mosq. Soc.,
Memb. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Maurit., Memb. Soc. Ent. France,
&c., The Grove, Hammersmith. Secretary.
Willcox, William, Esq., Dulwich-common.
*Wood, William, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. &c., Tavistock-street, Covent-
garden.
*Yarrell, William, Esq., F.L.S. Z.S. Soc. Amer. Soc., Ryder-street,
St. James’s.
Printed by Richard Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street,
«
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
in pursuance of Resolutions adopted at a preliminary Meeting
held on the 3rd of May 1833, at which were present, N. A. Vigors,
Esq., M.P.; J. G. Children, J. E. Gray, G. R. Gray, J. F. Ste-
phens and W. Yarrell, Esquires; Revds. F. W. Hope and G. T. Rudd,
and Dr. Horsfield, the organization of the Entomological Society was
effected; and the First General Meeting was held at the Thatched
House Tavern, St. James’s Street, on the 22nd of May 1834,
J. F. Stephens, Esq. in the Chair, when the Council, consisting of
the following Gentlemen, was elected, viz. :
J. G. Cuitpren, Esq., Sec. R.S., &c.
A. H. Davis, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., &c.
G. R. Gray, Esq.
A. W. Grizssacu, Esq., B.A.
Rev. F. W. Horst, M.A., F.L.S., &c.
Dr. Horsrietp, F.R.S., &e.
E. Newmay, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
J. F. Srepuens, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
Lieut. Col. Syxes, F.L.S., &c.
N. A. Vicors, Esq., M.P., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c.
G. R. Warernouse, Esq.
W. Yarret, Esq., F.E.S., &e.
And the various officers of the Society were appointed as follows :
y
Honorary President ..... Rev. Wititam Kirsy, M.A.
are SiOCIL An rie math cm cncenre oo ee J. G. Cuitpren, Esq.
N. A. Vicors, Esq., M.P.
Vice-Presidents .. +... +s Dr. HorsFie.p.
{P F. Stepuens, Esq.
Treasurer (and Vice-President) Rev. F. W. Hore.
SEO AIGTUP A BOA 1 Bubs boone G. R. Gray, Kisq.
VECTOR” Bo 6. Oa tankomcus € G. R. Warernouse, Esq.
li JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
November 4th, 1838.
(Held at the Society’s Rooms, No. 17, Old Bond Street.)
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair,
Who, after having spoken of the objects and origin of the Society,
and of the rapid advance of the science of Entomology in this
country, resigned the Chair for the remainder of the evening to the
Rev. W. Kirby, Honorary President.
The By-laws of the Society were read and adopted.
William Spence, Esq., F.R.S., &c., was elected an Honorary En-
glish Member, and W. B. Spence, Esq., was appointed Foreign Se-
cretary to the Society.
DownatTIoNns.
Illustrations of British Entomology. By the Author, J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq.
Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By the same.
Nomenclature of British Insects, First Edition. By the same.
Ditto, Second Edition. Part I. By the same.
Synopsis of Nepaul Coleoptera. By the Author, the Rev. F. W.
Hope.
Linnei Systema Nature. By the same.
Dillwyn’s Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Swansea. By
the same.
Sphinx Vespiformis,.an Essay. By the Author, Edward New-
man, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
Entomological Magazine, Vol. I. By the Publishers.
Six Boxes of Exotic Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. By J. G.
Children, Esq.
Four Boxes of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. By the Rev. F. W.
Hope.
Several Boxes of Insects. By the Rev. C. 8. Bird and Samuel
Hanson, Esq. '
Various Insects. By W.E. Shuckard, E. Newman, A. H. Davis,
and F. Walker, Esqrs.
Memoirs, &c.
An extract of a Letter was read, containing an account of the Kn-
tomological Proceedings at the Meeting of the German naturalists at
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. ui
Breslau on the 18th and 19th of September 1833, <A Section for
Entomology was established, having Professor Zawadski for the
President, and Professors Gravenhorst and Schummel for Secre-
taries. M. Fitzinger of Vienna announced a new work on the Or-
thoptera, by Professor Reichenbach, and the completion of the work
upon European Lepidoptera by Treitschke. Dr. Hammerschmidt
exhibited a new Austrian species of Gryllus, and read a notice upon
Lophyrus piniperda; he also announced a work by the Royal Agri-
cultural Society of Vienna upon Noxious Insects, and communicated
several Memoirs upon Tinea granella by Messrs. Kollar and him-
self, upon Bostrichus typographus and villosus by the Count de
Beraldingen, upon Haltica by Dr. Wundram, and upon Noctua
aquilina by M. Kollar. He also made some observations upon a
new Dipterous insect, the Cecidomyia Tritici, which during the year
had caused great ravages to the wheat in Hungary. Also upon the
galls upon plants produced by insects, with an attempt at their classi-
fication, which he illustrated by figures of not less than 250 different
species of galls, and the insects producing them. He also stated,
that having reared the larvee (which he exhibited) of Euenemis de-
flexicollis and E. pallida, these insects were only varieties of the
same species, as is also the case with Hingis humeralis and £. pal-
lida. He also exhibited various specimens of Diaperis Boleti, which
he had reared, and which, from their great difference in size, proved
that this character was inapplicable to the distinction of species ;
likewise two Coleopterous monstrosities, namely, a Procrustes Coria-
ceus with a tubercle on each elytron, and a Carabus morbillosus with
a forked appendage upon each elytron; as well as two new Coleo-
ptera, Plilium sulcatum and Latridius ruficollis; a new species of
Arachnida, Thomisus togatus; and some remarkable varieties of Sal-
ticus sanguinolentus, Eresus 4-gultatus, and E'peira cucurbitina. He
also read various Memoirs upon the larvee and imagines. of Cronus
Scrophularie, Ai salus Scarabeoides, Nematus iniercus, Pyrochroa coc-
cinea, Nosodendron fusciculare, Tenebrio molitor, Acheta gryllotalpa,
Staphylinus hirtus, Mylabris variabilis, Meloe proscarabeeus, Pimpla
impressor, and Trixagus fumatus; and exhibited the preparatory
states of the following Coleopterous insects, viz., Scolytus Pruni,
Coccinella impunctata, Saperda punctata, Trichodes apiarius, Mal-
thinus bigultatus, Malachius eneus, Telephorus fuscus, Trogosita
caraboides, Megagnathus mandibularis, Pyrochroa coccinea, Aisalus
Scarabeoides, Silpha subterranea, Eccoptogaster Scolytus, Triplas
nigripennis, Cerylon sulcicolle, Synchita humeralis, and Hololepta
plana. Professor Zawadski exhibited various new Coleoptera from
iv JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
the Carpathian Mountains, belonging to the Carabid@ and Curculho-
nide. He also announced the return of an entomological expedition
undertaken in the Balkan Mountains. Professor Schummel read a
Memoir upon Tipula, and described two new Diptera, under the
names of Hammerschmidtia viltata and Dryomyza Zawadsku: be
also exhibited various Plates, representing species of Lyg@us, Coreus
and Syrphus. Professor Gravenhorst gave some account of the
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of France: he mentioned
the exclusion of a Lepidopterous hybrid produced from the union
of Platypteryx falcula and curvatula, and read a letter from Dr.
Berendt of Dantzig, vpon insects found imbedded in amber. M.
Rottermond communicated a mode of taking the impression of the
wings of Lepidopterous insects. M. Schilling described a new mode
of classifying the Lepidoptera from the wings. He also mentioned
the discovery of a new and winged species of Cimea (C. domestica).
M. Boksch mentioned a hybrid union between Melolontha Hippo-
castani and vulgaris, of which he had been witness. Professor
Mikan of Prague read the description of thirteen new species of
Julus from Brazil. M. Jaensch spoke of the species of the genera
Melolontha and Bostrichus injurious to agriculture. M. Klopsch
read a Memoir upon the state of Entomology in the time of Aristotle ;
and the return of Messrs. Ecklon and Bescke from an entomolo-
gical voyage to Brazil was announced.
Mr. Spence, in allusion to Dr. Hammerschmidt’s Memcir upon
the Cecidomyia, stated that the insect described by that author was
specifically distinct from the long previously described Cecidomyia
Tritict of Kirby: the injury done by the former insect is occasioned
by the larva eating the stem, thereby weakening the plant, whereas
the latter feeds upon the flowers of the wheat, thereby preventing
their fructification. ‘The Hessian fly described by Mr. Say—(see
Loudon’s ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ No. 3, for a notice of
Mr. Say’s Memoir, by Mr. Kirby,)—is also distinct, although evi-
dently congenerous ; but the immense injury which it causes is said
to arise from the pressure of the pupz against the grain while in a
tender state. Mr. Spence, however, considered that this fact had
need of confirmation, and called the attention of the Meeting to the
necessity of minute investigation into the ceconomy of the various
species of insects destructive to agricultural productions.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Vv
December 2nd, 1838.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Donations.
Introduction to Entomology, 4 vols. By the Authors, Messrs.
Kirby and Spence.
Fabricii Systema Rhyngotorum. By F. Walker, Esq.
Turton’s Edition of Linnezi Systema Nature. By Mr. Charton.
Part I. of the Entomology of Australia. Phasmata. By the Au-
thor, G. R. Gray, Esq.
Illustrations of British Entomology, No. 59. By the Author,
J. F. Stephens, Esq.
Description of Chiasognathus Grantii. By the same.
Zoological Illustrations, Third Series, Part Entomology. By the
Author, W. Swainson, Esq.
Monographia Tenthredenitarum. Par M. De St. Fargeau. By
J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.
Notice of the Ravages of the Cane-fly. By the same.
Description and Figure of Desmia maculalis, from Guerin’s ‘ Ma-
gazin de Zoologie.’ By the same.
Numerous species of Insects, of various Orders. By the Rev.
F. W. Hope, Captain Blomer, and Messrs. Shuckard, Doubleday,
Churton, Courtney, Pickering, Lewis, Skrimshire, and Walton.
Memoirs, &e.
* On the Form of the Head of Insects.” By E. Newman, Esq.,
F.L.S., &c. Withdrawn, and published by the Author in the Ento-
mological Magazine, No. 6.
“ Descriptions of some New Australian Coleoptera.” By the Rev.
F. W. Hope. (See ante, p. 11. Memoir HI.)
Mr. Spence communicated an extract from a letter which he had
received from Mr. Edward C. Herrick of New Haven (North Ame-
rica), relating to the Hessian Fly, stating that the accounts hitherto
published concerning it were very erroneous, and that the writer
was engaged in preparing an account of its natural history, and of
its five parasites, two of which he considered to belong to the ge-
nera Lurytoma and Platygaster. He considered the fly itself to be
referrible to Meigen’s genus Lastoptera.
Mr. Westwood communicated a notice of the Entomological Pro-
ceedings of the Linnean Society. At the Meeting of the 5th of No-
vember preceding, a Memoir upon Diopsis, a genus of Dipterous
vi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
insects, by himself, was read, containing descriptions of nearly
twenty species, half of which were new. Mr. Say presented his
Descriptions of new species of Curculionites of North America, New
Harmony, Indiana, July 1831. The 36th volume of the Transac-
tions of the Turin Academy was also presented, containing a Me-
moir by Professor Gene, upon Cecidomyia Hyperici. Mr. MacLeay
sen. presented a fine Collection of Insects from New Holland. At
the Meeting of the 19th of November the continuation of the Mo-
nograph upon Diopsis was read. The 4th volume of the Memoirs
of the French Institute was presented, containing an extensive Me-
moir by M. Leon Dufour, upon the Anatomy of the Hemiptera and
Homoptera. Lieutenant Breeton exhibited numerous specimens in
spirits of a new species of Cochineal, recently discovered upon oaks
in the interior of New Holland. The clear spirit had acquired the
colour of red ink. Mr. Yarrell exhibited portions of the beams of
a house perforated in various directions apparently by the larve of
some of the Ptinide.
Mr. Waterhouse called the attention of the Meeting to some pe-
culiarities which he had observed in the Stag-beetle (Zucanus Cervus),
and stated that he had lately kept a male specimen of that insect
alive for several weeks, his object being to ascertain the use of the
mandibles and some other organs. From his observations it ap-
peared evident that the mandibles are employed in procuring sub-
sistence, possibly by wounding the bark of young trees, in order to
cause the sap to flow, upon which these insects feed. The specimen
in question was kept alive by feeding it with sugar and water; it also
seemed fond of the juice of raspberries and other saccharine sub-
stances. For the purpose of lapping up juices or other fluid mat-
ters, it appears to have an extraordinary power of thrusting out the
maxille, the galea or terminal portion of which is extremely long
and flexible (not unlike the tongue ofa bee). It carefully avoided
touching anything with the antenne, although these organs were
kept continually in motion, as if for the purpose of feeling: if by
chance they became sineared with sugar or any other matter, the
insect immediately cleaned them by drawing them between the
thigh of the fore leg and the underside of the thorax, in both which
parts a velvet-like patch of hair is to be observed, which is well
adapted for such purpose. That the mandibles were employed as
above mentioned appeared evident, from the insect frequently biting
the raspberry, to wound it, before it applied the maxille; it also
frequently bit Mr. Waterhouse’s finger, without, however, causing
a wound, and afterwards applied the maxillz, but finding no fluid,
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. vil
it renewed its attempts several times. The specimen became very
tractable, and would show a playful humour at times by tossing a
ball of cotton about with its mandibles, and holding it up in the air.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes observed, that the same kind of playfulness
was occasionally to be noticed in the prototypes of the Lucanus, the
Stag and Deer tribes.
The President alluded to the death of Adrian Hardy Haworth,
Ksq., F.L.S., H.S., Cees. Soc. Nat. Hist. Moscow, Soc. Roy. Hort.
des Pays Bas, &c., whereupon it was resolved to enter the regrets
of the Society upon the Minutes of its Proceedings, on account of
the loss which Science, especially Entomology, has sustained by his
lamented decease.
January 6th, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONS.
Illustrations of British Entomology, No. 60. By the Author, J.
F. Stephens, Esq.
Memoir on the Connexion between the Land and Water Cimicide,
and Description and Figure of Encephalus complicans. By the Au-
thor, J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.
A Box of Chinese Insects. By T.S. Bowerbank, Esq.
150 Species of New Holland Insects. By the Linnzan Society
of London.
24 Species of British Insects. By Mr. R. H. Lewis.
Meworrs, &c.
“Explanation of the sudden Appearance of the Web-spinning
Blight of the Apple Hawthorn, &c.” By R. H. Lewis, Esq. (See
ante, page 21. Memoir IV.)
*‘ Description of the Larva of Raphidia Ophiopsis.” By G. R.
Waterhouse, Esq., Curator. (See ante, page 23. Memoir V.)
“Descriptions of the Larvae and Pupz of several Coleopterous.
Insects.” By the same. (See ante, page 27. Memoir VI.)
‘Description of Ripipterya, a new genus of Orthoptera.” By
Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S. Withdrawn, and published by the
author in the Entomological Magazine, No.7. Mr. Newman added
some verbal remarks upon the habits of the nearly allied genus
Lridactylus, from the ‘ Observations sur le T'ridactyle panaché’ of
M. Foudras of Lyons, published in 1829,
Vil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Continuation of the Rev. F. W. Hope’s ‘ Descriptions of New
Exotic Coleoptera.” (See ante, page 11.)
Notice of the Entomological Proceedings at the Linnzan Society.
Communicated by Mr. Westwood. At the Meeting of the 3rd of
December four Memoirs by Signor Passerini were presented : upon
Leucania Zee, Badvy., the larve of which attack Indian corn; upon
the noise produced by Sphinx Atropos; upon Qscinis Olee, the
larvee of which feed upon the olives in Italy ; and upon Tinea olivella,
the larve of which feed upon the leaves of the same plant. At the
Meeting of the 17th December the conclusion of Mr. Westwood’s
monograph upon Diopsis was read. The 18th, 19th, and 20th vo-
lumes of the ‘Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle’ were pre-
sented, containing Lyonnet’s posthumous Researches ; also the Ist
and 2nd volumes of the ‘ Nouv. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Na-
turelle,’ containing Memoirs upon the 7’hysanura and upon Prosopi-
stoma by Latreille, a Memoir upon the Coleoptera of French Guiana
by Lacordaire, and a Memoir upon the Lepidoptera of Madagascar
by Boisduval. Mr. J. E. Gray’s Memoir, read at the Zoological
Society, upon the Cirrhipeda, disproving the statements of Mr. J. V.
Thompson relative to the transformations which they undergo, was
also noticed.
The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited two pieces of wood, communi-
cated by Captain Walter Smee, one of which had been greatly per-
forated by the Z'ermites in the East Indies, and the other by a large
species of bee (Xylocopa), together with other substances which had
been destroyed in the same manner by the former insect. Captain
Smee remarked that, from observations which he had made in India,
it appeared to him that the Termztes were much more destructive
in consequence of a powerful acid which they leave upon every-
thing they pass over than from their merely feeding upon such sub-
stances.
Mr. Westwood, in allusion to the destructive habits of the wood-
boring insects, read an extract from a letter from Mr. Denson, re-
lating to the devastation caused by Ptilinus pectinicornis upon a
newly made bed-post, which, although formed of sound wood, was
obliged to be burnt in the course of two or three years afterwards
in consequence of its having been attacked by myriads of that in-
sect. A portion of the post was exhibited, and it appeared that its
interior was very dry, and became pulverised at the slightest touch :
this was the case with such portions as Jay between the tracts of the
insects. Whether this decay was consequent upon these attacks, or
whether, having become thus decayed, it had afforded a habitation
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. | ix
for the insects easy of formation from its softness, or more relishing
to their taste from being in such state of decay, he would not at-
tempt to decide.
Mr. Westwood also read a description of a minute new Coleo-
pterous insect which destroys the bindings of books, T'omicus erudi-
tus. (See ante, page 34. Memoir VII.)
Mr. Skrimshire noticed the ravages of another of the Ptinideous
insects, a species of dnobium, which he exhibited, and which feeds
upon prepared pearl barley in the larva state.
It was resolved that the Anniversary Meeting should be held on
the ensuing fourth Monday in January, for the election of a new
Council and Officers.
Annversary Meeting, January 27th, 1834,
In pursuance of the By-laws, the four following gentlemen were
removed from the Council:
N. A. Vicors, Esq., M.P. A. H. Davis, Esq.
Dr. HorsFiexp. J. E. Gray, Esq.
and the four followmg gentlemen clected into the Council in their
stead: ‘
Tuomas Bett, Esq. Francis Waker, Esq.
W. E. Syuckarp, Esq. J. O. Wrstwoop.
The following gentlemen were elected as Officers for the ensu-
ing year :
President ..-.... J. G. Cuixpren, Esq.
Treasurer...... Rev. F. W. Hore.
ECNELOTY |. anes) Ja O. WESTWOOD,
Foreign Secretary. . W. B. Spence, Esq.
Curator. ...... G.R. Wateruouss, Esq.
February 3rd, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonaTIoNs.
Index Entomologicus, No.1. By the Author, W. Wood, Esq.,
F.LS., &c.
Pallas, Icones Insectorum Rossia, &c. By the same.
x JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Desmarest, Considerations Générales sur les Crustacés. By the
Rev. F. W. Hope.
Notice sur le Phlocerus, par Dr. Fischer. By the same.
Three Plates of Comte’s Hlustrations of the ‘Régne Animal.’ By
the same.
Illustrations of British Entomology, No. 61. By the Author, J.
F. Stephens, Esq.
Memoir upon a Parasitic Species of the Cynipide. By the Au-
thor, J. O. Westwood, F.L.S.
Notice sur les Metamorphoses des Ceratopogons, par M. Guerin.
By the same.
Notice sur deux Nouveaux Genres de l’Ordre des Coléoptéres,
par M. Guerin. By the same.
Specimens of Mormolyce phylloides, Chrysophora chrysochlora,
Buprestis opulenta, Sagra Boisduvalii, and Hipparchia Blandina.
By J. G. Children, Esq.
50 Genera of Exotic Coleoptera. By the Rev. F. W. Hope.
Several Species of Chaleidide. By F. Walker, Esq.
The President nominated as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing
year Tuos. Bett, Esq. ; J. F. Sreruens, Esq.; Lieut.-Col. Sykes;
and the Treasurer, the Rev. F. W. Hope; upon each of whom he
passed an elaborate encomium.
The President announced the opening of Subscriptions for the
additional purchase of Books and Cabinets for the use of the So-
clety.
Memoirs, &c.
Notice of the Entomological Proceedings at the Linnean and Zo-
ological Societies, communicated by Mr. Westwood. At the Meet-
ing of the former Society on the 21st of January, a Paper by Mr.
Schomburgh was read, including several notices of the attacks of
the Termites upon a large silk-cotton tree in St. Thomas’s Island,
West Indies. ‘The 4th and 5th volumes of the Bulletin of the Im-
perial Society of Naturalists at Moscow, containing various Ento-
mological Memoirs, were presented. At the Meeting of the latter
Society on the 28th of January, Mr. W. 8. MacLeay’s Memoir upon
Urania and Mygale, since published in the Transactions of that
Society, was read; the former portion of which was especially in-
teresting, from being completely at variance with M. Boisduval’s
Memoir upon that genus, published in the ‘Annales de la Société
Entomologique de France.’
“* Account of a Small Species of Weevil, found in Tamarinds (Ca-
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. xi
landra Tamarind:).” By W. Christy, Jun., Esq., F.L.S. (See ante,
page 36. Memoir VIII.)
Continuation of “ Descriptions of new exotic Coleoptera.” By the
Rev. F. W. Hope. (See ante, p. 11.)
‘“‘ Observations upon the CEconomy and Des cueon of a Grega-
rious Species of Butterfly from Mexico.” By J. O.Westwood, F.L.S.
(See ante, page 88. Memoir IX.) This Memoir was prefaced by
some remarks upon the typicality of groups as evinced not only by
superiority of organization, but by the greater degree of instinctive
development.
“ Descriptions of some Australian Species of Phasmaia.” By G. R.
Gray, Esq. (See ante, page 45. Memoir X.)
“ Descriptions of some new Genera of British Homoptera.” By
R. H. Lewis, Esq. (See ante, page 47. Memoir XI.)
The Rev. F. W. Hope read a Notice of several Species of In-
sects found in the heads of Egyptian Mummies, some of which had
been extracted from the head of a female mummy with plaited hair,
which was exhibited at this Meeting by Mr. Wilkinson, the cele-
brated Egyptian traveller, by whom it was brought from Thebes.
The following is a list of the recorded mummied insects, including
those described by Mr. Hope in this Communication, and which is
extracted froma ‘ History of Egyptian Mummies,’ &c., by Thos.
Jos. Pettigrew, F.R.S., &c. : London, 1834,
1. Corynetes violaceus, Fab. Vid. Linn. Trans., vol. xiv., Ap-
pendix.
2. Necrobia Mumiarum, Hope in op. cit., p. 54. pl. V. fig. 1—3
a—d. Purpurascens, hirta, antennis pedibusque flavo-rubris.
Totum corpus fere supra violaceum, punctatum, marginibus
elytrorum rufescentibus lineato-punctatis. Corpus infra ni-
grum, hirtum, pedibus flavo-rubris. Long. lin. 3, lat. lin. 14.
Mr. Hope thinks it probable that these insects when alive were
of a violet or deep purple colour, the medicaments used in the pro-
cess of embalming having partly discharged the colouring matter.
Some of them also exhibit the appearance of immaturity.
3. Dermestes vulpinus, Fab. Vid. Linn. Trans., vol. xiv., Ap-
pendix.
4. Dermestes pollinctus, Hope in op. cit., p. 55. pl. V. fig. 4—77.
imago 8—9 e—l. Larva of ditto and details (2 representing
the eyes of the latter, and not the ova, as described in p. 261).
Totum corpus supra castaneum, subtomentosum, pedibus con-
coloribus abdomineque infra albido. Caput fusco-rubrum
oculis nieris, antennis rubro-castaneis. Thorax castaneus,
XI JGURNAL OF PRCCEEDINGS.
punctatus, medio nigricanti, marginibusque lateralibus albo to-
mentosis. Scutellum hirsutum seu pilis albis obsitum. Elytra
castanea, subtomentosa, Corpus infra albido-pilosum, seg-
mentis abdominis castaneo-maculatis, trigonoque concolori in
medio singulorum posito. Pedes castanei. Long. lin. 4, lat.
lin. 2.
Mr. Hope imagines that the remarkable light colour arises pro-
bably from the exclusion of light, and not in this case from the
drugs used in embalming. From one skull more than 270 tolerably
perfect specimens were taken, and from the remaming fragments of
others, probably double that number lived, propagated their spe-
cies, and died without ever seeing the light. The perfect pup are
not abundant. ‘ The remains of the empty cases, however,” ob-
serves Mr. Pettigrew, “would lead me to believe that the greater
part of them arrived at the imago state some time after the process
of embalming was completed, when, as mummies, they were depo-
sited in their respective mausolea.”
5. Dermestes Roei, Hope, in op. cit., p. 55. ‘Totum corpus supra
nigrum subtus albo-pilosum. Antenne capitulo nigro, ceteris
articulis rubris. ‘Thorax ater, lateribus cinereo-villosis. Cor-
pus infra albo-pilosum, lateribus abdominis antice macula
magna ovata notatis, posticeque segmentis utrinque minoribus
maculis variegatis. Long. lin. 3, lat. lin. 14.
6. Dermestes elongatus, Hope, in op. cit. p. 55. Differs from all
others of the genus by its elongate oblong form, but is in too mu-
tilated a state to describe, the antenne and legs being wanting.
7. Pimelia spinulosa? Klug. Remnants apparently of this spe-
cies of Pimelia, which is common in Egypt, were found in one
of the mummies.
8. Copris Sabeus? Found by Passalacqua, embalmed, and so
named on the testimony of Latreille.
9. Copris Midas, Fabr.
10. Copris Pithecius, Fabr.
11. A species of Cantharis, on the collection of Passalacqua, from
Thebes. (No. 442.)
Pupe of Dipterous Insects—In the head of one mummy was
found a considerable quantity of the pupze of Dipterous insects, ap-
parently a distinct species, an from their appearance Mr. Hope
was led to remark that the process of embalming could not possibly
be a rapid one. Some of the pupz cases were empty, and the
major part of them contained the dried up insects almost in a state
of perfection. In another mummy were also found immense num-
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Xi
bers of the pupe of some Dipterous insects, certainly of three dif-
ferent species, if not more.
Mr. Hope made some observations upon the great age of these
insects, which might probably be estimated at 5000 years.
Mr. Pettigrew stated that although the period of embalment was
involved in great obscurity and extended over a very considerable
space of time, yet he considered the skull, from the occipital cavity
of which the Necrobie and Dermestes had been taken, to be of the
Greco-Egyptian era, and the hair of which, contrary to the assertion
of the Count de Caylus, was in fine preservation and of considerable
length, there being three plaited portions turned up from behind
over the skull, precisely in the way the Egyptians of the present
day wear their hair, and which, as his daughter informed him, hap-
pened also to be the fashion of the present day in this country. He
also observed that, from the great number of insects which he had
extracted from the skulls of two mummies, the process of embalni-
ing must have been a very tedious one. In some mummies, how-
ever, no insects were discovered, as in the one recently opened at
the College of Surgeons. The same gentleman also exhibited two
funereal breast-tablets of mummies, from the collection of Samuel
Rogers, Esq., the celebrated poet, upon both of which were sculp-
tured the sacred Scarabeeus. One of them, which had been brought
to England by Belzoni, was composed of black basalt, and carved
in alto-relievo; it measures four inches in length and three in
breadth. The Scarabzeus is represented in the centre of a boat,
at the extremity of which are represented the goddesses Isis and
Nephthys, and on the reverse is an hieroglyphical inscription, ar-
ranged so as to correspond with the outline of the beetle, and at
the extremities of the boat are placed figures of the goddess Isis.
It is represented in Mr. Pettigrew’s work, plate VIII. fig. 1 and 2.
The other tablet was composed of common pottery, being orna-
mented with similar representations to those upon the foregoing,
and is figured upon the same plate, fig. 3.
Mr. Westwood observed, with reference to the great age of the
insects in question, that the circumstance of so many of them being
found dead in their preparatory stages (although in a situation per-
fectly congenial to their habits) seemed sufficient to prove that they
must have been» deposited in the head of the mummy during the
operation of embalment, and killed by the ultimate process, instead
of making their way to the body of the mummy at a more recent
period, as might, perhaps, be imagined to be the case from the
known ceconomy of some of the species.
: i a Aa ‘' Spent . y ie by i
Pee Peele
Pi ae et th ple ae
: is: <LENTs Be
ee
Aas
f pas ae oat a me
uh gid? 2 Aas Bea:
he aes ER
ko ¢ Sinaa pe
XV
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
(Continued. )
March 3rd, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Caprains Sir John and James Ross were present amongst the
visitors.
Donations.
Johannes Geedartius, De Insectis ;
Forster, Nove Species Insectorum. Centuria lma;
Redi, De Insectis ;
Fabricius, Nomenclator Entomologicus ;
Instructions for collecting British Insects. By Abel Ingpen, A.L.S.
All presented by Mr. Ingpen.
Gravenhorst, Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum. By
the Rev. F. W. Hope.
Gyllenhall, Insecta Suecica, vol. 1.; and No. 61 of Illustrations
of British Entomology. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S., &c.
Harris, Exposition of English Insects. By W. Christy, Jun., Esq.,
F.L.S.
Observations sur le Nid d’une Araignée. Par M. V. Audouin; and
Notices of British Parasitic Hymenoptera, By J. O. Westwood,
F.L.S. Both presented by Mr. Westwood.
71 Species of European Coleoptera. By Rob. Spence, Esq., M.E.S.
Memoirs, &c.
Letters were read from M. V. Audouin of Paris, Dr. Gravenhorst
of Breslaw, and M. De Haan of Leyden, returning thanks for the ho-
nour of their election as Foreign Honorary Members of the Society.
Also an extract from a letter from Signor Passerini, desiring to
enter imto correspondence with the Society.
Notice of the Proceedings at the Linnean and Zoological Societies
relative to Entomology. Communicated by the Secretary.
Linn#an Society, February 4th and 18th, 1834.—Read the con-
L 2
Xvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
tinuation and conclusion of Professor Schomburgh’s account of large
trees in various parts of the world, especially that of a cotton tree in
the West Indies. The memoir contained a long and interesting
notice of the habits of the white ants (Termites), which infested this
tree, and which, from the uncertainty which exists as to the real
nature of the various kinds of individuals forming their communi-
ties, are peculiarly worthy of the attention of entomologists going
abroad.
Amongst the books presented to the Linnean Society at these
meetings may be mentioned Palisot de Beauvois’s splendid work on
the Insects of Africa and America: the Memoirs of the St. Peters-
burgh Imperial Academy, Vols. 1 and 2., containing Mannerheim’s
Revision of the Staphylinide, and a Catalogue of the Coleoptera and
Lepidoptera of Caucasus and its Vicinity, by M. Menetries, amount-
ing to about 1000 species, including various new species and a few
new genera: and the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for October
and November 1833, containing a valuable Memoir by Dutrochet
on the internal anatomy of the Aphides, with reference to the ques-
tion of their supposed hermaphroditism, and descriptions of various
Spanish Diptera, by M. Dufour.
ZootoeicaL Society, February 11th.— Read the continuation of
a Paper, by Mr. W. S. MacLeay, upon the genus Mygale, or Bird-
catching-Spiders, as they have been erroneously termed, in con-
sequence of Madame Merian’s fabulous account of their natural
history. The author details the habits of one species which abounded
in his garden in Cuba, where it resides in holes under stones, feed-
ing only upon mole-crickets, cockroaches, &c., and being unable to
spin a web; its habits are in fact essentially nocturnal. Examples
of this species of large size would not attack a humming-bird of the
smallest size, even when offered to them. From a review of the
writings of the early voyagers to the West Indies, Mr. MacLeay
supposes that the mistaken notion has originated in their state-
ments, that the webs of some of the spiders in those islands are of
so great strength that they could hold a small bird if caught in
them. The largest of these web-spinning spiders in Cuba is the
Nephila clavipes of Leach; but so little fear have the humming-
birds of this species, that even the smallest species has been repeat-
edly observed by Mr. MacLeay in the act of examining their webs,
and picking the already caught flies out of them. It is well for
British entomologists that we have no such sagacious humming-
birds in our country, as some of our rarest insects have been caught
in spiders’ webs; amongst which may be mentioned the interesting
species Stylops tenuicornis of Kirby. Collectors of minute insects
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XVil
ought never to omit examining these webs in their entomological
excursions.
The following Papers were also read.
“Observations upon Succinic Insects.” By the Rev. F. W. Hope,
who exhibited numerous specimens of insects imbedded in amber
and gum animé in illustration of his memoir.
‘* Description of Prionus (Remphan) Hopei, a new Species of Lon-
gicorn Beetle.” By G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., M.E.S.
‘A few Cursory Observations upon the Habits of the Indigenous
Aculeate Hymenoptera, suggested by M. de St. Fargeau’s Paper upon
the genus Gorytes.” By W. E, Shuckard, Esq., M.E.S. See p. 52.
The President exhibited a Case of Insects, including a beautiful
species of Colias, &c., brought from the Arctic Regions by Captains
Sir John and James Ross, upon whom he passed a high encomium,
not only for their gallant services, but also for the zeai which they
had manifested towards the advancement of science in the midst of
overwhelming dangers.
By permission of the Zoological Society of London, two other
Cases of Insects, brought home by Captain Lyons, were also exhi-
bited, some of which, belonging to the Crustaceous order Isopoda,
were amongst the subjects described in the memoir next read, en-
titled ‘ Observations upon the Osculant Crustaceous Genus Arctu-
rus of Latreille, with the Description of a British Species.” By
J. O. Westwood.
The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited, by permission of the Navaland Mili-
tary Museum, afine undescribed cornuted Lamellicorn Beetle, brought
from Venezuela by Sir R. Kerr Porter, and named by the Indian na-
tives Golofa, whence Mr. Hope proposes to term it Golofa Porter.
The Secretary, on behalf of Mr. Hope, requested information from
Members upon the subject of Insect Monstrosities, upon which he is
at present occupied.
April 7th, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
SamvuEt Hanson, Esq., and Dr, Rocrt, Sec. R.S., were elected
into the Council in the stead of F. WaLker and E, Newman, Esqrs
resigned.
*9,
DoNnatTIONS.
Aussereuropaische Zweifleigelige Insekten, 2 vols., accompanied
by a Letter from Dr. Wiedemann, Hon. For. Member of the Society,
the Author thereof.
XVill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Berkenhout, Synopsis of Natural History. By the Rev. F. W.
Hope.
No. 62 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq., the Author thereof.
No. 3 of the Index Entomologicus. By W. Wood, Esq., the Author
thereof.
About 300 Species of British and Foreign Coleoptera and Hy-
menoptera. By F. Walker, Esq.
Various British Lepidoptera. By Mr. G. A. Griesbach.
Various Exotic Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. By Mr. Ingpen.
A Box of British Coleoptera, principally from the neighbourhood
of Cambridge. By C. C. Babington. Esq.
The following Books, purchased at the Sale of the Library of the
late Mr. Haworth, were also upon the table, the President taking
occasion to call the attention of the Meeting to the Book Subscrip-
tion ;
Latreille, Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, 4 vols.
Meigen, on European Diptera, 6 vols.
Dejean, Species Général des Coléoptéres, 3 vols.
Duftschmidt, Fauna Austriz, 3 vols.
Kirby, Monographia Apum Anglie, 2 vols.
Ochsenheimer and Treitschke, on European Lepidoptera, 5 vols.
MacLeay, Annulosa Javanica.
Louis Hayes Perit, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., Sir Henry Epwarpes,
Bart., and THomas Pricnuarp, Esq., were elected Members of the
Society; and M. Scuénuerr of Skara in Sweden, and Signor Pas-
sERINI of Florence, were elected Foreign Honorary Members.
Memoirs, Exuisitrions, &c.
Letters were read from M. Lefebvre, Sec. Soc. Ent. de France,
and Dr. Wiedemann of Kiel, returning thanks for the honour of their
election as Honorary Foreign Members of the Society.
Mr. Ingpen, A.L.S., exhibited a curious Lepidopterous Larva from
St. Vincents.
Mr. G. R. Gray exhibited several specimens of a Geometrideous
Larva from China, from the heads of which a long and slender fungus
had been produced, which specimens are highly prized by the Chinese,
being considered to possess stimulating powers similar to the Can-
tharide.
The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a magnificent Exotic Species of
Palinurus.
The following Memoirs were read ;
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XIX
Notice of the Entomological Proceedings of the Linnean Society
during the month of March, communicated by the Secretary, and
consisting of ‘‘ A Paper on the Neuropterous Genus Embia of Latreille.
By J.O. Westwood, F.L.S.”’ This genus is composed of a few exotic
species allied to the white ants, but differing from them in the short-
ness of the wings, which do not extend beyond the extremity of the
body, &c. The anterior tarsi are singularly dilated. It was noticed
that each of the three species described presented distinguishing
characters of a subgeneric rank, and that each is from a distinct
quarter of the globe.
“*Memoir upon the Habits of various Indian Insects.” By W. W.
Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., &c. See p. 60.
‘Observations upon a Mode practised in Italy of excluding the
House-fly from Apartments.’’ By W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S. See p.1.
** Notice of the Larva of Cucullia Thapsiphaga.” By Mr. B. Stan-
dish.
“* Continuation of a Memoir upon Succinic Insects.” By the Rev.
F. W. Hope.
Dr. Ure, F.R.S., who was present as a visitor at the Meeting,
having been called upon by Mr. Hope, stated that at that gentleman’s
request he had minutely analysed various resins, asserted to contain
insects, and that he had ascertained that gum copal (in which no in-
sect had been yet clearly proved to exist) never contained Olewm Suc-
cinum, and was perfectly soluble ; whereas animé (in which alone in-
sects had been found by Mr. Hope) was always found to contain the
Oleum Succinum in abundance, and could never hitherto be entirely
solved; thus establishing the affinity of the latter resin with amber,
which exhibited similar properties. Dr. Ure entered fully into the de-
tails of various experiments made in analysing these substances ; and
added, that he had obtained results of great practical utility, by the
application of the new ethereal essence of caoutchouc, in which, when
united with a little spirits of wine, the animé was almost entirely so-
luble, forming a beautiful varnish, which dries in a very short time.
* Lieut. Col. Sykes exhibited a small snake, which had been cap-
tured by gum falling upon it whilst moist, and which in its writhings
had run itself through with a thorn. He also stated, with reference
to Mr. Saunders’s communication, respecting the Indian Eumenes
(see p. 62.) that this species not only makes its nest in flute-holes,
but also that if a house in India remain unoccupied for a few
months many of the locks will be blocked up by the nests of the
insect.
He also observed, that Mr. Spence’s communication respecting
the mode of exclusion of the domestic fly would be received with
XX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
gratitude throughout India, although he could state from experience
that gnats penetrated through the musquito bed-curtains. Where-
upon Mr. Spence noticed the necessity which existed for minutely
investigating the circumstances attending the apparent abhorence of
flies to pass through nets.
Mr. Westwood, in noticing Mr. Saunders’s observations upon the
Indian species of Pelopeus (see p. 63.) and with reference to Mr.
Shuckard’s memoir upon the Fossorial Hymenoptera, read at a
former meeting, mentioned that the structure of the female insect
warranted the conclusion of Mr. Saunders as to its parasitic habits ;
the fore legs in that sex, instead of being strongly ciliated, as in the
real burrowing hymenoptera, being simple, thus confirming the views
of M, de St. Fargeau.
May 5th, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DoNATIONS.
History and Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalist’s Club.
Presented by that Society.
Number 63 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, F.L.S., the Author thereof.
The Honey-Bee. Presented by Dr. Bevan, the Author thereof.
Descriptions of some new British species of the May-flies of an-
glers; and observations upon the genus Achlysia of M. Audouin.
By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., &c., the Author thereof.
Revue Entomologique. Par G. Silbermann, Nos. 1.2, 3, 4. Pre-
sented by the Rey. F. W. Hope.
Elogio Storico di Franco Andrea Bonelli, scritto dall’ Academico
Professore Guiseppe Gené (Director of the Museum of Natural Hi-
story of Turin) ; °
Saggio di una Monografia delle Forficule indigene. By the same
Author ;
Osservazioni sulle abitudine e sulla Larva dell’ Apalus bimaculatus.
By the same ; and
Memoria di una specie di Cecidomia. By the same. All presented
by Professor Gené.
Monographie du genre Diaperis. Par MM. Laporte et Brullé ;
Descriptions et Figures de quelques Arachnides nouveaux. Par M.
Léon Dufour ;
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXI
Description de la Nycteribie de Vespertilion. By the same ;
Description de quelques espéces du genre Phalangium. By the
same ;
Description du Xylocoris rufipennis. By the same. All presented
by J. O. Westwood.
Dejean, Species général de Coléoptéres, Vols. 4, 5 and 6, were also
upon the table, purchased by the Society.
Twenty species of British Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. By W.
Raddon, Esq.
Specimens of the Ink Gall Nut, and of the insect by which it is
produced (Cynips galle tinctorie). Presented by Dr. Burton.
Menorrs, Exursitions, &c.
Letters were read from Signor Passerini and Dr. Hammerschmidt,
of Vienna, returning thanks for their election as Honorary Foreign
Members of the Society.
The Rev. F. W. Hope communicated a letter and drawing which
he had received from Mr. J. F. Davis of Bath, relative to a supposed
fossil insect, found in the coral rag at Steeple Ashton, apparently
belonging to the [sopodous Crustacea.
The same gentleman also exhibited a large collection of Fossil
Crustacea, collected by himself in the Isle of Sheppey.
Mr. Westwood exhibited a specimen of Andrena nigroenea, the
four terminal joints of one of the tarsi of which had been devoured
by an ant, the head of which alone remained attached to the limb.
It had been captured in this state by himself whilst on the wing. He
read some notices in illustration of the pertinacity with which ants
attack larger objects : thus the Formica elongata, Oliv., attacks with
its jaws, ‘‘et d’une maniere opiniatre,”’ the antenne and legs of a green
Melolontha of Tranquebar. Messrs. Kirby and Spence mention an
instance in which Colliuris longicollis was observed to have a minute
dead ant, scarcely a thirteenth of its size, fixed by its jaws to one of
the legs; and in another case, an ant although deprived of half its
body, contrived previously to expiring to carry off ten of the white
pupz into the interior of the nest. (‘Introduction to Entomology,’
vol. ul. p. 101. and vol. 1. p. 366.)
The following Memoirs, &c. were read :
Notice of the Proceedings at the Linnean Society during the
month of April, relative to Entomology, communicated by the Secre-
tary, and consisting of a memoir by Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S.,
upon the transformations of insects, subsequently published by the
author in the Entomological Magazine; also of the exhibition by Mr.
XXil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Davidson of specimens of the Cane Fly of the West Indies, Delphaw
saccharivora.
“Descriptions of two new Coleoptera from the Swan River.” By
the Rev. F. W. Hope.
“Remarks upon a Passage in Herodotus referred to in Mr. Spence’s
Paper read at the last Meeting relative to Gnats.’’ By W. B. Spence,
Esq., For. Sec. E.S. (See p. 7.)
“Observations on the most effectual Modes to be adopted for dis-
covering successful Remedies against the Ravages of Insects, with a
short Account of the Onion Fly, Anthomyia ceparum.” By J.O. West-
wood. Subsequently published by the author in the Magazine of
Natural History, vol. vii. p. 425.
‘Descriptions of various Insects found in Gum animé.” By the Rev.
F. W. Hope.
«Supplementary Notes upon the Habits of the Indigenous Fossorial
Hymenoptera.” By W. E. Shuckard, Esq. (See p. 58.)
‘Further notice of Cucullia Thapsiphaga.’ By Mr. B. Standish.
The Rev. F. W. Hope read a letter containing an account of the
great injuries recently caused by the grub of the Tipula oleracea
upon grass lands, and requesting information as to the most effec-
tual means for preventing its extension; with reference to which,
Mr. Spence observed that some years ago the neighbourhood of
Holdernesse was similarly attacked, but although many remedies
were then proposed, none had been found successful.
Mr. Yarrell, in allusion to the remedies proposed by Mr. West-
wood against the Onion fly, and by Rusticus of Godalming against
the Turnip fly (Haltica nemorum) in the ‘Entomological Magazine,’
observed, that as the seeds of the two plants attacked by these insects
are inclosed in compact and closed pods which are carefully gathered
by the seedsmen before they burst open, it was difficult to suppose
that the parent fly could deposit her eggs upon the seeds of those
plants, as had been suggested by those authors; and added that the
minute particles attached to the turnip seed mentioned by Rusticus
exhibited no resemblance to the eggs of insects.
A lengthened discussion took place on the subject of the ravages
of insects in general and the proposed remedies, and it was agreed
that the Society would gladly receive communications from any
person, although not a member of the Society, who had noticed the
proceedings of these of any destructive insects, or who had discovered
any successful remedy against their attacks.
Mr. Stephens observed that the moth reared by Mr. Standish and
supposed to be the Cucullia Thapsiphaga appeared to him to be a new
species belonging to a subgenus distinct from Cucullia, and of which
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XxXUl
another new British species had also come under his notice, and
promised to lay an account of these insects before the society at
a subsequent meeting.
June 2nd, 1834.
The Rev. W. Kirby, F.R.S., Honorary President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONS.
Recherches pour servir a 1’Histoire Naturelle du Littoral de France,
Annelides, lme partie 1834. Par MM. Audouin et Edwards ;
Notice sur Georges Cuvier. Par M. Audouin ;
Recherches pour servir a |’Histoire Naturelle de Cantharides. By
the same ;
Observations sur le Nid d’une Araignée. By the same;
Lettre sur la Génération des Insectes. By the same ;
Discours prononcé sur la Tombe de M. Latreille. By the same;
Exposition de Anatomie comparée du Thorax des Insectes ailés.
Par M. Macleay, accompagnée de Notes par M. Audouin ;
Notice sur les Travaux de M. Audouin ;
Rapport par M. Cuvier sur un Ouvrage de M. Audouin: viz., Re-
cherches Anatomiques sur le Thorax des Animaux Articulés;
Description de l’Hipponoe, nouveau genre d’Annelides. Par MM.
Andouin et Edwards;
Mémoire sur l’Anatomie et Physiologie des Crustacés. By the
same ;
Rapport, par M. Cuvier, sur trois Mémoires de MM. Audouin et
Edwards, sur les Animaux Invertébrés du Littoral de France ;
Report by M. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, upon a Memoir by the
same Authors, consisting of Anatomical Researches upon the Nervous
System of the Crustacea ;
Report by Messrs. Cuvier and Dumeril upon the Researches of the
same Authors upon the Invertebrated Animals of the Coast of France;
All presented by M. Victor Audouin, Professor at the Jardin des
Plantes, Paris. For. Hon. Member of the Society.
Beitrage zur Lehre von der Geographische Verbreitung der In-
sekten. By Professor Reich, of Berlin. Presented by the Author.
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, vols. 1. and 2,
Presented by that Society.
Number 3 of British Entomology, 2nd Edition (without plates).
By J. Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., the Author thereof.
XXIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Scopoli, Entomologia Carniolica;
Leeuwenhoek, Epistole ad Societatem Regiam Anglicam;
Leeuwenhoek, Arcana Nature detecta. 2 vols. All presented by
Mr. W. Bainbridge, M.E.S.
Specimens of the Larvee and Pupe of the various species of Coleop-
terous Insects described in the Memoirs read before the Society. By
G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., Curator.
Specimens of the Delphax saccharivora and Bruchus Cesalpinie.
By J. O. Westwood.
Specimens of Formica unifasciata, Latr. By Mr. Spence.
Joun Arruur Power, Esq. Queen’s Coll. Cambridge, was elected
a Member of the Society.
Memorrs, Exuisitions, &Xc.
The establishment of Prizes by the Council for Essays upon the
noxious species of Insects was announced. See Prospectus publish-
ed in the Ist Part.
Letters were read from M. Schonherr, returning thanks for his
election as Foreign Honorary Member of the Society, announcing
the transmission of his work upon the Curculionide to the Society,
and recommending Count Mannerheim as Foreign Member of the
Society ; and from M. Lefebvre, Secretary to the Entomological
Society of France, announcing the wish of that society to enter
into communication with the Entomological Society of London,
and the transmission of the Transactions of the French Society.
«On the apparent Identity of Sphinx ephemereformis of Haworth,
with Psyche plumifera of Qchsenheimer.” By J. F. Stephens, Esq.,
We. Ps
‘‘Descriptions of the Larve of several species of Coleoptera, and of
the Pupa of Raphidia.”’ By G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., Curator E.S.
(See pp. 283—27.)
‘Observations upon the Habits of Odynerus antilope.” By J. O.
Westwood.
‘“‘Thysanure Hibernice, or descriptions of such species of Spring-
tailed Insects (Podura and Lepisma, Linn.) as have been observed in
Ireland.” By R. Templeton, Esq., with some introductory observa-
tions upon the order. By J. O. Westwood.
Mr. Westwood read an extract from a letter received from Car-
thagena, and communicated by the Editor of the Magazine of Natu-
ral History, relative to the ravages of a species of Bruchus upon the
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXKV
seeds of the Dividivi, (Cesalpinia coriaria), the legumes of which are
so valuable as a substitute both for oak bark and galls.
Mr. Spence made some observations upon the great annoyance
recently caused by swarms of the minute ant (formica unifasciata)
to the inhabitants of the houses in several parts of Brighton, as well
as in London; and which had, in some instances, increased to such an
extent that the latter were under the necessity of quitting their resi-
dences, the ants devouring or attacking every article. Mr. Spence
mentioned that the only plan hitherto discovered for their destruction
was to lay down pieces of raw meat, which they assailed in great
numbers, and then to throw down boiling water over them.
The Rev. W. Kirby mentioned that in some parts of Suffolk the
largest species of British ant (Formica rufa) had been equally trou-
blesome. He also noticed having observed ants at work by moon-
light, a fact which had been doubted.
Dr. Horsfield suggested that the most effectual mode of destroy-
ing the former insects would be by fumigation by sulphur.
July 7th, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONS.
Proof Impression of the Portrait of the Rev. W. Kirby. Present-
ed by Mr. Lupton. It was unanimously decided that this admirable
likeness of the Honorary President should be framed and suspended
over the President’s chair in the meeting-room of the Society.
Centurie de Carabiques nouveaux. Par M. Gory;
Description et Figures de Pamborus Guerini, Zuphium fuscum,
Cordistes 4-maculatus, Oxycheila distigma, Callicnemis Latreillei et
Trochalus rotundatus. By M. Gory. From the ‘Magasin de Zoo-
logie,’ de M. Guerin (F.) ;
Descriptions et Figures de Meloloniha spinipennis, Areoda macu-
lata et Melolontha lactea, (from the Revue Entomologique de Sil-
bermann). Par M. Gory. All presented by M. Hippolyte Gory, of
Paris.
Mémoire sur les Raphidiens;
Note sur la Larve du Myrmeleon libelluloides, et Descriptions et
XXvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Figures de Derbe pallida et hemorrhordalis, et Cephalelus infumatus,
from the ‘Magasin de Zoologie.’ All presented by M. Percheron,
of Paris, the Author thereof.
Description du genre Pierates. Par M. Audinet Serville. Pre-
sented by the Author.
Descriptions and Figures of new Exotic species of Coleoptera,
from the Transactions of the Zoological Society. By the Rey.
F. W. Hope; and Zetterstedt, Orthoptera Suecie. Both presented
by Mr. Hope.
Descriptions et Figures de Paussus cornutus, Doryphora 21-pune-
tata, Pericalus guttatus, Dryophilus anobioides, Meloe Olivierti, from
the ‘Magasin de Zoologie’; and of Sphindus Gyllenhallii, Monochamus
bidentatus and Yncairrorata. From the ‘ Revue Entomologique.’ Par
M. Chevrolat. All presented by M. Chevrolat, of Paris.
Box of Specimens of Insects preserved in Amber. Presented by
Dr. Berendt of Dantzig.
Number 64 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F.
Stephens, Esq., the Author thereof.
Abstract of Ochsenheimer’s European Lepidoptera. By J. G.
Children, Esq.
Numerous species of Coleoptera from New Holland. Presented
by J. G. Children, Esq.
Thirty species of Coleoptera, from Cambridgeshire. Presented
by C. E. Broome, Esq.
Numerous Exotic Cimicide. By the Rev. F. W. Hope.
22 Exotic species of Coleoptera. By M. Chevrolat.
M. Leonarp GyLLENHALL of Sweden was elected one of the
Honorary Foreign Members of the Society.
The Chevalier Carto Bassi of Milan, was elected a Foreign Ordi-
nary Member; and W. Wiucox, Esq., an Ordinary Member of the
Society.
Memorrs, Exuisirions, &c.
The following Report was read, relative to the various purchases
of Insects made at the sale of the late Mr, Haworth’s Collections:
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXVil
N°. of Lots N°. of Price.
purchased. specimens. ESS oat
Coleopteray.e5 oes... NOS0M Fe SS 0
Dip teraeyiae = Las ee Oconee a xc PieeG
Flomopterae yen ler. canes Oasys Baas iad
Elymenopternss aacnenea a: TOOK a 14 aise 2 0
Orthopterageve wom yee DR a a whe 4 0
mepidopterarssOGm er... LO2Se re cet: ome 4-6
129 3795 125 | BeeG
NUM VOted by Ge SOciety..-. aan aur. LOE. O10
Donations by, Wire Bennett. sss ccus cers ste L 255.20
—-——— by W. Christy, Jun., Esq. .... Eye Os O
12") 5: 70
The thanks of the Society were directed to be given to Messrs.
Bennett and Christy for their donations.
The following Communications were then read :
Report of the Entomological Proceedings of the Royal Society,
during the month of June, communicated by the Secretary, consist-
ing of an elaborate memoir by Mr. George Newport, upon the inter-
nal analogy of the Sphinx Ligustri, illustrated by a multitude of figures,
and a memoir upon the Limnoria terebrans, a minute but very de-
structive species of wood-louse, with a view of proving that this in-
sect is indigenous in the Irish ports.
“Descriptions of various species of Dromius.” By C. C. Babington,
sq, MA.,, B:8.,; ce:
“‘On Coniortes, a new British genus of Neuroptera belonging to
the Hemerobiide.” By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c.*.
“Description of a new genus of Curculionide, from Saint Helena.”
By M. Chevrolat, of Paris.
‘Notes upon the genera Acentria, Acentropus, and Zancle.” By
J.O. Westwood, F.L.S.
The conclusion of Mr. Templeton’s ‘Memoir upon the Thysanure
hibernice.”
Mr. Johnstone, of the Island of Grenada, who was present as a
visitor, called the attention of the Meeting to the continued ravages
of the Delphav saccharivora upon the canes of the West Indian Is-
lands, and especially in Grenada, mentioning a variety of circum-
stances relative to the growth of the cane and the nature of the
* Since this memoir was read this genus has been published by Mr. Curtis, in
his ‘ Illustrations of British Entomology,’ (Pl. 528. Dec. 1834.) under the name of
Coniopteryx, and is placed in the family Psocide,
XXVIil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
attacks of the fly; amongst which it was especially observed that the
first appearance of the fly was preceded by a violent hurricane ; that
some of the neighbouring islands were perfectly free; that the rich-
est and most fertile parts of the Island were more particularly ra-
vaged by the insect, which had destroyed in some instances not less
than two fifths of the entire crops; that the eggs are deposited in the
mid rib on the under side of those leaves which had attained a con-
siderable size; but that far greater damage was done to the young
and tender plants which had not reached more than a foot in height.
A discussion took place amongst the members present upon this
subject, when it was ultimately resolved to form a committee for
taking into consideration the most advisable means of checking the
progress of the ravages of this insect, which committee was accord-
ingly, on the motion of J. G. Children, Esq., appointed, consisting
of the following members, viz., Mr. Spence, Mr. Hope, Mr. Ste-
phens, Mr. Yarrell, Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Shuckard, and Mr. West-
wood, with powers to add to their numbers.
August 4th, 1834.
Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes, V.P., in the Chair.
Donation.
Bericht iiber eine auf Madagascar veranstalte Sammlung yon In-
sekten aus der Ordnung Coleoptera, von Dr. Fr. Klug. Presented
by the Author.
Count C. G. p—E MawnerueErm™ was elected a Foreign Ordinary
Member, and Wm. Setts, Esq., of Kingston-upon-Thames, an Or-
dinary Member of the Society.
Menmorrs, Exursirions, &c.
The Report of the Committee appointed at the last Meeting to
investigate the ravages of the Cane-fly in Grenada was read, con-
taining a variety of suggestions, Ist, of a purely agricultural nature;
2nd, with reference to the destruction of the unhatched eggs of the
fly; 3rd, relating to the destruction of the active insect by solutions
and other applications; and 4th, respecting the most advisable man-
ner of catching the insects in the greatest profusion. It was resolved
that this report should be received by the Society; but that its pub-
lication should be delayed until the result of the suggestions con-
tained in it had been received from the Agricultural Society of
Grenada, to whom a copy of it had been transmitted.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXix
Mr. Ingpen exhibited the nest of Odynerus quadratus, which had
been discovered between the folds of a piece of paper which had fallen
behind some books. It was nearly six inches long and one wide,
having several openings to the cells, through which the insects, on
arriving at the perfect state, had escaped. It appeared to be com-
posed of dried mud.
‘Descriptions of some new species of Indian Ants, with Observa-
tions upon their Habits.” By Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes, F.R.S., &c.
“Description of Lamia Norrisii,a new species of Longicorn Beetle.”
By J. O. Westwood.
Some observations were made upon the facts mentioned in Lieut.-
Col. Sykes’s Memoir; Mr. Hope considering it questionable whether
cow-dung was the substance employed in the construction of the
nest of the Myrmica Kirbii, and suggesting that it might rather be a
papyraceous substance, similar to that employed by wasps. He also
considered that the assertion of Gould, that ants do not lay up stores,
was fully refuted, at least as far as regards the Indian species, by
the Atta providens ; and added that, owing to the difference in climate
and other circumstances, the ants in warm countries would neces-
sarily require stores for their supply during the rainy season ; which
circumstance was considered as sufficiently corroborated by the fact
that ants in warm climates do not hybernate.
September 1st, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONS.
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Nos. 1 and 2, for
1834. Presented by that Society. ‘
No. 65 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Stephens,
Esq., the Author.
Descriptions of various genera of Parasitic Hymenoptera, from
the Annals of Philosophy. By J. O. Westwood, the Author.
37 Species of the genus Aphidius, described in the Entomological
Magazine. By A. H. Haliday, Esq., M.A., the Author of the Memoir
in which they are described.
The First Part of Mr. Peale’s ‘Lepidoptera Americana,’ 4to, with
Plates, was also upon the table.
M. Aveustus Cuevrotat of Paris, M. F. E. Gur’rin of Paris, and
M. Hrppotyte Gory of Paris, were elected Foreign Ordinary Mem-
VOL, 1.—PART II. M
XKX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS,
bers; and Sicrsmunp Rucker, Esq., of West Hill, Wandsworth, and
J. Mruts, Esq., F.L.S., of Durham, were elected Ordinary Members.
Memorrs, Exuisitions, &c.
*« Monograph on Mimela, a genus of Lamellicorn Beetles.” By
the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A., F.R.S., &c.
«©On the Modern Systems of Nomenclature in Natural History.”
By J. O. Westwood.
The President exhibited numerous specimens of the Cicada sep-
tendecem of North America, in the various states of egg, larva, pupa,
and imago; and, by his permission, an extract from a Letter which
he had received from Dr. Harlan, of Philadelphia, was read; from
which it appeared that the larve reside under ground, although the
eggs are deposited in slits which the parent flies make with their
ovipositors in the twigs of trees. On making their escape from the
earth they are greedily feasted upon by birds, and it had been noticed
that chickens eating them deposited eggs with colourless yolks; their
septendecenary appearance was also confirmed by the writer*.
October 6th, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONS.
Sugli Insetti pit nocivi alla Agricoltura; and
Sui Bruchi che danneggiano gli alberi dei viale attorno Torino.
Both presented by Professor Guiseppe Gené, of Turin, the author.
Report of the Committee of the Doncaster Agricultural Associa-
tion on the Turnip-fly, and the means of its Prevention. Presented
by that Association.
No. 66 of Illustrations of British Entomology. Presented by Mr.
Stephens.
Notice of the Habits of the Onion-fly, from the Magazine of Na-
tural History. Presented by J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.
One Hundred species of British Lepidoptera. By Mr. Edward
Doubleday.
Various species of British Coleoptera. By Thos. Marshall, Esq.
Mygale nidulans, from Jamaica, and a very fine specimen of its
nest. By Wm. Sells, Esq., M.E.S.
* See Brewster's Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. ix. for 1828, for an interest-
ing and more detailed account of the habits of this species.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXi
J.C. Jounsrons, Esq., of the Island of Jamaica, was elected an
Ordinary Member of the Society.
Menmorrs, Exuipitions, &c.
The President exhibited perfect insects and eggs of the Cicada
septendecem, the latter of which, in the interior of the twig, were not
discernible at the preceding Meeting of the Society, when this sub-
ject was brought under the notice of the Members. The President
also exhibited various new and interesting species of exotic insects,
including a fine and curious Moth from New Holland (Chelepteryx
Collesi).
Report of the Entomological Proceedings at the Meeting of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Edin-
burgh in September, 1834. Communicated by the Secretary. They
consisted of—
1. Observations by Mr. James Wilson, the author of the ‘Entomol.
Edinensis,’ upon a collection of insects obtained in an excursion to
the north-west of Sutherlandshire, undertaken in June, 1834, by
Sir William Jardine, Mr. Selby, and Mr. James Wilson.
2. Observations upon a collection of insects recently received from
Java, by Mr. James Wilson. In this collection were contained nu-
merous specimens of Mormolyce; also a singular genus of Ortho-
pterous insects, in which the lower wings are fully developed, whilst
the upper are totally wanting, (Perlamorpha, Cutt.).
3. A short note upon the Transformations of the Crustacea, by
J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., in which the author mentioned various
circumstances sufficiently disproving the theory of general metamor-
phosis in these animals, as asserted by Mr. Thompson in his ‘Zoo-
logical Researches.’
4. Although not forming a separate memoir, may be mentioned
the statements contained in Sir Charles Bell’s ‘ Lecture on the Nerv-
ous System’ of the discoveries made by that gentleman’s assistant,
Mr. Newport, of the spinal marrow of the lobster, and a medullary
tract of spinal marrow in the Sphinx Ligustri, from which nerves
were distinctly traced, extending to the respiratory organs of that
animal.
Also, Report of the Entomological Proceedings at the Zoological
Society. Communicated by the Secretary. At the Meeting of the
24th of June, 1834, a Letter was read from Keith E. Abbott, Esq.,
to the Secretary, dated from Trebizond, accompanied by some poi-
sonous honey, stating that the account given by Xenophon of the
existence of this deleterious honey, and of its effects upon the Greeks,
as related by that author, during their celebrated retreat after the
M 2
XXX JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
death of the younger Cyrus; which, although it did not operate
fatally, rendered those of the soldiers who ate but little, like drunken
men, and those who ate much, like mad men, or dying persons ; and
numbers lay upon the ground as if there had been a defeat.
Another Paper by Dr. Hancock was also read, upon the Lumi-
nosity of the Fulgore; in which the writer concurs with M. Ri-
chard and M. Sieber in regarding as erroneous the statement of
Madame Merian, that the Fulgora laternaria of Linneus exhibits
at night a brilliant light; and remarks that the whole of the native
tribes of Guiana agree in treating this story as fabulous. It seems,
indeed, to be an invention of Europeans, desirous of assigning a use
to the singular diaphanous projection, resembling a horn-lantern, in
front of the head of the insect. He also states that the Fulgore rarely
sing. The insect whose song is most frequently heard in Guiana is
the Cicada clarisona, the Aria Aria of the Indians, and Razor-grinder
of the colonists. In the cool shades of the forests it may be heard
at almost every hour of the day; but in George-town its song com-
mences as the sun disappears below the horizon. At George-town
this Cicada was never heard in 1804, when Dr. Hancock first visited
the place, but it is now very common, probably in consequence of
the shelter afforded by the growth of many trees and shrubs in the
gardens which have since been formed there. ‘The sound emitted
by it is a long continuous shrill tone, which might be compared al-
most to that of a clarionet, and is little interrupted except occasion-
ally by some vibrating undulations.
‘“‘ Descriptions of some new species of Coleopterous Insects from
Monte Video.” By 8S. S. Saunders, Esq., M.E.S.
«On the Earwig.” By J. O. Westwood.
A discussion ensued relative to the recent swarms of Ants, which
had appeared in such numbers in some parts of the metropolis as to
be commented upon in the daily papers. It was stated that coffee-
grounds strewed about had been recommended as a remedy. Also
that the insects had in one instance been traced to a piece of American
pine wood, newly laid down in a kitchen; whilst in another instance
they had established themselves in the crevices of a wall near toa
fireplace.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXIlil
November 3rd, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonATIONS.
Synonymia Insectorum, Genera et Species Curculionidum, vol. ii.
p. 2. By. C. J. Schénherr, Honorary Foreign Member of the So-
ciety. Presented by the Author.
No. 67 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq.
Some Account of two Cases of Inflammatory Tumour, produced
by the Deposit of the Larva of a large Fly (Gstrus humanus) beneath
the Cutis in the Human Subject, accompanied with Drawings of the
Larva. By John Howship, Esq. Presented by John Curtis, Esq.,
BES:
Mémoire sur le genre Leucothyreus de MacLeay, et de ses Affinités.
By the Author, J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c.
Drawing of the Larva of Deilephila Euphorbie. Presented by W.
Raddon, Esq., with a Specimen of the Larva preserved in spirits; to-
gether with the Female Termes, and some other Larve preserved in
spirits.
Menorrs, Exursirions, &c.
The same gentleman exhibited the living chrysalis of the Devle-
phila Euphorbie, the larva having gone into that state on the 10th
of October; he also exhibited other drawings of the same insect in
its various states.
A Letter was read from J. C. Johnstone, Esq., acknowledging the
receipt of the Report of the Committee on the Delphar saccharivora
by the Agricultural Association of Grenada.
The following Memoirs were read :
«Remarks upon innumerable Quantities of the dead Bodies of the
Galeruca Tanaceti, observed at Cleathorpe, on the coast of Lincoln-
shire.’ By W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., &c. In this memoir it
was stated that the appearance of innumerable dead beetles lying
along the high-water_mark on the coast was preceded by a violent
gale from the east. They lay in heaps among the sea-weed, and this
appearance extended for about 1500 paces. The opposite shore is
the Spurn Point, too narrow and barren, it was supposed, te produce
such flights. The Galeruca Tanaceti had never been previously ob-
served in the neighbourhood of Cleathorpe. Hence Mr. Saunders
is disposed to consider that they were driven over to our shores from
the opposite coast of Holland or the Netherlands. Mr. Saunders.also
mentioned a somewhat analogous instance observed by himself near
XXXIV JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Calcutta, where, in a paddy-field, he observed several purple patches,
which on examination proved to consist of innumerable quantities
of a small purple species of beetle allied to Galeruca.
«‘On the Tarsi of Insects, with reference to the superiority of the
Tarsal System in the Coleoptera.” By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c.
‘‘Observations on the Ravages of Limnoria terebrans, with the sug-
gestion of a Preventative against the same.”’ By the Rev. F.W. Hope.
Specimens of the wood in its eaten state, and of the insects, were
exhibited by the author.
Mr. Westwood communicated an extract from a Letter containing
an account of the injuries committed upon barley and turnips by
several species of insects, which were exhibited, belonging to the
genera Chenon and Eucoila, as well as the indurated cocoon and
pupa of a Dipterous insect, which, it was feared. might prove to be
that of the Musca Frit, Linn., a species exceedingly injurious to
barley in Sweden.
Mr. R. H. Lewis, M.E.S., who had recently returned from a tour
in North America, exhibited a hving specimen of Cetonia Inde, cap-
tured by himself in the interior of that continent, and which he had
preserved alive two months without food. He also exhibited a spe-
cimen of Gymnopleurus volvens, captured at the same time, but which
had died since its arrival in Ireland.
It was stated by Mr. Stephens that Galeruca Tanaceti had this
year abounded in the north of England; and that it had likewise
occurred in great numbers along the coast.
Various suggestions were made by different members present for
the institution of experiments to prevent the attacks of the Limnoria;
and it was proposed by Mr. Yarrell (notwithstanding the statement
made by Mr. Children, that insects immersed in a solution of cor-
rosive sublimate will revive, after remaining immersed therein for at
least twenty minutes,) that the saturation of piles, &c., in such so-
lution might, by the formation of a new compound formed by the
action of the corrosive sublimate upon the wood, have the effect of
preventing the attacks of insects, as well as the not less injurious
attacks of the dry-rot or other vegetable causes of decay.
With reference to Mr. Westwood’s Memoir upon the tarsal sy-
stem, the recent observations of MM. Solier, Chevrolat, Delaporte,
&c., were noticed in support of the existence of five joints in the
tarsi of the supposed tetramerous beetles, as well as the new classi-
fication of the longicorn beetles amongst the Pentamera, notwith-
standing the evident identity in the structure of their tarsi and those
of the Curculionide and Chrysomelide.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXV
December 1st, 1834.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonatTIons.
No. 68 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq.
Description and Figure of Trochalonota badia. By J. O. West-
wood,
Memorrs, Exursitions, &c.
A Letter was read from J. C, Johnstone, Esq., M.E.S., containing
an extract from a communication received by him from Mr. Stokes,
President of the Agricultural Society of Grenada, announcing the
appointment of a Committee of that Society, for carrying into effect
the suggestions contained in the Report of the Committee appointed
by the Entomological Society upon the Cane-fly.
A Letter was read from Mr. Edward C. Herrick, of Newhaven,
Connecticut, dated October 8th, 1834, addressed to W. Spence, Esq.,
(by whom it was communicated to the Meeting,) relative to the at-
tacks of the Hessian-fly of North America upon corn, and of its
parasites; and giving an account of the recent progress of Entomo-
logy in the United States.
A Letter was read from Dr. Klug of Berlin, returning thanks for
his election as Honorary Foreign Member of the Society.
The Sixth Volume of the Transactions of the Academy of Na-
tural History of Moscow, and Bouche’s Natural History of the
Preparatory States of numerous Insects,” were laid upon the table.
The following Memoirs were read :
‘* Observations upon the Organization of the Mouth of the Antho-
phora retusa, and upon the Nature of the Parasitic Connexion exist-
ing between the working and parasite Bees.”” By J. O. Westwood,
by whom numerous figures, illustrating the parts of the mouth in
different degrees of protrusion, were exhibited.
“Observations upon Silk and Silk-producing Insects.’”’ By the
Rey. F. W. Hope, F.R.S., &c., by whom an extensive and beautiful
series of the exotic species of Silk-moths, from his own and the col-
lection of J. G. Children, Esq., was exhibited, as well as a very large
and fine specimen of the branch of a tree covered with the cocoons
of another exotic Silk-moth, from the collection of the Naval and
Military Museum.
Two remarkable cocoons of another large moth from South Ame-
rica (which were at first regarded as the nests of a large spider,) were
presented to the Society by Mr. H. Cumming.
XXXVI JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
In the discussion which ensued, the value of Mr. Hope’s sugges-
tions were admitted, and various observations were made as to the
practicability of carrying them into effect, and as to the particular
species of insect which would be most serviceable for experiment.
With reference to the Memoir upon the mouth of the Bee, a discus-
sion took place between Mr. Shuckard and the author; the former
alleging that the statements therein contained were destitute of
novelty; whilst Mr. Westwood stated that neither in the works of
Latreille, Kirby, Reaumur, nor any other author which he had con-
sulted, had the curious apparatus described by him for throwing out
the labium to its fullest extent from within the extremity of the tubular
mentum, been noticed.
January 5th, 1835.
J. G. Children, Esq., President, in the Chair.
DonatTIoNns.
Some Account of the Kolisurra Silk-worm of the Deccan. By
Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes, V.P. Presented by the Author.
Revue Entomologique de Silbermann, No.5. By the Rev. F. W.
Hope.
No. 69 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq. :
57 Proof Impressions of Plates of Insects from Guérin’s ‘Iconogra-
phie du Regne Animal,’ published by Mr. Griffiths. Presented by
J. O. Westwood.
The Nest of Hucheira socialis, described in the First Part of the
Transactions of this Society. Presented by O. Rees, Esq.
Eowarp Horner, Esq., of Grove Hill, Camberwell, was elected a
Member of the Society.
Memorrs, Exuisirtions, &c.
Mr. Samuel Hanson exhibited an undescribed and curious Lamel-
licorn Beetle, which he had received from Syrmna, allied to Scara-
beus longimanus.
Mr. Hope exhibited, by permission from the United Service Mu-
seum, a gigantic species of Ju/us, and the pupa and imago of a
large cornuted Scarabeus from Ceylon.
Mr. Westwood stated that he had recently discovered the rare
Platydema bicolor, Fab., (Diaperis enea of English authors,) under the
rotten bark of a post at Chiswick, in considerable numbers, in com-
pany with its larve, drawings of which were exhibited.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXVI
Report of the Proceedings relative to Entomology at the Linnzan
and Zoological Societies. Communicated by the Secretary.
Linnzan Sociery, November 3rd, 1834.—Read a Supplementary
Paper upon some additional species of Diopsis, by J. O. Westwood.
Amongst the numerous Donations of Books, the following relative to
Entomology were especially worthy of notice: namely, The ‘ Trans-
actions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin for 1832;’ con-
taming Dr. Klug’s Memoir upon Madagascar Coleoptera. The
‘Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,’ vol. 4; in-
cluding a Memoir entitled, Descriptions of some new North Ame-
rican Insects, and observations on some already described by the
late Thomas Say. This valuable Memoir is confined to the Coleo-
ptera, in which many new species are described, and six new genera
added; amongst which that of Amblycheila, formed for the reception
of the Manticora cylindriformis of Say,is the most interesting. ‘The
‘Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society,’ vol. 3; containing a
Memoir by Lieut.-Col. Sykes upon the Kolisurra Silk-worm of the
Deccan, and the concluding part of Dr. Perty’s Descriptions of the
Brazilian Insects, collected by Martius and Spix, with interesting
observations upon the Economy of Brazilian Insects in general by
Dre Spix.
December 2nd.—Read the description of a very remarkable Arach-
nideous animal from Brazil, forming the type of a new genus in the
family of Phalangiide, distinguished by the immense length of its
legs, whence its generic name Dolichoscelis. It is dedicated to the
late Mr. Haworth, from whose collection it was obtained. By the
Rev. F. W. Hope, F.R.S., &c. Also read the first portion of a
paper containing the descriptions of the insects captured along the
coast of South America during the late expedition of Captain P. P.
King; by Messrs. Curtis, Walker, and Haliday. In this first portion
the Hymenoptera were described by Mr. Haliday; being about fifty
in number, nearly half of which were considered as new, including
two new genera, Trachybates amongst the aberrant Ichneumonide,
and Harpagon amongst the Pompilide. The arrangement of the
groups ‘appears to be founded upon the views contained in the
‘Hore Entomologice.’
December 16.—At this Meeting the only Entomological subject
to be noticed was the presentation of the third vol. of the ‘ Transac-
tions of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg,’ con-
taining two valuable Memoirs upon Cochineal, and Cochineal insects,
by Messrs. Hamel and Brandt.
ZooLoeicaL Society, November 25th and December 9th.—At
these Meetings an extended Memoir upon the Organization of the
XXXVill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
genus Nycteribia, parasitic upon bats, containing also descriptions
of ten species, by J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c., was read.
The following Communications were also read.
A Letter from Mr. J. V. Thompson, F.L.S., of Cork, was read, con-
taining ‘‘ Observations upon the Transformations of the Crustacea and
Cirripeda,” with the description and figure of the larva of Lepas ana-
tifera.
‘« Observations upon the habits of Copris Midas, with an account
of the receptacles in which it is found during the pupa state, together
with additional observations upon Formica indefessa.” By Lieut.-Col.
W. H. Sykes, F.R.S., &c., by whom the earthen balls in which the
pupe were found, and various specimens of the perfect insect were
exhibited.
««Observations upon the Gfconomy of the Strepsiptera, with the de-
scription of Stylops Spencii, a new British species.” By C. Pickering,
Esq., M.E.S., by whom this new species, together with the bee from
whose body it had been extracted on the 25th of December last, as
well as other living bees taken in company therewith, were exhi-
bited.
Additional Observations upon the Strepsiptera. By J. O. West-
wood; by whom numerous figures of these insects in different stages,
as well as a variety of specimens of the genera Stylops, Xenos, and
Elenchus, and of stylopized bees and wasps were exhibited.
A lengthened discussion took place upon the subject of the pre-
ceding Memoirs.
The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited a drawing of the receptacle of
the larva of a large East Indian Copris, from the collection of Mr.
Royle, and also specimens of Copris Bucephalus, and other species ;
and the pupa and imago of a new and large exotic species of Bolbo-
cerus.
The receptacles of the pupz of the Copris, described by Lieut.-
Col. Sykes, were regarded by several of the Members as the work of
the parent insect for the preservation of the ball of dung in the
midst of which the egg is deposited; but by others as the produc-
tion of the larva itself after it had consumed its supply of food, and
previous to its assuming the pupa state; and several species of Sphine
were mentioned, as affording analogous structures, by Mr. Stephens.
The observations of Reaumur upon the proceedings of the larva of
the Cucullia scrophularie were likewise alluded to. It was also sug-
gested that these hollow balls might be formed by secretions of the
larva previous to assuming the pupa state. It was, however, ob-
jected by Mr. Letts that the globular form of these receptacles must
have been produced by rolling them along by the parent insect, as
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXI1X
is the case with the Gymnopleuri, rather than that they should be thus
symmetrically formed by the irregular-shaped larva, whilst, on the
other hand, the perfectly oval cells of the Andrene then upon the table
were instanced as supporting a contrary opinion.
Mr. Westwood made some observations in opposition to Mr.
Thompson’s assertion of a general metamorphosis throughout the
Crustacea. And Lieut.-Colonel Sykes stated that he had found the
Land Crabs in India several hundred miles inland, and had never
observed them to make annual migrations to the shore, the vast
Ghauts preventing such a journey. Mr. Sells also made a similar
observation respecting the Black Crabs of the West Indies, which
he had observed several thousand feet above the level of the ocean
in the middle of the island of Jamaica.
Mr. Pickering’s observations upon the Cfconomy of the Stre-
psiptera called forth extended remarks from various Members, by
some of whom it was suggested that it was in the midst of the pollen-
paste in the cells of the bees that the eggs of the Stylops are depo-
sited, and that the larve, when hatched, burrow into the larve of
the bee; by others, that it was in the bee’s eggs; by some, in the
body of the larvee of the bee; and by others, that they were depo-
sited in flowers, from whence the bees, in search of pollen, might
accidentally carry them into their cells. Mr. Pickering, in reply to
the different observations made upon this subject, stated that his
opinion that the eggs were deposited in the eggs of the bees remained
unshaken, as it could only be during the short period previous to the
closing of the cell, after it had been filled with pollen-paste, that
the egg could possibly be introduced into the bee’s nest. He, how-
ever, admitted that with respect to Xenos the case might be dif-
ferent, since the cells of the Polistes (in the bodies of which it is
found,) are left open, in order that the gregarious wasps may the
more readily feed their larve contained therein, and which would
consequently render the deposition of the eggs of the Xenos within
the larva of the wasp more probable. Relative to the genera of
Hymenoptera attacked by the Strepsiptera, the Rev. F. W. Hope
stated that M. Van Heyden of Dantzig had shown him specimens
of two species of Cerceris infested by a distinct genus of this order.
And Mr. Westwood read an extract from a Letter received by him
from Robert Templeton, Esq., relating to the capture of Hlenchus
tenuicornis, K., in the nest of a Bombus.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, as Treasurer for the past year, laid his Ac-
counts upon the table, and the six following Gentlemen were elected
Auditors of the same, namely, Lieut.-Col. Sykes; Messrs. StrePHENS
x] JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
and YarrRzELL from the Council; and Messrs. 8. S. SAUNDERS, SELLS,
and Bennett from the Society.
Anniversary Meeting, January 26th, 1835.
J. G. Cuitpren, Esq., President, in the Chair.
In pursuance of the By-Laws, the four following gentlemen were
removed from the Council :
Tuomas Bett, Esq. Dr. Roser, Sec. R-S.
Gerorce R. Gray, Esq. Gerorce R. Warteruouse, Esq.
and the four following gentlemen elected into the Councii in their
stead :
Dr. HorsFiep. Wm. Loneman, Jun., Esq.
Wm. Cuaisty, jun., Esq. CuHarves Pickering, Esq.
‘And the following gentlemen were elected as Officers for the ensuing
year :
President i ./.°.\. 2-27 The Revak. Wa-Hore:
Treasurer’. + <8). 2329 We Yarrecy, Esq.
Carator 2 tei... . . . . Cares Pickerine, Esq.
Secretary ........ 9.0. Wesrwoop.
Foreign Secretary. . . . W.B.Sprnce, Esq.
Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of the Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts,
read a favourable Report of the Accounts and Finances of the So-
ciety, which was unanimously adopted by the Meeting.
J. G. Children, Esq., read an Address on leaving the Chair, con-
gratulating the Society on the rapid progress of Entomology, the
flourishing state of the Society, and upon the favourable Report just
received *.
The Secretary, at the request of the President, read a Report of
the recent progress and present state of Entomology ft.
* This Address has since been published by Mr. Children for distribution amongst
the Members. Copies of it may be had at the Society’s Rooms.
+ This Report has been printed for distribution amongst the Members of the
Society, and for sale to the public. It may be obtained by the former at the Society’s
Rooms, and by the latter at either of the Society’s publishers.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. xli
February 2nd, 1835.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONS.
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 3 tom. 3 tri-
mestre. Presented by that Society.
No. 70 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq.
An abstract of the Indigenous Lepidoptera contained in Hiibner’s
Verzeichness. Presented by Mr. Stephens.
No. 1 of a Manual of Entomology, from the German of Dr. Bur-
meester. By W. E. Shuckard, Esq., the Translator thereof.
Synopsis of the Family Phasmide. By G. R. Gray, Esq., M.E.S.,
the Author thereof.
Monographie du genre Diaperis. Par Messrs. Laporte et Brullé;
Mémoire sur cinquante espéces nouvelles d’Insectes;
Etudes Entomologiques, 1™* livraison;
Revision du genre Lampyre ;
Mémoire sur quelques nouveaux genres de l’ordre des Homo-
pteres ;
Notice sur un nouveau genre des Charancons (Gasterocercus) ;
Notice sur un nouveau genre de l’ordre des Homopteres (Hete-
ronotus) ;
Descriptions et Figures des genres Calicnemis, Stenocheila, et
Trochalus.
All presented by M. Le Comte de Castelneau, of Paris, Foreign
Member of the Society, the Author thereof.
Monographie du genre Notiophygus. Presented by M. Gory, the
Author thereof.
2nd Fascicle of the ‘Coléoptéres du Mexique.’ Presented by
M. Chevrolat, the Author thereof.
A Collection of Insects from Nova Scotia, with Manuscript Ob-
servations upon their respective Habits. By Mr. 8. Woods, Jun.
Memorrs, Exuisitions, &c.
The President read an Address nominating Messrs. CuILpREN,
Stepuens, YARRELL and Lieut.-Col. Syxgs, to act as Vice-Presidents
during the ensuing year*.
* This Address has been published by the President for distribution amongst the
Members, and may be procured on application at the Society’s Rooms,
xii JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Lieut-Col. Sykes exhibited a specimen of the Land Crab of the
Deccan, and made some observations upon its Habits.
The Secretary, on behalf of Mr. Waterhouse, exhibited a Collec-
tion of rare exotic Coleoptera, selected from the cabinet of the Pre-
sident, with a view to illustrate some of the analogies existing
amongst various groups of beetles.
The Secretary exhibited several new British species of Decapod
Crustacea, collected on the Southern Coast near Hastings by Mr.
Hailstone, upon which he made some remarks.
The President exhibited, by permission from the United Service
Museum, three new Coleopterous insects from New South Wales,
belonging to the genera Chlenius, Lamia, and to a new genus allied
to Hispa; also a large species of Scarabaus from Sierra Leone, and
two specimens of a gigantic larva of the family Lampyride; also a
beautiful specimen of the nest of Vespa Britannica taken from a fir-
tree near Durham; and a drawing of a crustaceous animal taken
from the mouth of a whale, which appeared to be allied to Cymothoa
strum.
Mr. Pickering made some observations on the Coleoptera exhibit-
ed by the President, and gave a description of the Lamia, which he
proposed to name (in honour of Lieut.-Col. Despard, by whom it
was collected,) Lamia Despardi.
Read, ‘A Monograph upon the genus Castnia.” By G.R. Gray,
Esq., which was illustrated by the exhibition of a beautiful and ex-
tensive series of species from the Collection of Mrs. Children.
‘Memoir upon the Habits of the Pomegranate Butterfly of the East
Indies.” By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c., by whom the insects and
their nests were exhibited.
Mr. Ingpen communicated an extract from Miller’s ‘ Gardener’s
Dictionary,’ relative to the planting of the canes in sugar-cane plan-
tations sufficiently apart, so as to prevent injury from the attacks of
insects.
A discussion upon the various subjects brought forward during the
evening took place.
The Secretary gave notice that the Council had determined to
extend the period for receiving the Prize Essays upon the Turnip-
fly until the Anniversary Meeting in January, 1836.
, |
-
i.
¥ 2
@
Prous - (
os 7
= vf ( ‘a = 7 ~~
a
i i lih.: 7 aa
- = ; MAN > wf a Pea ae
a ae ee . dye
1 ae ; al e a me i wa egg es ses fail Tica \ i iy
: > at : ie fe “i Pel iehs es ry ya ‘nr 4 oan
* : aie)
Mint a
xlii
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
(Continued. )
March 2nd, 1835.
The Rey. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
Donations.
SYNONYMIA Insectorum, Curculionide, Vol. 1 and 2. By
J.C. Schénherr, For. Hon. Member of the Society, the Author
thereof.
Recherches pour servir a |’ Histoire etal’ Anatomie des Phryganides.
Par M.F. J. Pictet, the Author thereof.
Monographie du Genre Phyllosome. By M. F. E. Guérin, For.
M.E.S., the Author thereof.
Grammar of Entomology. By Edward Newman. Presented by
Sam. Hanson, Esq.
Zoological Researches and Illustrations, Nos. 1 to 5:
Memoir upon the Pentacrinus. Both by J. V. Thompson, Esq.,
of Cork, the Author thereof.
Illustrations of British Entomology, No. 71 :
Abstract of Hiibner’s Verzeichniss, &c. Both by J. F. Stephens,
Esq., the Author thereof.
Manual of Entomology, from the German of Dr. H. Burmeister.
By W. E. Shuckard, Esq., the Translator thereof.
Natural History of, British Fishes, No.1. By W. Yarrell, Fsq.,
the Author thereof.
The Analyst, No. 7. By the Conductor.
The Rev. Joun StreaTFIELD, M.A. of Margate,
Wituam Oeiivy, Esq., Barrister-at-law, F.L.S., Z.S., &c., of
Gower Street,
were elected Members of the Society ; and
M. ve Comte pr CasTELNEAU, of Paris,
a Foreign Ordinary Member.
Exursitions, Memorrs, &c.
The Secretary exhibited specimens of a Lepidopterous Larva be-
longing to the family Noctuide, found to be injurious in shrubberies
xliv JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
by gnawing entirely round the stems of lilacs and other plants, at a
short distance below the surface of the ground. Also a drawing of
the larva of one of the Staphylinide, which feeds upon turnips, giving
them what is termed a grubbed appearance.
He also exhibited a series of specimens illustrative of the gradual
development of a new species of the crustaceous genus Porcellana,
discovered on the coast of Hastings by W. Hailstone, junior, Esq.,
some of which were scarcely larger than a good-sized pin’s head.
The following Memoirs were read :
‘« Remarks on some mechanical peculiarities noticed in a Spider’s
Web at Wandsworth.” By W. W.Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
(See p. 127.)
‘“« Description of Chelepteryr Collesi.” By G. R. Gray, Esq.,
M.E.S., (see p. 121,) who exhibited specimens of the insect from the
collection of Mrs. Children.
«« On the agency of Insects in causing Sterility in Flowers by the
removal of the masculine organs, observed amongst the Asclepiadee.”
By M.Ch. Morren, communicated by M. Emilien De Wael, and
extracted from the ‘ Horticulteur Belge.’
In this Memoir the author details a series of observations, proving
the generally received opinion that insects are ordinarily serviceable
whilst collecting the nectar of flowers, in causing their impregnation
by transporting the pollen from an anther to a pistil, (a fact also ob-
served by Labillardiere in the humming-birds,) is not without excep-
tion. He first cites an observation of Plenck (Physiol. des Plantes,
1802, 8vo, p. 206), that one of the causes of sterility in plants is pro-
duced by insects devouring the flower, or by the eggs being deposited
in the pistils, the young larve finding their way into the fruit, and
causing it to ripen sooner than the uninjured fruit, but at the same
time to fall prematurely to the ground. He then shows, from re-
marks of Sennebier (Phys. Veget., vol. i. p. 335,) and Keelruter,
that flowers are provided with a supply of pollen far greater than is
necessary to fecundate the flower; thus in each stamen of Hibis-
cus syriacus 4863 grains of pollen were found, whilst 50 or 60 will
suffice to render the flower fertile, the remainder being scattered
by the wind or devoured by insects. He next cites a passage from
Huber (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. vi.) concerning the gathering
of pollen by bees on the hind legs, whilst it is the pollen which is
found in their second stomach which serves for the support of them-
selves and their larve. The Anthreni, in like manner, by frequent-
ing flowers, scatter the pollen which may accidently rest upon the
pistil. The discovery of insects, however, bearing pollen, is of very
rare occurrence, except in the case of the bees, a circumstance ex-
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. xly
plained by the cleanliness of insects, and their constant habit of
divesting themselves of extraneous particles. Having, however,
during the months of July and August, captured many specimens of
the Pontie Brassice, Rape, Napi, &c., he discovered that each had
several appendages, from one to ten in number, attached to its tarsi,
often in pairs, and which he subsequently ascertained from their
structure to be the pollinific masses of the Asclepiadee, most pro-
bably of A. linifolia, Lagasca, of which he had many specimens in
flower, and which he immediately examined, and was surprised to
find the majority deprived of their pollinific masses. He then enters
into a minute description of the curious flowers of the Asclepias, and
proves that by means of the tarsi of the butterflies passing through
the crevices of the nectaries and hooking upon the notched base of
the pollen-masses, the latter are forced off and carried away by the
butterflies. From these circumstances the author advises horticul-
turists who would wish to see their Asclepiadee covered with seed,
to protect the plants whilst in flower from the approach of the
butterflies.
‘«« Descriptions of some new Exotic Dipterous Insects.” By J. O.
Westwood, F.L.S8., &c. (These descriptions have subsequently been
published by the author in the Philosophical Magazine.)
« A Description of the Superior Wing of the Hymenoptera.” By
W.E. Shuckard, Esq., M.E.S. (See p. 208.)
“Observations upon the Natural History of various Species of
West India Insects.” By W. Sells, Esq.
1. Land Crabs.—The author states that the land crabs of Jamaica
are of two species, the white and the black, although regarded by
some writers as varieties of Cancer ruricola. The black crab is com-
mon in the east and north of the island during a great portion of the
year, principally in the vicinity of the coast. It is very active in its
motions, and is esteemed a very great delicacy, being kept by some
of the inhabitants in inclosures, where it is regularly fed with boiled
Indian corn, or Guinea corn, (Holcus Sorghum,) upon which the crabs
thrive well, and are thus ready at the shortest notice for the table*.
The white land crab is common in the lowland districts on’the south of
the island ; it is rather larger than the black crab, not so active, the body
larger, and the legs shorter. After long-continued droughts succeeded
by heavy rains, the crabs come out of their holes in the rocky soil in
* Lewis, in his Journal of a Residence in Jamaica in 1816, after complaining of
the eatables of the island, states, “‘ For my own part I have for the last few weeks
eaten nothing except black crabs, than which I never met with a more delicious,
article for the table.” They are usually boiled, then picked and mixed with
crumbs of bread and spices, and afterwards baked in the shell.
VOL, I, PART III, YT
xlvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
vast numbers, entering the houses. ‘The weather being sultry on
one occasion they found their way into the chamber of the writer,
and attacked a dry goat-skin (used as a covering for a portmanteau).
They are caught by boys, who dispose of them at Spanish Town at
about one shilling per dozen ; they are fine eating, but decidedly in-
ferior to the black crabs. They are in general night feeders, when
the dew is on the ground, so that they are generally caught at night,
by a man called the Crab-catcher in the different estates, who being
well acquainted with their haunts, stops up their holes, and thus
cuts off their retreats. When alarmed they move off briskly, but
when overtaken stop and hold up their claws in a threatening posi-
tion. Hogs are fond of them, and kill them by putting one of their
feet upon the crab, and breaking the claws with their teeth ; some-
times, however, the crab is too quick, and seizes the hog by the
nose. ‘lhe crabs periodically cast their shells, and in the soft state
are called leather-jackets, and being at that time very fat, and the
whole mass eatable, are especially prized. The writer then notices
the provision made for the construction of the new shells from the
two masses of carbonate of lime found on each side of the stomach,
immediately before each moulting ; and concludes by observing that
so numerous were the crab-holes in the ground close to the Rectory
of the parish where he resided in Jamaica, that he once punningly told
the clergyman that no stranger could approach his residence without
being soon made sensible that he was treading upon holy ground.
2. Elater noctilucus, or fire-fly, as it is commonly termed by the
natives, is very abundant in Jamaica, except in mountainous situa-
tions, where the cold is not congenial to it or the musquito. Its
flight in the piazzas of the houses as soon as the evening closes in
is described, and the light is described as being of a fiery orange
colour, differing much from the mild blue silvery light of the glow-
worm. ‘They are occasionally made use of by the inhabitants as a
substitute for lamps in the chambers, a few being confined together ;
and it is stated that a lady, previous to her passage to England,
placed a number of these insects in a wide-mouthed phial with some
rotten wood, covering the mouth with gauze, and which served as a
substitute for a lamp on board, by shaking the phial and disturbing
the insects, which immediately sent forth an abundant light; they
however perished when the ship arrived in northern and colder lati-
tudes. The author opposes the statement of M. Laporte, (Ann. Soc.
Ent. France, 1833, p.123,) that the splendidly luminous spectacle
exhibited in tropical countries by fire-flies is caused by Lampyride
as well as Hlateride, asserting that in Jamaica the appearance is
produced exclusively by the latter, the light of the glowworm which
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. xlvii
is occasionally seen being no more comparable to that of the Hlater
than a dying oil-lamp to a jet of pure gas.
3. Scorpions.—Instances are given by the writer of these creatures
inflicting their stings in different situations : thus a lady was stung
by one in the finger whilst in the act of putting on her glove, into
which a scorpion had found its way. One of the writer’s children was
stung whilst putting on his boot, into which a scorpion had crawled.
But the greatest number of scorpions which he ever encountered was
on board a vessel in which he came home, which contained a great
quantity of logwood, in the crevices of which these noxious creatures
were concealed. During the voyage a child was stung on the upper
part of the thigh, a scorpion having crept up his trowsers ; the part
wounded was directly rubbed with rum in which scorpions had been
immersed, which is a favourite remedy with the sailors; and the
writer had himself a narrow escape froma scorpion which had taken
up its quarters on his pillow through the night. He considers how-
ever that the effects of the sting of a scorpion do not usually much
exceed in severity that of a wasp.
Flies.—The writer states that in the course of his medical expe-
rience in Jamaica several distressing cases had occurred where flies
had deposited their eggs in the human body, either in the mucous
membrane lining the nose and mouth, in the passage of the ear, or
in ulcerated parts. In one instance he picked out about fifty large
larvee from a neglected blister on the chest of a young gentleman who
had fever with delirium ; the dressings being displaced through rest-
lessness, the blistered surface became exposed to the flies. Another
case was that of a gentleman, who towards the close of a protracted
and fatal illness had a number bred in the gums and inside the
cheeks, and which continued to make their appearance until his de-
cease. It is most probable that he had lain with his mouth open,
and had thus allowed an entry to the parent flies. Another instance
occurred in a young gentleman who fell asleep under a tree after
bathing, when a fly deposited its eggs in his ear, causing severe suf-
fering when the eggs were hatched, and before the larve were ex-
tracted. But the most extraordinary fact of this kind happened to
an intelligent negro man, whose eyes, nose and cheeks, when first
visited, were very much swollen, his face rendered quite hideous,
and his sufferings severe. Suspecting the cause, the writer injected
olive oil and green tobacco-juice up the nostrils, when the larve be-
gan to drop out, but the whole were not removed from the nasal
passages in less than a fortnight. The man, at Mr. Sell’s request,
kept a tally of their numbers, and it appeared that not fewer than
235 larvee (of, he believes, the bluebottle fly,) made their appearance.
T2
xlvill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
It is however surprising, considering the number of flies which abound
on the sugar estates, and how often the negroes sleep in the open air,
that similar incidents do not occur more frequently.
The Cockroach.—This is the most annoying of the insect tribes in
Jamaica, devouring leathern articles of all kinds which have been
used, such as saddles, harness, gloves, boots and shoes, &c.; they
devour the bindings of books after they have been handled, and any
perspiration has adhered to them; they crawl over and eat fruit and
vegetables, dropping their egg-cases, and leaving their faeces and
an intolerable stench wherever they travel; they also eat the corks
of bottled wine, cider, and porter, causing the liquid to escape ; this
may however be prevented by dipping the corks in a thick mixture of
quick-lime and water, the latter being occasionally impregnated with
the bitter of quassia. They harbour in empty bettles, which are ren-
dered not only difficult to clean, but almost impossible to sweeten
again. They also eagerly devour parchment, which material is con-
sequently never used for wills, deeds, conveyances, or other legal
documents, which the insects would very quickly destroy. They have
a great dislike to castor oil, which is accordingly rubbed over boots,
shoes, and other leather articles to protect them from their attacks.
6. Black Spider.—There is a spider in Jamaica the bite of which
is venomous, being speedily followed by inflammation, with pain and
swelling of the wounded part: the natives are consequently much
afraid of it. It is of small size, the body not being larger than a
small pea, with short legs. It is entirely black except a spot of
bright scarlet upon the head, rendering it so conspicuous, and at the
same time so repulsive, that a person unacquainted with its venom-
ous properties would instinctively shrink from it; a peculiar and
interesting provision of nature observed in many obnoxious animals,
whereby, as St. Pierre and others have remarked, mankind are put
on their guard against their attacks, from some peculiarity of form,
colour, sound, or other disgusting quality.
7. Silk-worm.—The peculiar stationary habits of the silk-worm,
and the sluggish nature of the moth, which can scarcely be said to
possess the powers of flight, are here commented upon as interesting
circumstances in connexion with the more easy management of the
insect, thus beautifully harmonizing with its vast importance to
mankind.
Mr. Stephens informed the meeting that, with respect to Mr. Saun-
ders’s communication, he had not unfrequently observed the suspen-
sion of stones in spiders’ webs, and that in the course of last autumn
he had seen three in one day in his garden at South Lambeth.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. xlix
The name given by Mr. Gray to his new genus of Australian
moths was objected to by several members as being too close to
Calepteryx, a genus of dragon-flies, which led to some observations
upon the employment of almost identical generic names in various
groups of insects.
It was also stated, with reference to the Memoir of M. Morren,
that several species of Asclepiadee were described as being fly-traps,
and it was suggested that it was by greater energy that butter-
flies were not only enabled to extricate themselves from the flower,
but also to drag off the pollinific masses themselves, and that as the
genus Asclepias was chiefly North American, it was not uncommon
to perceive, attached to the legs of various insects which frequent
flowers, sent from that country, similar appendages to those observed
by M. Morren on the feet of the butterflies.
The President observed, with respect to Mr. Sells’s statement of the
maggots obtained from the head of a black man, that oil would in all
probability be found to be a serviceable remedy not only in such
cases, but also in the attacks of the bots.
The following resolution (proposed by W. Sells, Esq., and seconded
by W. E. Shuckard, Esq.) was unanimously adopted :
That it is considered by the members of the Entomological Society
present at this meeting, that a short popular course of lectures upon
Entomology would be highly desirable, and tend materially to the
advancement of the science.
April 6th, 1835.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
DonaTIONs.
Jahrbucher der Entomologie. By Dr. F. Klug.
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Entomologie, 7 vols. 4to. Both Pre-
sented by the Rev. F. W. Hope, President.
Observations sur un Insecte qui passe une grande partie de sa vie
sous la mer. By M.V. Audouin, Hon. For. Member of the Society,
the Author thereof.
No. 72 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Stephens,
Esq., the Author thereof.
Notice of the Ravages of Insects upon Barley and Turnips ; by
J.C. Farmer, Esq. : with additional Observations and Descriptions,
by J.O. Westwood, F.L.S. Presented by the latter.
A series of Dissections of the genus Anoplognathus. Ey W. Sells,
Esq.
| JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Gorces HeEty, Esq., of Johnstown, Ireland, was elected a member
of the Society.
Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.
William B. Pickering, Esq., exhibited the exuvie of the pupa of
Bombylius major, with the imago reared therefrom, having found the
pupa in sandy gravel-pits at Coombe Wood on the 28th March, the
fly being produced a few days afterwards.
“Remarks on the destruction of Cocci.’’ By Mr. A. Ingpen,
A.L.S., &c., (see p. 174) by whom a branch of a golden pippin apple,
infested in a surprising degree by these insects, was exhibited, and
which were at that time in the state of ova, covered by the dried
bodies of the parent insect.
*« Descriptions of some new exotic Dipterous Insects.” By J.O.
Westwood, F.L.S. (Subsequently published in the Philosophical
Magazine.)
‘« Observations upon the Turnip Fly.”” By Mr. James Main, A.L.S.
“On the development of the Apodal Larve of the Hymenoptera,
with reference to the segmental theory of the Annulosa.” By J.O.
Westwood.
Dr. Ure, F.R.S., &c., (who was present, as a visitor, at this meet-
ing,) at the request of, the President, gave an account of his recent
investigation relative to the present state of the silk manufactories
inthis country. Referring, in the first place, to the great importance
of the silk manufacture as a great commercial enterprise, he gave an
account of the microscopic appearance of the raw material, each of
the threads of which was stated to be composed of two distinct cylin-
ders, which, in good silk, were found to be perfectly parallel and
quite cylindrical, the unevenness or the want of parallelism produ-
cing inferiority in the raw article. Each of these cylinders was men-
tioned to vary in diameter from 53/,,th part of an inch (the measure
in silk of the best quality) to ;,4,jth of an inch. When imported,
however, several distinct threads were found reeled tegether, which
was done by the grower of the silk-worms, the threads being passed
through several eyelets and then wound off. The imported raw silks
were found to be of various qualities, which depended upon the mode
and time of feeding as well as upon the food of the worms. These
compound threads are =4,th part of an inch in diameter, each being
divisible into eight threads; that is, into four pairs of cylinders in
the best silk. The East Indian Comorolli silk was also mentioned
as being of coarser texture, and as not being carefully reeled; here
the compound thread was found to consist of sixteen cylinders, that
is, eight double threads, and to be =,3,,th part of an inch in diameter.
The specific gravity of the silk was stated to be greater than had
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS, li
been generally considered, being 1250 to 1000, and consequently
greater than the strongest muriatic acid or water.
Having inspected several of our silk manufactories wherein the most
recent improvements in the machinery had been adopted, Dr. Ure
stated that in respect to their machines, the English mills were far
superior either to the French or Italian. ‘The mode of winding the
silk was then described : the exceedingly tender fibres are wound off
by an apparatus called the swift, and which is moved simply by the
friction caused by a large revolving wheel; and so essential is the
nicety of the machinery, that the silk is obliged to be wound obliquely
and then crossed in the opposite direction, in order to prevent the
threads from falling between the threads of the preceding layer; at
the same time the threads are cleansed by a machine termed the
cleaner, a brass instrument with fine holes drilled through it, which
allows the thread to pass if clean, but if there be dirt attached it
causes the thread to break, when the parts are cleansed and reunited
by children. The recently invented machinery was described, by
which the threads were doubled, and which is kept in constant mo-
tion so long as the thread is entire, but which stops as soon as the
thread is accidentally broken. Numerous drawings were exhibited
representing these and other modern machinery upon the most ap-
proved principles, and which had been hitherto carefully concealed
from public inspection by the proprietors.
The manner in which the different consistence of silk used for the
lace-manufactory and for hosiery is produced was next explained,
and which consists in the single thread of silk (in the former) being
first twisted and then doubled, whilst in the latter the threads are
first doubled and then twisted together, which is found to produce
a softer material.
The silk produced in the South of France was stated to be of the
best quality, the white mulberry growing there in the greatest luxu-
riance ; the trees however do not thrive well to the north of Lyons.
The cocoons obtained from the produce of an ounce of eggs are
averaged to weigh 100 pounds. And it had been ascertained that it
was practicable nearly to double the quantity of silk obtained from
the worms by giving them a double quantity of food: the worms
however sometimes became sick and were removed to the ‘“‘ infirmary.”
Chloride of lime was constantly employed to keep the air in the rear-
ing houses pure, as it was found that the worms were greatly injured
by impurities, either in the air, their food, or their habitations.
A Letter was read, addressed to Mr. William Bennett by Mr.
Charles C. Doggett, noticing the destructive ravages of a small
coleopterous insect, apparently congenerous with Lyctus oblongus,
hii JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
upon the wickerwork of a cane box, received from Japan by Java
- (but not opened there). Some of the beetles which had been in-
closed in a pill-box remained still alive. The box appeared perfect
when unpacked in England, but in the course of three days it pre-
sented its present worm-eaten appearance.
The Rev. F. W. Hope communicated some observations upon a
mode of proceeding adopted by C. Eyton, Esq.,in Shropshire, which
had proved very efficacious in preventing the ravages of the Hop-fly,
(Aphis Humuli), and which consisted in charring the hop-poles before
they were used. He stated that it had been frequently noticed that
when the hop was bound to new poles the injury produced by the
fly was greatly diminished ; and he considered that it was evidently
owing to the destruction of the parent flies, or the embryos, which
passed the winter and spring upon the poles, that the plan now men-
tioned had proved so beneficial. He likewise suggested that by
dipping the poles in the solution of corrosive sublimate, now so ex-
tensively employed, a like effect might also be produced.
A lengthened discussion then took place upon the preceding sub-
jects, in which Messrs. Spence, Children, Sykes, Yarrell, Ogilby, and
others joined.
Mr. Babington stated with respect to the ravages of the turnip
flea (Haltica nemorum) that he had sought in vain for the larva of
the insect upon the young turnip, and that it was evident that the
mischief was the result of the attack of the perfect beetle alone.
Mr. Ogilby mentioned that he had been informed by Mr. Coke,.
the distinguished agriculturist of Norfolk, that the richest compost
was the most serviceable in securing the turnips from the attacks of
the beetle, as it forced the plants to a size beyond their powers of
injury in the space of twenty-four hours. Experiments had like-
wise been made as to the relative effects of lime and manure, and it
has been ascertained that in limed ground the plants were but little
attacked, but that it was necessary to re-sow the manured ground.
Mr. Spence stated a curious circumstance which he had observed
near Brussels, where hundreds of acres are employed in the cultiva-
tion of Brussels sprouts, and he had seen the Haltice swarming to
such an extent upon these plants that a pint could have been col-
lected from two or three, and yet they did not materially injure the
turnips which were planted between the rows.
The Rey. F. W. Hope mentioned some circumstances relative to
the growth, &c. of silkworms, stating that it was essential that great
regularity should be employed in the feeding of the worms at stated
periods, the best-fed worms producing the best silk ; moreover, that
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. litt
the silk from worms fed upon lettuce was not near so valuable as
that when mulberry was used for food.
Colonel Sykes mentioned some experiments made by Signor
Mutti, in India, upon the silkworms of the Deccan, whence it ap-
peared that the older leaves were far more nutritious to the worms
than the young ones.
May 4th, 1835.
The Rey. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
DownaTIONS.
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, vol. ii. part 4.
By that Society.
The Atheneum, parts 1 to 4, for 1835. By the Editor.
Handbuch der Entomologie, vol. ii. partl. By Dr. H. Burmeister,
the Author thereof.
No. 4 of The Manual of Entomology. By Mr. Shuckard.
Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club. By that So-
ciety.
No. 73 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By Mr. Stephens.
Observations on the Natural History of two species of British
Wasps. By the Rev. Edward Bigge, the Author thereof.
Three Memoirs in Italian upon Thrips physapus, the Larva of
Zabrus gibbus and Calathus latus. By Signor Passerini, For. Hon.
M.E.S., the Author thereof.
Descriptiones Generum nonnullorum novorum e Familia Lucanida-
rum, &c. By J. O. Westwood, the Author thereof.
Insectorum novorum exoticorum (ex Ordine Dipterorum) Descrip-
tiones. By the same.
A Box, containing about 70 species of Insects from Tuscany.
Presented by Signor Passerini.
Rosert E. Grant, M.D., Prof. Zool. in the University of Lon-
don, &c. ;
T. Forsrs Royte, Esq., F.L.S., &c., of Berners Street ;
T. J. Perricrew, Esq., F.R.S., &c., of Saville Row ; and
Rozert Mavurxin Linewoop, Esq., of Christ’s College, Cam-
bridge ; were elected Members of the Society.
Exutisitions, Memoirs, &c.
Colonel Sykes exhibited a quantity of eggs of the East Indian
Bombya Paphia, which had been deposited previous to the impregna-
liv JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
tion of the female, requesting information as to the mode in which
eggs, thus evidently perfectly formed, were acted upon by the male
semen, even whilst in the body of the female.
The Secretary exhibited a large collection of very minute insects,
collected with a sweeping net in the island of Mauritius by Robert
Templeton, Esq., in the course of the last summer and autumn,
which, with two exceptions, appeared to belong to the common
British forms.
The Secretary also exhibited a series of specimens of Hydrometra
Stagnorum, fully grown as regarded their size, but varying in the
absence, or greater or less development of the wings and wing-covers,
and which he considered as fully proving the specific identity of
these insects, which had been regarded as distinct species by Mr.
Curtis in the ‘ Guide.’ He also made some observations upon the
occasional development of wings in these and other species which
are generally found quite or partially destitute of these organs, and
noticed the precise analogy which existed in this respect between
the orders Hemiptera and Orthoptera.
The following Memoirs were read:
Notes upon the insects observed in unrolling a mummy at Belfast,
in a letter addressed to the Secretary by Robert Patterson, Esq.,
Treas. Nat. Hist. Soc. Belfast, by whom also specimens of the in-
sects were exhibited, consisting of a Dermestes, resembling D. vulpi-
nus, and a Necrobia, resembling N. violacea, but differing in colour,
and apparently identical with those described by Mr. Hope in the
first part of these Transactions.
«< Observations on the Haliplus ferrugineus of Authors.” By C. C.
Babington, Esq., M.A., F.L.5., &c. (See p. 175.)
«Notice of two Memoirs presented to the Society by Signor Pas-
serini.” Communicated by W. B. Spence, Esq., For. Sec.
In the first of these Memoirs Signor Passerini notices the ravages
occasioned by larve, in the winter and spring of 1832-3, on the
wheat in the provinces of Bologna, Romagna, and Ferrara, by de-
vouring the cellular tissue of the leaves and stalks of the young
plants, and thus causing them to perish: these attacks are made du-
ring the nighttime, the larve concealing themselves underground
during the day. ‘They had been ascertained by Professor J. Berto-
lini, of Bologna, to be the larvee of Zabrus gibbus and Calathus latus,
and appear to be equally injurious. Signor Passerini suggests the
ploughing up of the land, and then turning in a flock of poultry, which
would greedily pick up the larve.
The second Memoir relates to a species of Thrips (T. physapus,
Linn.?), which causes great injury to the olives in the district of
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. lv
Pietro Santo in Tuscany, and is considered as more detrimental than
either Coccus Olee or the larve of Tinea Oleella ? In April four or five
of the eggs of the Thrips are attached to almost every bud of the
branches of the olives, on the parenchyma of the young leaves of
which the larve, when hatched, feed.
«« Account of the Attacks of various Insects upon Wine-Corks.”’
By S.S. Saunders, Esq., M.E.S.
The author states, that a friend having occasion to remove his
stock of wine from one cellar to another, found the corks of many
of the bottles injured, so that the wine had leaked, occasionally so
much only remaining as was retained in the hollow of the bottles
when lying down. The damage was confined to the bottles con-
taining Shiraz (a Persian wine,) and some Hock, which had been
twenty years in the cellar. The corks of these bottles, although
placed apart, were injured, the intervening descriptions of wine being
untouched. On examining the corks, four species of insects were
found in them, Mycetea hirta, Cryptophagus cellaris, a minute Acarus,
and Atropos lignarius.
The Acarus was found in some abundance within the crevices of
the corks of both wines, and one specimen, which the author ob-
served undisturbed for a length of time under a microscope, appeared
to be engaged in burrowing into the cork, for which purpose the re-
curved claw at the extremity of the anterior legs appears adapted.
The Atropos lignarius was not in any great abundance, and was
observed running about the outside of the corks, none being found
within them. Of the Cryptophagus cellaris a single specimen was
alone observed, among some corks which had been extracted and
placed in a box during several months. A single specimen of Myce-
tea hirta was likewise only observed, although in the account which
Mr. Curtis has published of this genus (to which the author refers, )
it is stated that they were found in considerable abundance, and were
also accompanied by a minute Acarus ; the damage to the corks being
supposed by Mr. Curtis to be caused by the larvee of a moth.
It was further mentioned, that the tops of the Hock corks were
covered with a coating of wax; but as this did not extend down to
the bottle, serving only as a mark, it was not serviceable in de-
fending the corks against the attacks of the insects. No larve of
any kind were observed in the corks. The author then questions
the correctness of Mr. Curtis’s suggestions as to the introduction of
the Mycetea into the cellar with hay and sawdust, in consequence of
a circumstance mentioned in the original letters of Dr. Henderson to
Mr. Curtis, coinciding in a singular manner with the observations of
Mr. Saunders, namely, that the attacks noticed by Dr. Henderson
lvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
were confined exclusively to Rhenish wines and the rare Shiraz, and
consequently that it may be inferred that the Mycetea has a peculiar
taste for these kinds of wine. Kirby and Spence (Introduction, vol. i.
p- 246,) mention the attack of white ants upon a pipe of fine old
Madeira for the sake of the staves, which were probably strongly im-
bued with the wine, and perhaps thus rendered more agreeable to
the taste of the Termites, and hence it is probable that the saturation
of the corks by these two peculiar wines rendered them more pala-
table to the insects, whilst, for the same reason, the corks of the
other wines remained untouched. Indeed the corks of a large
stock of claret were injured, but only as far as that point where they
remained free from all tincturing of the wine. These bottles were
placed in the lowest range of bins in the cellars, and from the manner
in which they were eaten, it appeared evident that the injury was
caused by Blatte, which, however, evidently did not relish the tinc-
ture of the claret, although they will attack almost everything, an
instance of which is mentioned where they devoured the whole inside
of a lemon after a thin slice of the peel had been taken off, leaving
only the pips and fibrous particles untouched.
It was stated, in conclusion, that it was the intention of Mr. Saun-
ders’s friend to try the effect of successive fumigation of the cellar,
by sulphur, for the purpose of destroying the insects which might
still remain in the corks.
«Descriptions of Klenchus Templetonii, a new Strepsipterous In-
sect.” By J.O. Westwood. (See p. 173.)
Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, who was present as a visitor, stated, that
having been present at the unrolling of the mummy from which the
insects exhibited at this meeting had been extracted, he had noticed
that the chest and head, as well as the thigh, were found to be nearly
filled with dead specimens of these insects; likewise that the exter-
nal rolls of the mummy were entire, and that it was not until they
approached the body that any insects were found between the
folds, and in which part the bandages appeared to have holes in them,
as though made by the insects.—Mr. Hope stated that the insects
were evidently similar to those which he had described under the
names of Dermestes pollinetus and Necrobia Mumiarum. (See p. xi.)
In reference to Mr. Saunders’s paper, Colonel Sykes mentioned
that the corks in his wine-cellar in London were, at the present time,
attacked by the common cockroach, and that it appeared that the
insects preferred the corks of those wines which contained most sac-
charine matter. In India the Blatte had especially attacked the
corks of his malmsey and Constantia wine-bottles.
Mr. Quickett, who was present as a visitor, mentioned that in
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ivii
Somersetshire Blaps mortisaga attacked the corks of sweet currant-
wine bottles.
Mr. Sells noticed that the Blatte will also eat the corks in porter-
bottles ; and
Mr. Babington stated that he had found the larva (evidently that
of a small Lepidopterous insect,) in the cork of a Port wine bottle,
which it had completely eaten so as to cause the wine to escape ;
and that it had made a small case for itself of bits of cork.
Mr. Hope mentioned that in India it was well known that the
Blatte will not attack anything coated with resin animé, and which
is accordingly employed as a defence against their attacks in cover-
ing the corks of bottles, &c.
With respect to the suggestions made by M. Passerini in one of
his pamphlets, Mr. Sells stated that he had noticed in several in-
stances that the farmers in the neighbourhood of Kingston-upon-
Thames were in the habit of driving their ducks into the fields at the
time of ploughing, the birds finding an acceptable repast in the great
numbers of the larve of the cockchaffer which were turned up by
the plough ; and
Mr. Spence observed, that many years ago he had noticed that the
same birds were employed to destroy the slugs in Norfolk in a simi-
lar manner.
With reference to the observations of the Secretary upon the geo-
graphical peculiarities exhibited by Mr. Templeton’s collection of
Mauritius insects, the President stated, that having turned his atten-
tion recently to this branch of entomological science, he was sur-
prised at the little advance hitherto made therein, and mentioned
that he had traced the range of several individual species for between
three and four thousand miles.
The subject of the benefits likely to arise from the charring of
hop-poles was again brought forward by the President, who stated
that Mr. Eyton had informed him since the last meeting that charr-
ing the poles had the effect of making them more durable. Mr. Sells,
however, considered that the poles would thereby be rendered brittle,
which effect would not be produced by employing the solution of
corrosive sublimate, which would moreover tend to their preserva-
tion. ‘To which the President replied, that it had been found that
the charred lamp-posts in the streets of London were much more
durable than those not thus treated.
Mr. Ingpen noticed that the Aphides occasionally hybernate under
ground, a fact of some importance with reference to the subject
under discussion.
The President having exhibited a portion of the stomach of a horse
lvili JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
greatly infested with bots, from the collection of Mr. Henderson, of
Park Lane, veterinary surgeon, and directed the attention of the
Members to the discovery of some available remedy, Dr. Blundell
stated that he had been informed by the veterinary surgeons whilst
travelling in Holland that the concentrated juice of savin and enema
had been applied with great effect.
May 6th, 1835.
It having been resolved to celebrate the successful establishment
of the Society by a Dinner, the same took place this day at the
British Coffee House, in Cockspur-street, where the President of the
Society (the Rev. F. W. Hope), supported on the night by the Ho-
norary President (the Rev. W. Kirby), and on the left by W. Spence,
Esq., together with Messrs. Children, Sykes, Yarrell, Vigors, Ste-
phens, and a considerable number of the other Members of the So-
ciety, sat down to dinner; after which the usual and other appro-
priate toasts were drunk, and when the Honorary President, in re-
turning thanks after his health had been drunk, announced his in-
tention of presenting his entire collection of insects to the Society.
June 1st, 1835.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
The President announced that their Royal Highnesses the Duchess
of Kent and the Princess Victoria had been graciously pleased to be-
come the Patronesses of the Society, and a Letter from Sir John
Conroy was read to that effect.
The President also informed the Meeting, that at the Anniversary
Dinner of the Society the Rev. W. Kirby, Honorary President, had
announced his intention of presenting his entire collection of insects
to the Society ; at the same time taking occasion to make some ob-
servations upon the great benefit which must necessarily accrue to the
Society from having such a standard collection in its possession.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. lix
DonaTIONS.
Suggestions for a Society for Promoting the Improvement of Public
Taste in Architecture and Rural Scenery. By W. Spence, Esq., the
Author thereof.
No. 74 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J.F. Stephens,
Esq., the Author thereof.
Lettre a M. Serville sur le Canopus obtectus. By M. Alex. Le-
febvre, Hon. For. M.E.S., the Author thereof.
Report on the Recent Progress and Present State of Zoology. By
the Rev. Leonard Jenyns, M.A., F.L.S., &c., the Author thereof.
Descriptions of new or imperfectly known Parasitic Crustacea.
By Dr. Hermann Burmeister, the Author thereof.
Coleoptera Europea Dupleta in Collectione Ville. By M. A.
Villa, the Author thereof.
No. 5 of a Manual of Entomology. By W.Shuckard, the Author
thereof.
A specimen of Hlenchus Templetonii, from the Mauritius. By
R. Templeton, Esq., R.A.
The Rev. J. Fuemine, D.D., F.R.S.E., &c., of Aberdeen,
Grorce Newrort, Esq., of Chichester, M.D.,
The Rev. H. Purmuey, M.A.,
Grant, Esq., M.D., Richmond,
were elected Ordinary Members of the Society ; and
M. Emruren DE Waet, of Antwerp,
Dr. Hermann Burmeister, of Berlin,
Dr. Gop. Reicu, of Berlin,
Dr. F. Ericuson, of Berlin, and
M. Scuuprett, of Berlin,
were elected Ordinary Foreign Members.
The President having stated that Mr. Pickering had resigned the
office of Curator, a vote of thanks was passed to this gentleman for
his exertions during the period whilst he occupied such situation.
The sanction of this Meeting was subsequently given to an arrange-
ment whereby the duties of Curator would alternately be performed
by Messrs. W. W. Saunders, W. E. Shuckard, and J. O. Westwood.
Exuisitions, Memorrs, &c.
W. Christy, Jun., Esq., exhibited a branch of an oak tree, from
Cobham Park, bearing a considerable number of galls, which, instead
Ix JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
of being placed on the leaves or stems, were situated on the peduncles
of the flowers, giving the tree the appearance of bearing branches of
unripe currants, and which were probably caused by the Cynips quer-
cis petiolt.
The President stated that he had received a letter from Mr. R.
H. Lewis, M.E.S., dated from the Cape of Good Hope, stating the
little success he had met with in his entomological researches in the
neighbourhood of the Cape, and mentioning that he had noticed some
of the species of Anthia, which seemed constantly to reside under
dung.
Mr. Kirby suggested that it was probably for the purpose of feed-
ing upon the insects which frequent such situations that the Anthie
resorted to such a habitat.
The following Memoirs were read :
«Notice relative to the pus fulvescens and other submarine
Coleopterous Insects.” By W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S.. (See p..1/79.)
« Account of the Habits of the Land Crab of the Deccan, by Lieut.-
Colonel W. H. Sykes. With a description of the Species Thelphusa
cunicularis.” By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., &c. (See p. 181.)
«Descriptions of various Species of Crustacea from the island of
Mauritius.” By Robert Templeton, Esq., R.A. (See p. 185.)
In the discussion which ensued, Col. Sykes, in answer to an en-
quiry by Mr. Kirby, stated that he had met with the Land Crabs in
the Deccan in a very young state and very small size, and that in
this state they resembled the full-grown individuals.
With reference to the subject of submarine respiration alluded to
by Mr. Spence, Mr. Westwood observed, that the observations of
the former appeared to confirm the opinions of certain physiologists,
that the distribution of the Arachnida, founded upon the variation
of the respiratory system, into Pulmonaria and Trachearia was not
entitled to so much weight as others had given to it, and he read a
passage from Mr. Jenyns’s report on Zoology, not then published,
upon the same subject, and also stated the nature of M. Duges'’ re-
cent observations upon the nature of the respiratory system in the
genera of spiders Segestria and Scylodes, read before the French
Institute, which had been found to possess a compound apparatus
for respiration both pulmonary and trachean.
The President stated that, in addition to the insects mentioned by
Mr. Spence as capable of remaining for a great length of time under
the surface of the ocean, the Hesperophili, Heteroceri, Limnebii, and
Epaphius secalis, as well as other Bembediide, were similarly sub-
marine in their habits. |
The subject of the impregnation of the eggs of insects was again
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixi
resumed, Mr. Sells suggesting that it was not difficult to account
for the operation of the male semen upon the eggs, because they
were at first of a soft and porous texture, although they speedily
hardened upon exposure to the atmospheric air; he also mentioned
a curious fact noticed by the celebrated John Hunter, who found
that, by applying male semen taken from the spermatheca of im-
pregnated females to eggs deposited by virgin females, the latter be-
came fertile. The fact, however, that the eggs of some species of
moths are ejected from the body with great force, and in rapid suc-
cession, of a hard consistence (as in the Hepialide), was mentioned
as being opposed to Mr. Sells’s former observations.
Dr. Robert Grant gave an account of the nature of the generative
organs of insects, showing, from the researches of Lyonnet, Strauss
Durckheim, L. Dufour, and others, that the semen of the male in-
sect is received by the female in a sac or receptacle, over the neck
of which the eggs pass in their way from the ovaries to the oviduct.
Mr. Shuckard stated that he had reared a Plusia gamma in his
breeding-cage, which, without any intercourse with the male, had
produced eggs, which had given birth to larve, which, however, did
not live to attain the imago state.
Mr. Pickering mentioned some circumstances connected with Ha-
lictus, a genus of bees, which appeared to prove (from the existence
of females only in the spring months,) that a single impregnation
suffices for two generations, the first of which consists only of females ;
promising to lay the subject before the Society in a more detailed
form when he had obtained further information upen the subject.
Mr. Sells requested information relative to the nature of the di-
gestive organization in those species of moths which are destitute
of any organs, in the imago state, for taking nourishment, and pro-
posed the same as an interesting subject for inquiry.
June 22nd, 1835.
Their Royal Highnesses the Ducurss or Kenr and the Princesse
Vicrorra having been graciously pleased to declare themselves the
Patronesses of the Society, a Deputation, consisting of the Honorary
President (the Rev. W. Kirby), the President (the Rev. F. W. Hope),
two of the Vice-Presidents (Col. Sykes and Mr. Stephens), the Se-
cretary (J. O. Westwood), and William Ogilby, Esq., waited upon
Their Royal Highnesses by appointment this day at Kensington
Palace, for the purpose of receiving Their Royal Highnesses’ signa-
ture declaratory of their royal pleasure ; when Their Royal
VOL. I. PART III. U
Ixii JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS,
nesses were graciously pleased to inscribe their names in the Society’s
signature-book. At which time the following address was delivered
by the President to Their Royal Highnesses :
‘«« In the name of the Entomological Society of London I respect-
fully beg leave to return our most grateful acknowledgements for the
gracious condescension of Your Royal Highnesses in patronizing a
new and rising institution. With such a stimulus to exertion, I am
not too sanguine in expressing my belief that all the objects of the
Society will be fully realized. We hail, as particularly auspicious,
the coincidence of the anniversary of the birth of the great Linnzus
and that of Her Royal Highness the Princess Victoria ; and I assure
myself that the same ‘ generous loyalty to rank and sex’ which is the
grand characteristic of the ceconomy of the hive, will ever be preemi-
nent amongst the members of the Entomological Society.”
To which address Their Royal Highnesses were graciously pleased
to reply, assuring the Deputation of the interest which they took in
the welfare of the Society, and at the same time making their flatter-
ing acknowledgements to the Rev. W. Kirby for the ‘ Introduction
to Entomology,’ which he had previously had the honour of trans-
mitting to Their Royal Highnesses.
July 6th, 1835.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
Donations.
Memoir on the Distribution of the Powers of producing Heat and
Light among the different Members of the Animal Kingdom. By
E. W. Brayley, Esq., F.L.S., the author thereof.
No. 6 of a Manual of Entomology. By Mr. Shuckard.
No. 12 of The Analyst. By the Editor.
The Atheneum, parts 5 and 6, for 18385. By the Editor.
Joun Hitton, Esq., Demonstrator of Anatomy at Guy’s Hospital,
and Joun AnpeErson, Esq., Richmond,
were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.
The President stated that since the last meeting a Deputation
had waited upon Their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent and
the Princess Victoria, by Their Royal Highnesses’ commands, when
x
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixiil
/
they had inscribed their names in the signature-book as Patronesses
of the Society.
Memorrs, Exursitions, &c.
Letters were read from M. Schonherr, For. Honorary Member of
the Society, and M. Dreux, the latter giving an account of Bra-
zilian insects which he had to offer for sale.
The Secretary exhibited specimens of the male and female Ceto-
nia guttata, received from Sierra Leone, and belonging to the collec-
tion of the Natural History Society of Belfast, respecting which
species doubts existed in the works of entomological authors both as
regarded the sexual diversity and the geographical locality. The
male is remarkable for having two straight porrected horns arising
from the sides of the head. (Vide Ann. Soc. Ent. France, t. v. pl. 5.)
He also exhibited a bee from the same collection, partaking of the
characters of Anthophora and Xylocopa, and forming the type of a
new genus.
The President exhibited a living specimen of a large metallic-
coloured species of Cassida from Colombia, which had been kept alive
in this country by placing moistened leaves in the box. It was stated
to feed upon wood. When dead it loses all its brilliancy, and becomes
of a dirty yellowish brown colour. The President especially directed
the attention of the meeting to this circumstance, which also occurs
in several British species, as worthy of investigation in a physiologi-
cal point of view, as it was affirmed that the colour revives upon
plunging the dead specimens into hot water.
The President also exhibited a collection of insects made in the
Bara Tonga Islands of the South Pacific Ocean by Mr. Nightingale,
and made several observations upon the different species contained
therein. Mr. Nightingale, who was present as a visitor at the meet-
ing, stated that the entomology of these islands was of a very limited
extent, and that the most formidable species was a Phasma (of which
species both sexes were contained in the collection), and which is
sometimes so abundant in the islands, feeding upon the cocoa-nut
trees and devouring both the old stock and the young shoots, that
orders are issued by the chiefs to destroy them by cutting them in
pieces, thereby to prevent the damage to this tree, which constitutes,
in fact, the chief support of the community; from which circum-
stance, in conjunction with the absence of mammalia in these islands,
the President was induced to infer the origin of cannibalism.
The President also exhibited an extensive collection of insects from
the Cape of Good Hope, including species of Apion and various other
genera not previously obtained from that country.
u 2
Ixiv JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS,
Mr. Children exhibited specimens of pine-apples from the stoves
of Sir John Lubbock greatly infested with Cocci?, and which abounded
to such a degree as to become a perfect pest, causing the leaves and
fruit of the plant to wither, the insects preying upon the fruit whilst
in the young state beneath a white downy secretion. Various re-
medies were suggested by the members present ; but it was admitted
that the difficulty in discovering a suitable remedy was greatly in-
creased by the circumstance of the generation of these insects being,
from the warmth of the hothouses, continuous, and not annual nor
subject to the change of the seasons, as in the outdoor species of
the genus. (See p. 206.)
Mr. Sells recommended the application of an infusion of quassia
and tobacco-water ; but Mr. Children mentioned that M. Bouché
had expressly stated that the Coccus Bromelie was not affected by
the latter. He also mentioned that Dr. Lindley had informed him
that the plants would bear the application of warm water to 170°
without being injured.
Mr. Ingpen recommended washing the plants with soft-soap water
and tobacco-water ; whilst the application of oily matters was espe-
cially commented upon by other members.
The President recommended that the plants when old should be
renewed, and recommended the composition given by Mr. Knapp
in the ‘ Journal of a Naturalist.’
Dr. Horsfield suggested a dilution of turpentine, with sugar and
water, a dram of the former with a pint of the latter; or mixed with
gum or some other matter, in order to make it soluble in water.
Mr. Sells observed, that a general mixture of the various ingredients
might perhaps be most efficacious.
The consideration of this subject was deferred, but it was recom-
mended that it should either form the subject for one of the prize-
essays (see announcement of this subject for one of the essays), or
that a Committee should be appointed to suggest the most probably
efficacious remedies.
The conclusion of Mr. Templeton’s memoir upon Mauritian Crus-
tacea was read.
August 3rd, 1835.
James F, Stephens, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
DonarTIOns.
The Bridgewater Treatise upon Natural History, 2 vols. By the
Rev. W. Kirby, M.A., Honorary President of the Society, the Au-
thor thereof.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixy
Memoir upon the Genus Nycteribia. By J. O. Westwood, the
Author thereof.
No. 75 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By J. F. Ste-
phens, Esq., the Author thereof.
No. 7 and 8 of the Manual of Entomology. By Mr. Shuckard.
The 7th part of the Atheneum for July 1835. By the Editor.
Wixtram Scatszs, Esq., of Stamford Hill,
Rosert Jonn Asuton, Esq., Queen’s Buildings, Brompton, and
Mrs. Freperick Hops (the lady of the President),
were elected Ordinary Members of the Scciety, the ballot for the
last-named lady being by unanimous consent dispensed with.
Memoirs, Exuisitions, &c.
Mr. Desvignes exhibited a living specimen of Callidum holoseri-
ceum, which had been reared in a piece of furniture, which had been
in his possession at least seven years, having been made in Paris,
since which it had been taken to Turkey, and subsequently removed
to London. Numerous other specimens appeared to have made
their escape at the same time that the one exhibited was captured.
Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited specimens of the walking-leaf in-
sect, Phyllium siccifolium, from India, in different stages of growth,
including also the perfect male and female insects, the former of
which is distinguished by having long antenne and short wing-
covers, and exhibits on each side of the middle segment of the abdo-
men an ocellated process, which Mr. G. R. Gray, in his ‘ Synopsis of
the Phasmida’, appears to have regarded as a specific character, one of
the species of the genus being named by him Phyllium bioculatum.
Mr. Stephens exhibited a specimen of Elenchus tenuicornis, K., in
fine preservation, captured by himself whilst sweeping thistles and
low herbage about three miles from Hertford, during the present
summer. He observed that it was very active whilst in the net, and
that it moved its pseudelytra with great rapidity. The abdomen,
when alive, is long, but shrivels to about half its length in drying,
the segments being connected by a fine pale-coloured membrane.
This part of the body when alive is twisted about similarly to that of a
Staphylinus.
Mr. Hearne, of the island of Saint Domingo, who was present as
a visitor, exhibited specimens of the Acarus, or Tick, which is very
injurious to cattle and horses in Hayti, accompanied by the following
observations :—This insect is very injurious to cattle in Hayti, par-
ticularly to the horse and ass. Its attacks seem principally directed
Ixvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS,
to the ears of the animal, in the orifice of which it breeds and feeds
so fatally that it is very common to see one or both ears of the ass
lopping over the face, without power in the animal of ever again
raising them. ‘This injury is called by the natives ‘ Clabaud.” How
fast the insect breeds may be inferred from the quantity of eggs in
the bottle now exhibited, which were deposited by the two inclosed
specimens in the space of three days in a cornet of writing-paper.
The specimens were taken from under the tail of a horse. The usual
and most efficacious mode of getting rid of this tormenting insect is
by anointing its haunts with sweet or other oil; but the writer adds,
that if any better or other mode quicker in its effects and equally in-
noxious to the animal could be ascertained, its communication would
render a great service to the Haytians.
He likewise exhibited specimens of the Vegetative Wasp of the
West Indies, accompanied by the following note from General Inginac,
Secretary to His Excellency the President of Hayti:
“« La guépe végétale, servant de semence au limoncelle, arbrisseau
chargé d’epines fort dangereuses, se nourrit de la graine, bien plus
volumineuse qu’elle, que produit cet arbrisseau. Des graines du li-
moncelle on obtient la cire végétale qui est trés parfumée. Curiosité
naturelle digne d’occuper l’attention des naturalistes. Le limoncelle
croit en abondance a St. Jague.”
Specimens of the vegetable wax mentioned in the note were also
exhibited. An extract from the ‘Family Library,’ No. 51, (‘ The
Natural History of Insects,’ vol. ii., p. 296,) was also read, giving a
detailed account of the vegetative wasps. The German work, ‘ Der
Naturforscher,’ was also upon the table, in the fourth number of
which (tab. iv.) the plant is represented with two of the wasps laying
upon the ground on their backs and three flying round the tree, with
the vegetable matter growing out of the base of the abdomen.
Mr. Hearne also exhibited a specimen of spider-silk, produced
from the Nephila clavipes, a large West Indian species, the webs of
which are very strong, and are supposed by Mr. MacLeay (in his
Memoir upon Mygale published in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoolo-
gical Society’) to have been regarded by the early voyagers as those
of Mygale avicuiaria, whence has arisen the incorrect notion that the
latter are bird-killing species. According to Mr. MacLeay, the web
of the Nephila is sufficiently strong to hold a small bird if caught
in It.
The same gentleman also exhibited a very large species of Mygale
from the same island.
Mr. Ingpen exhibited twigs of apple and jasmine trees infested
with Cocci; in the former the young minute Cocci were observed
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixvil
scattered over the surface of the twig. Mr. Ingpen stated, with re-
ference to the suggestions made by himself for the destruction of
these insects at a previous meeting of the Society, that in the ‘ Gar-
dener’s Magazine’ for the present month is contained a mode of
treatment of the pine-apple, by a Correspondept, similar in its nature
to that suggested by himself, and which consisted in syringing the
plants with soap-lees from the washhouse, heated to 110°, every
morning for a week, the thermometer registering 120°. This remedy
had been found to be completely effectual in a stock of one thousand
plants.
The Secretary exhibited specimens of a species of Odynerus, reared
from larve, forwarded to the Society by Mr. Letts, and which he
had minutely examined through their different states, thereby dis-
covering, contrary to the suggestion of Mr. Shuckard, that the larvee
of both sexes exhibit the same number of segments, and are similar
to each other.
The following memoirs were read :
“‘ Note relative to the Beetles observed in unrolling a Mummy at
Belfast.” By Robert Patterson, Esq., Pres. Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc.,
in a letter addressed to the Secretary.
In this communication Mr. Patterson expresses his dissent from
the opinion, that the insects exhibited by him at the meeting of the
4th of May last were coeval with the mummy, and took up their
abode in it during the process of embalming. In his opinion the
larvee of the flesh-flies would at that time have been the most likely
visitants, and not insects which fed upon dried animal substances.
The appearance of the mummy-case, independent of eny reference to
the habits of the insects, corroborates this view. The lower part was
decayed, and in some places sufficiently so to give admission to in-
sects. It appeared therefore to him not to be unlikely that those
insects may abound in the mummy vaults; and when that part of
the case which is in contact with the ground has become decayed, the
insects gain admission to the interior. In the present instance they
appeared to have gained admission near the feet, attacked, in the
first instance, one of the feet, and then travelled upwards, under-
neath the bandages, making the substance of the legs and thighs
furnish them with aliment, until gradually they extended their at-
tacks to the body, the chest, and even a portion of the neck.
Mr. Hyndman agreed also entirely with the writer in this view of
the matter*.
* It does not appear possible to explain, by this view of the subject, why the
larve of the Dermestes should be found dead if thus in the midst of congenial food,
nor why the colours of the perfect insects should be so completely faded.—Sec. E.S.
XVill JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
«« Observations upon the Habits of various species of British In-
sects.” By J. O. Westwood. (See p. 198.)
«« Account of the Dead Sea Apple, and the Insect which causes its
formation.’’ By Walter Elliott, Esq., by whom specimens of this
production were exhibited.
Mr. Sells stated, that in Jamaica dogs as well as cattle and horses
are very subject to the attacks of ticks of large size, and which are
occasionally so injurious to the latter as to cause their ears to drop
down without the horses having the power of raising them again ;
indeed, it is a regular custom once a week, whilst the horses are out
at grass, for them to be driven home to be “ticked,” the parts in-
fested being rubbed over with lamp-oil, no other remedy having been
discovered.
Mr. Shuckard, in reference to some of the observations in Mr.
Westwood’s paper, stated that he had repeatedly seen Fenus Jacula-
tor in Battersea-fields entering the holes in wood formed by Stelis
pheoptera and Megachile centuncularis, and had also several times
captured Trypozrylon figulus with its prey, consisting of spiders,
whence it was evident that the account given by Linnezus, and ques-
tioned by M. Saint Fargeau, is correct; and as this insect is totally
destitute of spines on the legs, he is induced to believe that Sapyga
also is not parasitic, as has been likewise supposed.
September 7th, 1835.
J. G. Children, Esq., Sec. R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Donations.
Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Genéve, vol. vii.,
part 1. Presented by that Society.
No. 76 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By Mr. Stephens.
Essay on the Geographical Distribution of Man and Animals. By
W. Swainson, Esq., F.R.S., &c., the Author thereof.
Remarks on the Natural System. By the same.
The Analyst, No.13. By the Editor.
The Atheneum, part 8, for 1835. By the Editor.
Nos. 9 and 10 of the Manual of Entomology. By Mr. Shuckard.
A box of Norwegian insects, presented by Mr. C. Hewitson, of
Newcastle.
Guérin’s Bulletin Zoologique. No. 1 was also on the table, pur-
chased by the Society.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixix
Memorrs, Exuisrtions, &c.
‘« Descriptions of two new Irish Crustacea.” By Robert Temple-
ton, Esq., R.A.
“‘ Description of a new Hemipterous Insect from the Atlantic
Ocean.” By the same. (See p. 230.)
A letter from Mr. Engleheart, M.E.S., was also read, announcing
the capture of three specimens of Mancipium Daplidice at Dover during
the month of August last, one of which was taken by Mr. Leplas-
trier, jun., in the Castle-meadow on the 18th, and the others by Mr.
Engleheart on the 20th in an adjoining field. About twenty specimens
of Colias Hyale were also taken in the same neighbourhood between
the 17th and 21st of August, not more than one third of which
were of a yellow colour.
October 5th, 1835.
James F. Stephens, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Donations.
No. 1 of the Fauna Japonica. By M. De Haan (Foreign Hon.
M.E.S.) and Dr. Siebold, the Authors thereof.
No. 77 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By Mr. Stephens.
No. 11 and 12 of the Manual of Entomology. By Mr. Shuckard.
Part 9 of the Atheneum for 1835. By the Editor.
Nos. 2 and 3 of the Bullétin Zoologique were aiso on the table,
purchased by the Society.
Wa ter Exxiort, Esq., of the Madras Civil Service, and
Joun Hearne, Esq., of Port-au-Prince, Hayti, and York-street,
Portman-square,
were elected Ordinary Members of the Society ; and
M. le Comte Dr Jean, of Paris, and
M. le Docteur Borspuvat, of Paris,
were elected. Ordinary Foreign Members.
Menorrs, Exuisitions, &c.
A letter was received from M. Drege of Hamburgh, containing a
list of insects for sale from South Africa.
Mr. Ingpen communicated a portion of a pine-apple plant greatly
infested by a very minute species of Coccus, with which the plant
was in some cases completely covered.
ixx JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Mr. S. Hanson communicated an extract from a letter from Mr.
E. Doubleday, containing an account of the destruction of a hive of
bees by the Galleria cereana, the inhabitants having forsaken the
hive, and the comb being filled with the larvee of the Galleria. A
portion of the comb completely destroyed, and filled with the cocoons
of the moth, was likewise presented to the Society by Mr. Double-
day, by whom also a box of specimens of the moth was laid upon the
table for the collection of the Society and for distribution amongst
the Members. (Vide Entomol. Mag., vol. ui. p. 414.)
Mr. Sells informed the Meeting that a honeycomb had been shown
to him at Kingston infested with two different-sized insects, the larger
cocoons of which produced Galleria cereang and the smaller Galleria
alvearia.
Mr. Stephens stated, that the former moth was very rare in collec-
tions ; the only time that he had heard of its having been found was
about forty years ago, when several hives in the neighbourhood of
Birch Wood were infested.
Mr. J. C. Johnstone exhibited two living cane-plants infested with
the cane-fly, and called the attention of the Society to the rapid
and alarming progress made by this insect in extending its ravages
at least over two thirds of the island of Grenada. He mentioned that
in some plantations, which formerly made as much as 300 hogs-
heads of sugar per annum, not more than 80 or 90 could now be
made. The fly moreover had made its appearance in the neighbour-
ing island of Carriacoo. He begged leave to return the thanks of
the Agricultural Society of Grenada to the Society for the report
which had been sent out.
The Secretary exhibited a box of Exotic insects, (chiefly Hymen-
optera,) including many new and rare species belonging to the
genera Paussus, Xyela, Planiceps, Eucharis, Apterogyna, Psammo-
therma, Celonites, Palmon, &c.
Mr. Shuckard exhibited a small collection of insects from the Cape
of Good Hope, including a new species of Paussus, Pentaplatarthrus
Paussoides, &c.
Mr. S. Hanson and Mr. W. W. Saunders also exhibited various
new species of exotic insects of different orders.
The Secretary gave a short verbal notice of the following ento-
mological works recently published on the Continent :
M. Wesmael, Monographie des Braconides de Belge.
Dr. H. Burmeister’s Zoologescher Hand Atlas.
Dr. Thon’s Die Insekten.
He also exhibited various proof plates of insects from several Con-
tinental works not yet published, and read the following notice of
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixx1
the entomological proceedings at the Gesellschaft deutscher Natur-
forscher und Aertze, or meeting of German Naturalists, held at Bonn
from the 18th to the 26th of September, 1835.
The proximity of Bonn to those portions of the Rhine scenery
which are renowned for their grandeur and beauty induced a large
concourse of naturalists and others to attend this meeting. Not
fewer than four hundred members of the Association dined together on
the first day of the meeting, and their numbers received daily addi-
tions. Of the celebrated men present, Berzelius, Carus, Treviranus,
Goldfuss, Brongniart, father and son, Audouin, Dumortier, Bons-
dorff, Soemmerring, the Prince Von Wied, Jussieu, were amongst the
most distinguished, whilst Buckland, Lyell, Greenough, and Horner,
were the most celebrated amongst the many English who were
present.
The Natural History Museum of Bonn is, in proportion to the
size of the University, of very considerable extent, and is kept in
the Palace of Popplesdorff, a fine quadrangular building with a centre
court, about a quarter of a mile from the town. The lower part of
the building is prepared for the reception of the Museum and the
upper part is devoted to the residences of the Professors; and from
the windows of their apartments, looking over the Botanical Garden,
the eye glancing past the Castle of Godesberg rests upon the distant
Siebenberg, or Seven Mountains, of which the Drachenfels is the
most renowned.
This museum being under the direction of the celebrated geologist
Dr. Goldfuss, it is not surprising that the geological portion of the
collection should be of the greatest value: the number of fossil re-
mains and the beauty of the specimens is particularly striking.
In entomology the museum contains two collections, one of con-
siderable extent arranged in glass cases upon show tables, and ex-
posed to view (being guarded from the light only by sheets of paste-
board fitted to the glass), and the other, of smaller extent, being the
collection of Dr. Nees Von Esenbeck, which was purchased by the
University when that professor quitted Bonn. In this collection
therefore, which is accompanied by an elaborately drawn up ma-
nuscript catalogue, are contained the insects described in Dr. Esen-
beck’s recently published work upon the minute families of Hymeno-
ptera. It also contains anew species of Diopsis ; a figure and descrip-
tion of which have been given in an additional memoir upon this genus
since read before the Linnzan Society by Mr. Westwood.
It was in some of the splendid apartments of this palace that the
Geological, Botanical, and Zoological Sections held their sittings.
The apartment of the Zoological Section was quite adapted for the
Ixxil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
occasion, being elaborately adorned with models and carvings of
animals in shellwork, with which material the walls and roof were
most beautifully ornamented.
The business of the Zoological Section, of which Dr. Froriep was
the chairman, and Dr. Goldfuss secretary, was opened by a commu-
nication from the President of the Entomological Society of France,
presented by M. Audouin, relative to the views of that Society.
A memoir was read by Dr. Hammerschmidt of Vienna, relative to
Spermatozoa observed in insects.
Dr. Berendt, of Dantzig, communicated some observations upon
insects found in amber, accompanied by figures of a species of Cer-
matia found therein: this memoir led to a considerable discussion,
in which the president and secretary, and Messrs. Audouin, Van
Heyden, and others, took part.
Mr. Westwood presented his address upon the recent progress and
present state of Entomology, and exhibited a small and interesting
collection of exotic insects.
At this and subsequent meetings of this section, M. Audouin made
the following communications and exhibitions :
Observations upon the genus Serolis of Fabricius, of which
M. Audouin has ascertained the existence of two distinct species,
from the sea near Chili; they differ considerably from each other, as
appeared by the illustrations of the species exhibited by M. Audouin,
as well as from the genus Brongniartia of Eights, established upon a
Patagonian species, which also belongs to the same group, and which
is especially interesting as being apparently analogous to the extinct
tribe of Trilobites.
Memoir upon an East Indian species of ants, Formica Smaragdina,
the sexes of which are very different in their colours, the male being
brown : the nest is very interesting, being formed of a very thin silk-
like tissue, which is found to be doubled.
He exhibited a beautiful cocoon of some unknown Lepidopterous
insect from China, which is composed of wide open network, very
regularly arranged, with square spaces, leaving the interior visible,
and somewhat similar to the cocoons of some of the Hypere. Alsoa
leaf of a shrub from Madagascar (Eugenia ?) having a series of
large oval eggs placed obliquely side by side along one edge of the
leaf, between the epidermis and the body of the leaf. Also the
singular crustaceous genus Prosopistoma of Latreille, from Madagas-
car, which exactly resembles a Gyrinus. Also specimens of minute
larve resembling those obtained from the eggs of Meloe, hatched from
eggs deposited by Sitaris humeralis. Also a small collection of sin-
gular exotic insects, from the collection at the Jardin des Plantes, in-
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxili
cluding Chiasognathus Grantii $ and ? ; a new genus of Lucanide
allied to the latter; a new genus apparently allied to Cebrionide,
but having some relation with Parandra and Sagra, Torneutes (Reich),
Cocytia Durvillei, &c.; also specimens of a minute species of spider
found in the neighbourhood of Paris, in which the eyes of the male
are placed upon a thick peduncle arising from the front of the cepha-
lothorax (Mieryphantes galeatus, Kock. Panzer, Suppl. 121, f. 23 ?).
He also exhibited the following insect monstrosities: Oryctes
nasicornis ? ,in which the anterior femur of the right side was some-
what enlarged, and supported three tibize and tarsi of the ordinary
size, two of the tibiz being soldered together longitudinally, but the
tarsi being free. Melolontha vulgaris, im which the anterior leg on
the right side is similarly tripartite, but the different portions less
developed. (See Ann. Soc. Ent. France, tom. ii. pl. 1. A.) Carabus
auratus, in which the right antenna is furcate at the extremity of the
fifth joint, the upper portion being 6-jointed and the lower 4-jointed.
(See Ann. Soc. Ent. France, /oc. cit., fig. 2.) Cebrio Gigas §, in which
the left antenna is very short, with serrated triangular joints, and the
posterior tarsus on the left side very thick.
He also exhibited several species of Dermestide, and pointed out
the existence of ocelli in these insects. He also exhibited an ex-
tensive series of drawings intended to illustrate monographs of the
genera Scorpio, Gastracanthus (Fam. Epeiride), and new Crustacea,
from the Voyage of D’Orbigny, and likewise a manuscript of Cuvier,
published in Silbermann’s ‘ Revue Entomologique.’
The Senator Van Heyden, of Franckfort, exhibited specimens of
the following insect monstrosities, namely; Prionus coriareus 3 , hav-
ing three legs arising on the right side, at the extremity of the meta-
sternum: of these legs one was of the ordinary size, and corresponded
with that on the left side; the other two were of unequal and smaller
size, and apparently abortions, but having the different parts distinct.
A Prionus from Paraguay, having two legs arising at the right side
from the extremity of the metasternum, one of which was of the
ordinary size, and corresponded with the left hind leg, but the other
was very short, having the trochanter and coxa distinct, the femur
and tibia apparently soldered together into a straight piece, the tarsi of
the ordinary form. Calathus fuscus with one of the antenne trifur-
cate. Humolpus nitidus, with the anterior tibia on the right side,
very broad and triangular, tripartite beyond the middle, with three
perfect tarsi. Carabus emarginatus Q having the left antenna 9-jointed
laterally, and emitting two continuous joints at the extremity of the
second joint. Meloe proscarabeus ¢ with the right posterior femur
thickened and supporting three tibie and tarsi. Cadathus ciste-
Ixxiv JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
loides 8, with the right anterior tibia dilated at the tip, supporting
three tarsi, two of which were united together at the basal joint. Akis
punctata, having the left antenna much shorter than the other, with
the two basal joints considerably enlarged, 9-jointed, and laterally
emitting two connected joints at the extremity of the second joint.
Oryctes monodon, having the head greatly swollen. A Lycus of Para-
guay, having the left antenna short, distorted, 9-jointed, the four ba-
sal joints enlarged, and emitting a short 4-joimted branch from the
basal joint. He also mentioned that Borckhausen had described a
Phalena with five wings, and Tiedemann a Melolontha with seven legs
in Meckel’s Archives.
The Senator Van Heyden also stated that he had discovered three
species of Xenos, two of which he had obtained from Polistes gallica,
namely X. Rossii, and a new species in which the branches of the
antennz were very unequal in length; and the third, which is much
smaller than X. Rossii, he had obtained from a species of Odynerus
(O. auctus?). He also stated that M. Van Roser had observed the
larva of a species of this genus in the body of Vespa vulgaris, and
that he had himself observed the dead body of the larva of X. Rossi
in the abdomen of Polistes gallica, the former being filled with minute
hexapod insects like Acari, but having the abdomen articulated.
M. Van Roser exhibited various new species of insects from the
neighbourhood of Stuttgard.
M. Charpentier exhibited a very extensive and splendid collection
of drawings of Libellulide, intended for a complete monograph of the
family.
The following memoir was also read at this meeting:
‘«« On the Internal Anatomy of the Larva of Calosoma Sycophanta.”
By Dr. Hermann Burmeister. (See p. 235.)
November 2nd, 1835.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
Donations.
Recherches sur l’Anatomie et les Métamorphoses de différentes
Espéces d’Insectes. Par M.Lyonnet. Presented by the Rev. F.W.
Hope.
No. 78 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By Mr. Stephens.
Part 10 of the Athenzeum for 1835. By the Editor.
Mons. Lours Imuorr, of Bastle ;
Mons. Gustave SILBERMANN, of Strasbourg ;
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxv
Mons. le Senateur Van Hrynven, of Frankfort on the Maine ; and
Dr. Maximiuren Perry, Professor of Natural History at Berne ;
were elected Foreign Ordinary Members of the Society.
Exursitions, Memorrs, &c.
The Secretary exhibited several nests of different species of insects
from the Cape of Good Hope, showing in a remarkable manner the
instinctive powers of these creatures. In one, which was about six
inches long, and ths of an inch in diameter, the surface was defended
by twigs, arranged longitudinally, occupying the entire length of
the nest. In the other the outer coat was formed of a very beautiful
covering of lacework. These nests were considered as formed by
the larvee of Lepidopterous insects.
The Secretary also exhibited several species of the singular Neu-
ropterous genus Nemoptera, Latr., from the Cape of Good Hope,
allied to N. africana of Leach. Their characters being shortly
noticed as follows :
Nemoptera africana, Leach.—Alis anticis ad apicem rotundatis,
hyalinis, stigmate albo, nubila terminali fuscescenti, costa immacu-
lata ; posticis ad basin, antennisque pallidis.
Nemoptera costalis, Westw.—Alis anticis ad apicem rotundatis,
hyalinis, stigmate nigro nubila terminali alba, costa maculis parvis
fuscis ; posticis ad basin fuscescentibus, antennis pallidis.
Nemoptera angulata, Westw.—Alis anticis ad apicem acutis, hya-
linis, stigmate nigro, costa maculis parvis fuscis; posticis ad basin
fuscescentibus ; antennis elongatis fuscis. (An mas precedentis ?)
The following Memoirs were read :
«Description of a new genus of Longicorn Beetles, named Torneu-
tes, from South America.” By Dr. Reich, of Berlin.
Extract of a Letter from W. B. Spence, Esq., giving an account
of the successful attempts made by himself to exclude flies from
apartments at Trieste, upon the plan described by his father in the
first Part of the Transactions of the Society. The wniter states that
as he could not easily procure a net, he contented himself with
driving in nails all around the window-frame, and then putting cross
threads, about an inch or rather less distant from each other. The
consequence of which was, that although the other rooms in the house
were almost intolerable, his had not a fly in it, provided he took care
to keep the door shut ; he kept all the windows closed except the one
which had the netting, and which looked into the garden, and when
the sun was on it he was visited with abundance of flies on the out-
side, though none dared to intrude. Their favourite haunt was on
Ixxvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
the threads outside, and only once or twice did he detect them in-
truding. This custom was not known there, but several of the in-
habitants who saw it immediately adopted it.
«* Monograph upon the Lamellicorn genus Diphucephala of Mac-
Leay.” By G.R. Waterhouse, Esq. (See p. 215.)
“Notice of the Ravages of a Black Caterpillar upon the Turnips
in the South of England.” By W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
After noticing the occasional appearance of various insects in vast
numbers, and the devastation which they produce, the author states,
that in no instance had he ever witnessed so great a destruction as
was exhibited in the turnip-fields in the neighbourhood of Dover
during last August, caused by a small blackish green caterpillar
which fed upon the leaves.
These ravages were not confined to particular spots, but were seen
in places far apart, very few fields having escaped, although in some
the damage was less than in others, where the whole crop appeared
to be destroyed, twenty or thirty caterpillars being found on a single
plant, scarcely a vestige of green remaining; the caterpillars then
seeking subsistence on the harder parts of the leaves, as the tendril
and nerves, which they at first refused. No attempt appeared to
have been made to remedy the evil. Ina field at the back of the
Castle, which was half planted with Swedish turnips, and the other
half with the common kind, the former were untouched, but the
latter greatly injured, although only separated by a furrow, the plants
touching each other. Lime-dust or powdered chalk had been spread
over the attacked half of the field, and apparently with beneficial
results, but few caterpillars remaining.
The botanical distinctions between the Swedes (Brassica campes-
tris, var.) and the common turnip (Brassica Rapa) were then detailed,
and it was observed, that the fact of their not touching the former
shows the nice distinction which larve sometimes make in their
food, and which must be of considerable importance in an agricultural
point of view. ‘The caterpillars were rather more than half an inch
long, and about as thick as a small crow-quill ; they were of a black-
ish green, with a pale lateral stripe, and pale underneath. ‘The re-
markable dryness of the preceding summer was also noticed as worthy
of consideration, in connexion with the extraordinary apparition of
these insects, and as being probably very favourable to their growth.
Extract of a Letter from W. Mills, Esq., to the President, rela-
tive to the habits of the Corn Weevil. (See p. 241.)
‘« Descriptions of several new Exotic Hemipterous Insects.” By
J. O. Westwood.
Respecting Mr. W. B. Spence’s communication, Mr. Westwood
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. xxvii
observed that he had noticed flies passing and repassing without
fear through a wire grating in front of an open window near Berlin,
the meshes of the grating being about two inches apart ; there were,
however, other windows in the building which were opened.
Mr. Stephens stated that the black caterpillar alluded to by Mr.
Saunders was that of an Athalia (a genus of Tenthredinide), (Ath.
centifolie ?), which had abounded to a great extent in the south-east
part of England this summer, destroying the turnips in the manner
described by Mr. Saunders.
Mr. Yarrell mentioned that his attention had been directed to this
subject by several members of the Zoological Society, and that he
had at their request drawn up a memoir upon this insect, intended
for publication in the Transactions of that Society. The insect had
been equally abundant and destructive eighteen and twenty-two
years ago. The effect of their attacks is almost miraculous, the
plants upon four, six, or eight acres being reduced in a couple of
days from the full leaf to perfect skeletons. When full grown the
larvee descend to the earth, where they make a hard earthen cocoon,
and soon afterwards appear in the winged state. ‘The second crops
have, however, escaped their attacks. So great has been the devas-
tation in Kent that ship-loads of turnips have been imported. ‘The
insect appears to prefer dry chalky districts. In the dry summer of
1818 they were equally obnoxious, so that it may be considered that
long droughts are most favourable for their production. He con-
sidered that the Swedish turnip was not infested by these insects in
consequence of containing a greater quantity of oily matter, as well
as from the more pungent taste of the leaf, and the stronger taste of
the root. The name given to the larva by the farmers is the “blacks,”
and it was noticed, that unlike the attacks of the Hultice, which the
quick growth of the plant rendered of short duration, the blacks con-
tinued their attacks so long as any leaf was left.
The President stated, that besides the blacks and the Haltice, his
attention had been directed to two other species of insects, which had
proved very injurious to the turnips in Shropshire, Herefordshire,
and Worcestershire. These were the larve of one of the Noctuide
(Agrotis ?), which in the daytime hides itself in the ground, com-
ing forth at night to feed upon the leaves ; and the wireworm or larva
of some of the Hlateride, which eat into the heart of the turnip. He
suggested that the application of quicklime over the turnips after
rain at dusk would have the effect of destroying the larvee when they
came forth to feed; and likewise that it would be serviceable to turn
poultry and ducks into the fields when ploughed.
Respecting the habits of the Calandra, and the situation in which
VOL. I. PART III. x
Ixxviil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
the eggs are deposited, it was observed by the Secretary, that the
circumstance that the Calandre are never found in corn-fields, but
always about granaries, is sufficient to show that it is not whilst the
wheat is in flower that the eggs are deposited, as suggested by Mr.
Mills. He also read an account of some experiments lately made
by M. Keferstein, relative to this insect, inserted in Silbermann’s
«Revue Entomologique,’ in which it was likewise stated that the eggs
are deposited at one end of the grain.
Mr. Sells stated that the Rice Weevil (Calandra Oryze) was ex-
ceedingly abundant in the stores in the West Indies, destroying great
quantities of Indian corn and rice, and that to prevent its attacks it
was necessary and customary to expose the grain to the sun, and to
winnow it frequently.
December 7th, 1835.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
DonaTIons.
A Manual of British Vertebrated Animals. By the Rev. Leonard
Jenyns, F.L.S., &c., the Author thereof.
Parts I. and II. of the Annales de la Société Entomologique de
France for 1835. By that Society.
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. V.
Part II. By that Society.
No. 79 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By Mr. Stephens.
Nos. 15 and 16 of a Manual of Kntomology. By Mr. Shuckard.
Part 11 of the Athenzeum for 1835. By the Editor.
100 Species of minute Lepidoptera, a variety of European Cole-
optera, and some specimens of Cocoons and Chrysalides, of various
British Lepidoptera, formerly belonging to the Old Entomological
Society. Presented by Mr. Courtnay.
About 50 Species of minute British Lepidoptera. By William
Hawkins, Esq.
M. Micuaet Curist1An Sommer, of Altona, near Hamburgh, was
elected an Ordinary Foreign Member of the Society.
Exuisitions, Memoirs, &c.
Mr. S. Hanson exhibited two Cases of Insects recently received
by him from Smyrna.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxix
Mr. Westwood exhibited a monstrosity occurring in a specimen
of Aspilates citraria (one of the Geometride), captured by himself
at the back of the Isle of Wight, and in which the two wings on the
left side are united together, and not larger than the ordinary size
of one of the posterior wings.
He also stated, from information received by Mr. Babington, that
C. Darwin, Esq., who had been for several years past actively occu-
pied in collecting on the shores of South America, had made a very
extensive collection of insects, especially amongst the smaller species,
and had obtained, in the island of Chiloe, about a dozen specimens of
the Chiasognathus Graniii.
The following Memoirs were read :
“Notes made during a Voyage from England to Van Diemen’s
Land, with a Sketch of the Entomology of the Cape of Good Hope,”
in a Letter addressed to the Secretary, dated Hobarton in Tasmania,
5th June, 1835. By Mr. R. H. Lewis, M.E.S.
During the voyage the writer was greatly annoyed by the cock-
roaches, which infested his cabin, flying about at night by hundreds,
and running over everything. He, however, states that after mid-
night they are less active and troublesome, so that he was enabled
then to obtain rest. They were of two kinds; the most numerous
resemble B. Americana, but was probably an Indian species; the
other similar to B. Lapponica. He then proceeds: ‘‘ The females car-
ried their bags of eggs attached to them for some time, the suture of
the large species being placed above that of Lapponica, on one side.
The former were in immense profusion, and had communication with
every part of the ship, between the timbers or skin. The ravages
they committed on everything edible were very extensive ; not a bis-
cuit but was more or less polluted by them, and amongst the cargo
300 cases of cheeses, which had holes in them to prevent their
sweating, were considerably damaged, some of them being half de-
voured, and not one without some marks of their residence. This
serious loss would I believe fall on the shippers, not being covered
by insurance ; and it is doubtful whether the shipowners would be
liable for it, although it was certainly culpable negligence to send a
ship to sea so infested with them: it would probably be a new case
in a court of law. As to the means of ridding the ship of them,
shipbuilders have an objection to steaming the ship, considering that
it ever after remains damp ; but sulphur, I think, would be efficacious,
and without objection: there are doubtless many other ways, and
they would form an interesting and useful memoir. I was fortunate
enough to obtain four specimens of Hvania. While upon the subject
of these insect travellers, I may mention that Musca domestica, Linn,
x 2
xxx JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
and some other Diptera, were common in the ship from England here,
breeding in the rotten potatos, &c. No wonder, therefore, that this
fly is so much diffused; and it will probably be difficult to fix its
original country. I can state, from personal observation, that the
Musca domestica of Canada, the United States, Cape of Good Hope,
and Hobart’s Town (where they are very numerous), are identically
one and the same species with that of England, and from the facility
with which it propagates, I think it probable that it is to be found
in every part of the world.
«Tt is about here (in the vicinity of the Line,) that the luminous
appearance of the sea attains its maximum, and on a dark night,
with a fresh breeze, is extremely beautiful; that it is produced by a
variety of causes, some by animals and several species of them, and
some by chemical action, I have but little doubt, and with proper
conveniences for examination (which I had not) much might be ef-
fected. Its only abounding when the sea is agitated, has been
thought by some a proof of its entirely chemical origin, but I have
observed it, though faintly, in the calmest water. While lying at
anchor off Margate, when returning from America, I drew up on my
fishing-line a piece of sea-weed, on which a spot of light showed
itself by regular pulsations or flashes, but with my common magni-
fiers I was unable to discover any traces of its origin.
“Of the entomological productions of the Cape of Good Hope I
made but few captures. There was not much variety near the town.
Grasshoppers were numerous, a large red species in particular ; they
are perfect salamanders ; I never had so much difficulty in killing an
insect before : dipping the tin in water as near boiling as I could ob-
tain it was useless, and only made them more lively; thrusting it
it into the fire for several minutes was not sufficient, although it
considerably injured the specimens; and I gave it up in despair, leaving
them to die in their own way. I captured two specimens of Anthia
of the species with sulcated elytra, on the sides of the Table Moun-
tain, and some of the following genera: Dromius, Harpalus, Ontho-
phagus, Hister, Melolontha, Pedinus ? Lytta ? Coccinella, Anthicus,
Hydrobius, Dermestes, &c. Of the Fossores I observed several spe-
cies, and should think they must be an abundant tribe here.”
After giving an account of his arrival in Van Diemen’s Land (or
Tasmania as it is now called), with his impressions upon the country,
he proceeds: ‘* Last Wednesday I was at Mr. Frankland’s, the sur-
veyor-general ; there were several gentlemen present, and we had
the pleasure of instituting a Society of Natural History, which, if
it exist, I trust will be of essential service to the science : at present
itisbutin embryo. It is proposed that we should meet once a month,
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxxi
and that a subject for discussion should be fixed upon previously.
We meet the first Monday of next July at Mr. Frankland’s again ; the
subject proposed is a very interesting one,—the peculiarities of
Australasia, or those points wherein it differs from other countries.”
And he concludes with the following notes and lists of captures of
insects since his arrival in Van Diemen’s Land:
“* Lebiide, several genera, including Dromius and Lebia. Individuals
of the latter genus, when captured, emitted a very pungent odour,
resembling muriatic acid, which, applied to the nostrils, produced
considerable irritation. Harpalus, Bembidium, Hister, Onthophagus,
Melolonitha, and some allied genera. Passalus, and its congeners.
Dorcas, Lamprias, Buprestide, though small, I have an elegant
species.
“ Klateride, Curculionidae, several genera.
“* Longicornes, several genera, particularly Stenocoride.
** Luperus ? Haltica, Notoclea, Chrysomela and Cryptocephalus,
Coccinella, Chilocorus, Scymnus.
“The interesting Microchetes sphericus 1 captured on a blade of
erass in the Government domain on the 6th of April. The last three
joints of the antennz are more bent than in the figure, when alive.
“ Telephorus, Cidemera, Engis, Helops, and others of this tribe.
** Philonthus, and several genera of Brachelytra.
“A beautiful Homopterous insect, carrying its wings half erect,
and certainly the most nimble of the tribe I have yet seen. It seems
to be Ricania, Ger.
“Several beautiful and peculiar forms of Coccus.
“The Mole Cricket is here a very noisy animal.
“« Fossores. Of those with apterous females I already possess two
genera. I was fortunate enough in both instances to detect the sexes.
“« Mutilla, Pompilus.
“« Sphecodes and Halictus only of the bees.
“Ants of various genera are extremely abundant; you cannot
turn over a stone (and plenty of stones there are,) without meeting
with some.”
“Descriptions of two Species of the Coleopterous family Paus-
side.” By W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.8., &c.
“‘ Descriptions of several new or imperfectly known Species of
Pausside.” By J. O. Westwood.
“Notes relative to the Natural History of the Dragon-Fly.” By
Robert Patterson, Esq., Treas. Nat. Hist. Soc. Belfast.
In this communication the author states that the dragon-flies ap-
pear to be attracted by particular colours, the species of Agrionide
Ixxxil JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
having been observed to settle on the blue float of a fishing-line ; five
or six resting on it at a time; whilst great numbers of Calepteryx
Virgo, and Ludoviciana had been seen fiying about some beech trees,
and frequently alighting on the smooth light-coloured stems. A
friend who observed the latter circumstance, conceiving that it might
originate in the attraction caused by the white shining colour of
the trunk, laid aside such parts of his dress as were not of a white
colour, and several specimens immediately flew to him and alighted
on his breast. The two last-named insects are common at Ballymena
and Portarlington, being 160 miles apart, and yet neither of the spe-
cies occurs in the intermediate locality of Belfast.
The author also states, from information given to him by B. J.
Clarke, Esq., of Portarlington, the following particulars respecting
the mode of oviposition in the Agrionide. After alighting upon
aquatic plants during the coupling, the male flies off, but the female
descends the stem or leaf of the plant to a depth of some inches be-
low the surface of the water, and there remains, as is supposed, for
the purpose of depositing her eggs. On being disturbed, the female
desisted from her work, crawled up to the surface, and after remaining
there for a few minutes, again directed her way downwards, in order
to complete her task. Mr. G.C. Hyndman had observed in one of
the ponds of the botanic garden in Belfast, an analogous fact, with
respect to one of the larger Phryganee.
“On the Predaceous Habits of the Wasp.” By George Newport,
Esq. (See p. 228.)
*“Some account of the Economy of the Hymenopterous genus
Perga.” By Mr. R. H. Lewis. (See p. 232.)
The President stated, with reference to the destruction of the tur-
nips by the ‘‘ blacks,” that in Buckinghamshire they had been equally
abundant and destructive, and that a meeting of several of the prin-
cipal farmers had lately taken place, a report of which meeting he
hoped to be able shortly to lay before the Society. He added, that
in that county the Swedish turnips had suffered equally with the
other kinds.
Mr. Shuckard, in allusion to some circumstances mentioned in the
letter of Mr. Lewis, stated that he had been long induced to believe
that the species of the genus Thyznus were the males of Myrmecodes,
and that he had recently received a male insect from the same
country, and belonging to the same family, which he considered to
be the male of Diamma, Westw.
Lelative to Mr. Patterson’s observations, several circumstances
were mentioned, showing the attachment of insects to particular
colours ; the falling of the Dytictde whilst on the wing upon the panes
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxxiil
of garden-frames which strongly reflected the rays of the sun, was
also noticed, in support of the power of the visual organs of these
insects, and which it was impossible to account for by their sense
of smell, the former power, to any distance, having been denied to
them by some writers.
Mr. Scales stated, that in the summer of 1884 he had observed
for a length of time the repeated attempts made by one of the smaller
dragon-flies (Agrionide) to couple with a tortoiseshell butterfly
(Vanessa Urtice), adding, that he was convinced that the object of
the former was not in the slightest degree predaceous.
Several instances were alluded to of a somewhat analogous singu-
larity, Mr. Shuckard stating that he had observed individuals be-
longing to two distinct genera of bees, Osmia and Chelostoma, coupled ;
and Mr. Hope mentioned that in the Collection of the Zoological
Society a Donacia and Crioceris were thus preserved coupled to-
gether, and that he had himself seen the same occurrence in a Bu-
pestris and Elater.
The President stated, in allusion to Mr. Lewis’s communication,
that he had recently captured Lamprias chlorocephalus (one of the
Lebiides,) under the bark of trees, and had observed the emission of
a caustic and pungent fluid by it when seized. Likewise, that not-
withstanding the asserted want of carrion feeders (Necrophagi, &c.)
in tropical countries, he was well convinced of their existence in such
regions.
He also stated that the application of gas tar, obtained from the
gas works, in the interior parts of ships, would probably have the ef-
fect of ridding them of the blatte, that material having been found
efficacious in various bakers’ shops, &c. in London. The use of the
glass beetle-trap was, on the other hand, strongly recommended by
Colonel Sykes.
Relative to Mr. Newport’s observations, the President also stated
that he had often noticed at Netley the wings of white butterflies
scattered about on the ground, but had always supposed them to
have been destroyed by the bats. He had also found the wings of
various Lepidopterous insects, especially Noctuide and Mormo Maura,
in the wasps’ nests, and supposed that these moths having entered
the mouth of the nest, had been destroyed by the wasps.
Mr. Scales mentioned the great numbers of ladybirds (Coccinel-
lide) at the present time found in swarms im various situations about
his house at Stoke Newington, adding that they occasionally made
their way into the webs of spiders, which were deterred from attack-
ing them in consequence probably of the disagreeable fluid which
they emit.
Ixxxiv JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
January 4th, 1836.
The Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
Donations.
Genera et Species Curculionidum, Vol. 3, part 1. By C.J.
Schonherr, For. Hon. M.E.S., the Author thereof.
No. 80 of Illustrations of British Entomology. By Mr. Ste-
phens.
No. 14 of The Analyst. By the Editor.
A collection of Lepidopterous insects, chiefly from India. By
Mr. Hope.
A series of specimens of Sirex juvencus. By W.Raddon, Esq.
Henry Georce WE Ls, Esq., of Surbiton Lodge, Kingston,
was elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.
M. F.G. Prerer, Professor of Natural History, of Geneva;
M. Leon Durour, of Saint Sever, France ;
were elected Ordinary Foreign Members.
The President announced the arrival of the collection of Mr. Kirby
at the Society’s rooms, and congratulated the Society on the acquisi-
tion of a standard cabinet of reference, many of the species being
unique. He also stated that, with the view of accomplishing the
proposals contained in the circular letter which had been forwarded
to the members, a subscription had been entered into.
Exuisitions, Mremorrs, &c.
M. Hoffman, of Munich, who was present as a visitor, exhibited
a series of preparations of the silk-worm, in all its states, together
with specimens of the cocoon, showing the different layers of silk of
which the latter are composed; and stated the successful results of a
proceeding whereby the intermediate and most valuable layer was
increased, and which was effected by causing the larva to spin its
cocoon in a very confined situation, whereby it is prevented from
making a scaffolding to support the cocoon, and which ordinarily
causes a considerable loss of the silk.
Mr. Westwood exhibited two species of the Crustaceous genus
Megalopa, sent to him from Ireland by R. Patterson, Esq., and which
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxxv
are regarded by Mr. J. V. Thompson to be immature crabs in a
state intermediate between Zoee and decapod Brachyura. ‘This opi-
nion however was regarded by Mr. Westwood as not sufficiently
established.
Mr. Raddon exhibited specimens of the wood of a fir-tree, from
Bewdley Forest, Worcestershire, perforated and destroyed by the
larve of Strex Juvencus. Of this tree twenty feet were so inter-
sected by the burrows that it was fit for nothing but fire-wood, and
being placed in an outhouse, the insects came out every morning,
five, six, or more each day ; the females averaged one in twelve for
the first six weeks, but afterwards became more plentiful, and con-
tinued to make their appearance until the end of November, females
only being produced during the last two or three weeks.
Mr. Raddon also exhibited several biscuits completely destroyed
by a small beetle (Anobium paniceum), which in the larva state had
perforated them in every direction.
Mr. J. C. Johnstone exhibited leaves of the sugar-cane greatly in-
jured by the cane-fly, the effects of whose perforations were visible
all over the surface of the leaf.
The following memoirs were read :
“Note relative to the Larva of Blaps mortisaga.’ By Robert
Patterson, Esq.
“« Account of the capture of a remarkable dark-coloured variety of
Vanessa Urtice, having the second and third costal black spots con-
fluent, and the posterior wings black, with very slight indications of
the blue lunules.” By Mr. John Gee of Coventry.
«« Descriptions of two new genera of exotic Hemiptera.” By J.O.
Westwood.
‘«* Notice of the varieties of Chiasognathus Grantii, forwarded to
Cambridge by C. Darwin, Esq.” By C.C.Babington, Esq., M.A.,
F.L.S., &c.
Of the twelve specimens of this insect sent home by Mr. Darwin,
several were scarcely more than half the size of the others, but dif-
fered in no other respect, the proportion between the mandibles and
body being the same in all. The hook at the apex of the mandibles
is not much marked in some of the specimens, only appearing as a
uniform curve, by which the tip is brought into a vertical position.
This does not depend upon size, some of both the large and small
specimens having the hook and others wanting it. The scutellum
is thickly and minutely punctured. The Tetrophthalmus chiloensis of
Lesson is without doubt the same insect as this; that name must
therefore fall. The individuals sent home by Mr. Darwin were taken
in the island of Chiloe, on the south-west coast of South America.
Ixxxvi JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
Mr. Darwin also informed the writer that he had taken in that
island many species of small insects belonging to European and
English genera.
« A Decade of new exotic Hymenoptera.” By W.E. Shuckard,
Esq.
«« A Selection of Entomological Notices.” By C. Darwin, Esq. ;
addressed to Professor Henslow, and communicated by W. Christy,
jun., Esq.
«On the Turnip Flea, Haltica nemorum, with an account of its
preparatory states.” By Mr. Henry Le Keux ; in a letter addressed
to W. Raddon, Esq.
The President, in allusion to the ravages of the turnip flea, stated
that he had understood that spreading manure in winter was cen-
sidered much preferable to laying it immediately before sowing the
turnip-seed, the fly in the latter case bemg much more numerous than
when the former plan was adopted.
M. Hoffmann stated that in Germany he had practised the smearing
of broken pieces of glazed earthenware with birdlime, and spread
them about the fields, when the insects, being attracted by the shin-
ing appearance of these bits of earthenware, jumped upon them and
were captured.
The President stated, in reference to the notices of irregular
coupling, mentioned at a former meeting, that he had been recently
informed of a similar occurrence having been observed between Blaps
fatidica and Akis reflexa.
He also stated, in respect to the ravages of the Sirex juvencus, that
in his father’s grounds at Netley, he had observed that this insect
attacks those trees which have passed their prime, and that the Wey-
mouth pines are more subject to their attacks than the Scotch firs.
He likewise mentioned, with reference to the observations upon
the larva of Blaps mortisaga, that he was present when a medical
gentleman communicated to Mr. Curtis the larva of a Dyticus voided
by a grown female who had long been subject to convulsions, and
that upon that occasion he had proposed castor oil as a remedy.
Mr. Sells approved of this remedy, and added, that as turpentine
was used as a specific against Tenia, it might also be serviceably
employed in cases similar to those mentioned by Mr. Hope.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS. Ixxxvii
Anniversary Meeting, January 25th, 1836.
The Rev. F. W. Horr, President, in the Chair.
In pursuance of the By-laws, the four following gentlemen were
removed from the Council :
J. G. Cuitpren, Esq. Wiiiam Curisry, jun., Esq.
W. B. Spence, Esq. Wiu1am Lonemay, Esq.
and the four following gentlemen elected into the Council in their
stead :
W. W. Sauwo_rs, Esq. A. Ineren, Esq.
Wit1aM Sz zs, Esq. Cuar.es M. Curtis, Esq.
And the following gentlemen were elected as Officers for the fol-
lowing year :
PESIOENE Se oh « The Rev. F. W. Hors.
MIFEUSUTEN Vere, elo. WILLIAM YARRELL, Esq.
SCCTELOTYY os). 1 J.O. Wxstwoop.
WUravorsias ror. oe Messrs. Suuckarp and Westrwoop.
Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of the Auditors who had examined and
signed the 'Treasurer’s Accounts, read a favourable Report of the
Accounts and Finances of the Society, which was unanimously
adopted.
The Rev. F. W. Hope then read an Address upon the state of the
Society, its progress and prospects*.
The Secretary read a Minute of Council, dated the 22nd inst.,
whereby it was resolved to present to Mr. Le Keux a copy of the
Transactions of the Society, handsomely bound, in testimony of
their approval of his Notes upon the Turnip-fly, and as a mark of
their sense of the value of his discovery of the preparatory state of
that insect.
The Secretary also read a Minute of Council, dated the 22nd inst.,
whereby it was resolved that, in pursuance of a recommendation
made at the general meeting of the Society, held on the 6th July
last, the subject of the Prize Essays for the ensuing year should be
the Coccus of the Pine Apple, the Prize Essays to be accompanied
by testimonials of the success of the remedies proposed by the re-
spective writers thereof.
* This Address has been since- published for distribution amongst the members
by Mr. Hope. Copies of it may be had at the Society’s Rooms, including an Abs-
tract of the Treasurer’s Accounts.
Ixxxvili JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
It was unanimously resolved,
That the thanks of this Society, engrossed on vellum and signed
by the Members, should be given to the Rev. William Kirby, M.A.,
Honorary President of the Society, for the magnificent and unquali-
fied donation made by him to the Society of his entire collection of
insects.
In pursuance whereof the following vote of thanks has been pre-
pared for signature by the members of the Society, and for presenta-
tion to the Honorary President :
* To the Rev. Witiiam Krrsy, M.A., F.R.S., Honorary
President of the Entomological Society of London,
&c., &c.
«« REVEREND SIR,
«© We, the President, Council, and Members of
the Entomological Society of London, desire to return our most
grateful thanks for the very liberal donation of your entire collection
of Entomology. We are fully sensible of its value, and cannot but
express our unfeigned pleasure that the gift is unfettered by any re-
strictions, evincing, as it does, a firm reliance on the character and
stability of the Entomological Society.
“« The value of an authentic cabinet gives increased importance to
our Institution, and in this gift we have the immediate realization of
an object which we could only expect would have resulted from many
years’ labour. We testify our admiration of a generous act, which
is strongly characteristic of your well-known devotion to Science,
and at the same time we beg to express our respect and regard for
the individual who has raised Entomology in this country to its pre-
sent dignified station. Instructed, animated, and encouraged by
your example and success, tyros from our ranks will follow so bright
and steady a light, and tread the path to fame as contributors to the
advancement of human knowledge and public utility. Long, very
long, may we continue to benefit by your judgment and experience !”’
LIST OF MEMBERS.
(To the 31st of December, 1836.)
Those Persons to whose Names an Asterisk is prefixed are original Members.
Honorary President.
* The Reverend Wiiiiam Kirsy, M.A., F.R.S. L.S., &c. &c.
Honorary English Member.
* WitziaMm Spence, Esq., F.R.S. L.S., &c.
Honorary Foreign Members.
Avpouin, M. Victor, Cheval. Leg. Honour, Professor at the Jardin
des Plantes, President of the Entomological Society of Paris,
&c. Paris.
Gravennorst, Professor J. L. C., Phil. Doct., &c. Breslaw, Silesia,
Gytrenuat, Major Leonarp, Cheval. of the Royal Order of Wasa,
Member of the Acad. Sciences of Stockholm and Upsal, &c.
Skara, Sweden.
Haan (Dr), W., Phil. Doct., Member of the Societies of Natural
History of Regensbourg, Calvados, Paris, &c., Conservator
of the Museum at Leyden.
HAMMERSCHMIDT, , Doctor of Laws, Member of various So-
cieties of Natural History. Vienna.
Kuve, Dr. Freprricx, Hon. Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Director of
the Museum of Natural History, &c. Berlin.
Leresvrr, M. Atexanpre, Corresponding Member of the Museum
d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, of the Imperial Society of
Naturalists of Moscow, Secretary of the Entomological
Society of France, &c. Paris.
XC LIST OF MEMBERS.
Passerint, Signor Canto, Member of the Entomological Society of
France, Director of the Museum of Natural History, &c.
Florence.
Scuonuerr, C. J., Councillor of Commerce, Cheval. of the Or-
der of the Polar Star, Member of the Academies of Natural
Sciences of Stockholm, Pisa, Moscow, Berlin, Leipsic, &c.
Skara, Sweden.
Weipemann, Dr. Cur. R. W., Prof. Zool. Keil.
Ordinary Members.
Anderson, John, Esq., Richmond, Surrey.
Ashton, Robert John, Esq., Queen’s-buildings, Brompton.
*Babington, Charles Cardale, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Fell. Camb. Phil.
Soc., &c., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Bagster, J., Paternoster-row.
*Bainbridge, Mr. William, 36, Weymouth-street, New Kent-road.
*Barker, Mr. George, 17, Aldgate High-street, London.
*Barnes, Joseph S., Esq., St. Luke’s Hospital, London.
Barnes, William G., Esq., Great Russell-street, Covent Garden.
*Bass, Isaac Gray, Esq., Brighton.
Bassi, The Chevalier Carlo, Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Milan.
*Beavan, Edward, M.D., Ferry Side, near Carmarthen.
Beck, Dr., Conservator of the Royal Museum, Copenhagen.
*Bell, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. Z.S. &c., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris.
Corresp., New Broad-street, London. Vice-President.
*Bennett, Mr. William, Lark-hall-lane, Clapham.
Berendt, Dr., Copenhagen.
*Bevington, James B., Esq., St. Ann’s Hill, Wandsworth.
*Bird, Rev. C. H. Smith, M.A., F.L.S., Burghfield, near Reading,
*Blundell, E. S., M.D., Seymour-street, Portman-square.
Boisduval, M., Paris.
*Bowerbank, J. S., Esq., 19, Critchell-place, New North-road,
London.
*Bramall, Thomas, Esq., Tamworth Castle.
*Broadwood, Henry, Esq., Bryanstone-square, London.
*Broome, C. E., Esq., Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
*Browne, Rev. R. G. S., Dulwich College.
Burmeister, Dr. Hermann, Berlin.
Castelmeau, M. le Comte de, Paris.
LIST OF MEMBERS. XCl
Chaudoir, M. le Baron Maximilien de, Kiew, Dorpat, Livonia.
Chevrolat, M. August., Memb. Ent. Soc. Paris, &c., Paris.
*Children, J. G., Esq., Sec. R.S. F.R.S.E. &c. &c., British Mu-
seum. President.
*Christy, William, Jun., Esq., F.L.8., Clapham-road.
*Christy, J. P., Esq., Clapham-road.
*Churton, Henry, Esq., Oxford-street.
Cochran, F., Esq., London.
Cristofori, Signor, Milan.
*Curteis, Mrs. J., Tenterden-house, Kent.
*Curtis, Charles M., Esq., Trevor-square, Brompton.
*Darwin, Charles, Esq., B.A., Corr. Memb. Zool. Soc., Fell. Camb.
Phil. Soc., Shrewsbury.
*Davis, Abraham Hopkins, Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Bruns-
wick-place, Camberwell.
De Jean, M. le Baron, Paris.
*Desvignes, Peter, Esq., Golden-square, St. James’s.
*Desvignes, T., Esq., Golden-square, St. James's.
De Wael, M. Emilien, Antwerp.
*Doubleday, Mr. Henry, Epping.
*Downes, H., Commander R.A., F.L.S., Naval and Military Mu-
seum, Whitehall.
Dufour, M. Léon, St. Sever, France.
Dupont, M., Paris.
Edwardes, Sir Henry, Bart., Ryton, Salop.
Elhott, Walter, Esq., Princes-street, Cavendish-square.
*Engleheart, N., Esq., Park, Blackheath.
Erichson, Dr. Fred. Will., Berlin.
Esenbeck, Dr. Nees von, Breslau.
*Eveleigh, Joseph, Esq., Manchester.
Ewing, T. J., Mr., Sydney, New South Wales.
*Eyton, Thomas, Esq., Eyton, Salop.
Fahroeus, M. Chev. Polar Star, Governor of Gottenburg, Sweden.
Fischer, Gotthelf, Count de Walldheim, Moscow.
Fleming, J., Rev. Dr., Professor Nat. Phil., Aberdeen.
Fridvalwski, von Fredval M., Pesth, Hungary.
Freehlich, M., Eilvagen.
*Goodal, Rev. Joseph, D.D., F.A.S., LS. H.S. &e., Provost of
Eton College.
XClL LIST OF MEMBERS,
Gory, M. Hippolyte, Memb. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ent. Soc.
France, &c., Paris,
*Gould, John, Esq., F.L.S., Z.S., Broad-street, Golden-square.
Graells, P. M., Barcelona, Spain.
Grant, Robert, Esq., M.D., Prof. Zool., London.
Grant, , Esq., Richmond.
*Gray, George Robert, Esq., Memb. Soc. Ent. France, Hamp-
stead-green.
*Griesbach, Rev. Alexander William, B.A., Westow, near Whit-
well, Yorkshire.
*Griesbach, Henry, Esq., 49, York-street, Baker-street.
*Griesbach, G. Adolphus, Esq., Vine-house, Old Brompton.
*Griffith, Edward, Esq., F.R.S. A.S. L.S., Featherstone-buildings.
Guérin, M. F. E., Memb. Soc. Hist. Nat., Soc. Ent. France, &c.,
Paris.
Gutch, J. W. G., Esq., Wind-street, Swansea, Glamorganshire.
*Hanson, Samuel, Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, Botolph-lane,
London.
*Harris, The Hon. Charles M., Heron Court, Hants.
* Hawkins,
*Heales, G.S., Esq., Doctors’ Commons.
Hearne, John, Esq., Port au Prince, Hayti, and Montague-square,
London.
Hely, George, Esq., Johnston, Ireland.
*Henessy, P. H., Esq.
Heyden, M. le Senateur Van, Frankfort.
*Hole, Henry, Esq., Ebberley-house, near Great Torrington,
Devon.
Holme, Frederick, Esq., M.A., Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
and Windham Club, London.
*Hooker, Joseph, Esq., Glasgow.
*Hope, Rev. Frederick William, M.A. F.R.S. L.S. Z.S. & GS.
Memb. Ent. Soc. France, 56, Upper Seymour-street, Port-
man-square. Vice-President and Treasurer.
Hope, Mrs. F., Upper Seymour-street.
Hope, Thomas H., Esq., Netley, Shropshire.
Horner, Edward, Esq., Grove-hill, Camberwell.
*Horsfield, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S. L.S. G.S. Z.S. Royal Asiat.
Soc., Imp. Acad. Nat. Curios. Socius, Corr. Memb. Acad.
Nat. Sciences Philadelphia, and Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania,
&c., East India House.
“Hoyer, Jacob, Esq-, Stockwell-square.
, Esq., London-terrace, Hackney-road.
f
LIST OF MEMBERS. X Cll
Jarman, G., Esq., 21, Upper Berkeley-street.
*Jenyns, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., Fell. Camb. Phil. Soc., &c.,
Swaffham Bulbeck, Newmarket.
*Image, Rev. John, Dulwich College.
Imhoff, M. Louis, Basle, Switzerland.
*Ingpen, Mr. Abel, A.L.S., 29, Upper Manor-street, Chelsea.
*Johnson, Mr. A., Gaol, Nottingham.
Johnstone, J. C., Esq., Grenada.
Knott, William, Esq., Wimborne, Dorsetshire.
*Lees, Edwin, Esq., Worcester.
Lehmann, Dr., Botanic Garden, Hamburgh.
*Leigh, H. T., Esq., Turnham-green.
*Letts, Mr. Thomas, Royal Exchange.
*Lewis, Mr. R. H., Hobart Town, Tasmania.
*Lewis, Mr. W. E., Hobart Town, Tasmania.
Lingwood, R. M., Esq., Christ College, Cambridge.
*Longman, William, Jun., Esq., Hampstead.
*Lucas, Geoftrey, Esq.
MacLeay, William Sharp, Esq., Soho-square.
*Malmesbury, Right Hon. the Earl of, Heron Court, Hants.
Mannerheim, Count C. G. De, Governor of Wiburg, Cheval. Ord.
St. Wladimir, Finland.
* Marshall, Thomas, Esq., The Crescent, Birmingham.
*May, Rev. George, Strode-house, Herne.
*Melly, A., Esq-, Pall Mall, Manchester.
Menetries, M., St. Petersburgh.
Mills, W., Esq., F.L.S., Willmgton, Durham.
*Morris, Edmund, Esq., 38, Cambridge-terrace, Edgware-road.
Newport, George, Esq., M.D., Chichester.
*Norris, Thomas, Esq., Ridvales, Bury, Lancashire.
Ocksay von Ockso, M. le Baron, Privy Counc. Emper. Austria, &c.
Ugilvy, William, Esq., F.L.S.,Z.S.,&c., Gower-st., Bedford-square.
*Paget, C. J., Esq., Great Yarmouth.
Perty, M. Maximilien, Prof. Nat. Hist., Berne.
Petit, Louis Hayes, Esq., F.R.S. A.S. L.S. H.S. &c., Lincoln’s Inn.
Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, Esq., F.R.S., &c., Saville-row.
VOL. I. PART III. Y
XC1V LIST OF MEMBERS.
*Pickering, W. B., Esq., Phillimore-place, Kensington.
Pictet, M., Geneva.
Plimley, Henry, Rev., M.A., Cuckfield, Sussex.
*Preston, Rev. J. D. J., Asham, Bryant, near York.
Prichard, J. O., Esq., Pudding-lane, London.
Power, John Arthur, Esq., M.A., Fell. Camb. Phil. Soc. and Fel-
low of Clare Hall, Cambridge.
*Raddon, William, Esq., Bristol.
*Read, W. H.R., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Temple.
Reich, Dr., Berlin.
Robert, M., Liege.
Roger, M., Bordeaux.
*Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., Sec. R.S. F.L.S. G.S., 39, Bernard-
street, Russell-square, London.
Roser, M. Van, Secret. for Foreign Affairs, Stuttgard.
Royle, J. Forbes, Esq., F.L.S., Prof. King’s College, London.
Rucker, Sigismund, Esq., West-hill, Wandsworth.
*Saunders, Sydney Smith, Esq., Previsa, Albania.
*Saunders, William Wilson, Esq., F.L.S., East-hill, Wandsworth.
Scales, William, Esq., Stamford-hill.
Schuppell, M., Berlin.
Sells, W., Esq., Kingston-upon-Thames.
*Shuckard, William Edward, Esq., 31, Robert-street, Chelsea.
*Skrimshire, , Esq., Cottage-Green, Camberwell.
*Slaney, Richard, Esq., 3, Devonshire-terrace.
*Smee, Capt. Walter, E.I.C., 61, Baker-street, Portman-square.
Sommer, Michael Christian M., Altona, near Hamburgh.
*Spence, R. H., Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, 36, Great Coram-
street.
*Spence, W. B., Esq., Memb. Ent. Soc. France, 36, Great Coram-
street. Foreign Secretary.
Spinola, Maximilian, Count, Turin.
*Stephens, James Francis, Esq., F.L.S., &c. Admiralty, Somerset-
house. Vice-President.
Streatfield, Rev. J.. M.A., Margate, Kent.
*Swainson, William, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. Soc. Hist. Nov. Ebor.
Soc. Hon., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris. et Acad. Sc. Phil. Corr.
London Colney, near Barnet.
*Sykes, Lieut.-Col. William Henry, F.R.S. L.S. G.S. M.R.A.S.,
47, Albion-street, Hyde-park. Vice-President.
LIST OF MEMBERS. CVs
Taylor, Richard, Esq., F.R.S., &c., Red Lion-court, Fleet-street.
*Trusted, Mr. George, London.
*Vigors, Nicholas Aylward, Esq., D.C.L. F.R.S. A.S. L.S. Z.S.
H.S. &c., Chester-terrace, Regent’s Park.
Villiers, M. Francois de, Chev. Roy. Ord. St. Ferdinand of Spain,
&c., Chartres, France.
*Wailes, George, Esq., Newcastle.
*Walker, Sir Patrick, Knt., F.R.S. Edin. L.S. &c., Drumseugh,
near Edinburgh.
*Walton, Jobn, Esq., Byard’s Lodge, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.
*Waterhouse, George Robert, Esq., Zoological Society, Leicester-
square.
Wells, H. G., Esq., Surbiton Lodge, Kingston.
Westermann, M., Copenhagen.
*Westwood, John O., F.L.S. Soc. Cees. Nat. Cur. Mosq. Soc.,
Memb. Soe. d’Hist. Nat. Maurit., Memb. Soc. Ent. France,
&e., The Grove, Hammersmith. Secretary.
Willcox, William, Esq., Dulwich-common.
Winthem, M. Von, Hamburgh.
*Wood, William, Esq., F.R.S. L.S. &c., Tavistock-street, Covent-
garden.
*Yarrell, William, Esq., F.L.S. Z.S. Soc. Amer. Soc., Ryder-street,
St. James’s.
eevee
| v - i
Ss : iis en x tue 7 a | hy : 5 ree
‘Oi ete DAI ae, 4 “eh, ; wives a" cg giles p.
Salas 4 bier! eae ie Me wi ie - mas Oran aa ;
cA th RO ; "5 # mt T AA =a
a ; a7 7 ah Sl ay Far ‘ fakes SHON hs ' i nf et me,
By oh: all ce ea AT ; Seam PAs ay sige pate Paes 4
ee a LRA by us i 1 wth! ahs took 2H | A
* Br tn Fe ie ik ek weyn, ana sate es NY iy a) “S
be ae, 4 if ote: Ay ei hue ‘ae >) pe Nena i. A he ee
’ = Rai in). era
afar ¥/ é nts re
ng vole dar ea . mi 7%
4 Sd I ; “) ' a a
eh ae i A) me oat gies a
LS on ae ane ang te
’ koto 14 arene? aft Set ot antias
rr i _
tu hay Ze
' bir ehy)« Di | Ns Ke mi
: ees 7
D ide ati bj tie abs wid M ce
{ ene MaseN HR ulate
yo Jone if Ry we ee
: ek Orrin ta
4 ay fl : rn Pat dias 3
a ac) T. 4 AG ei °
- 5 T a A), ge. eae si ey ts i one . bs i ry
aut rast if wun 78 me 7” ey mp fhe sad ue ekle
‘dan - willale: ey ate rk — ere M
od - i) ve = 1 :
‘ yaar wes Ayres iene eon oF te ofa a6
F wi vic) ia saa shih tailed g dena) Wa bat es pete ie = oe
7 : Al Te. t _
4 . Hire ta + a! daw iY ash on bk ey A tr aes i Ps
Sere Pe iy iyi yeh hasan, 0 eat opts Ae Gita pve ued
4 | ’ SDA a oe way (G'S as | Lee wie dy ye,
oe Oo Ree ee BP) 2 a
, Vel. ; « : _ ‘ es b nf fal x : y : Hein
ALAS. ny fay
oe 7M Stengel scars ! are Ma avi ey iti ee
ann ’ ’ ae .
. igs | re Rat Dak: wey Moai A neni tidiatilelad yer te ii 7 —
is
’ vile
CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY.
Anatyst, The, Nos. 7, 12, 138, 14.
Annales de la Société Entomologique de France.
Anniversary Address delivered before the Medico-Botanical Society, 1836,
by Lord Stanhope.
Asmuss, Monstrositates Coleopterorum, 1 vol. 8vo.
Athenzum, The, for 1835-1836.
Audouin et Milne Edwards, Recherches pour servir a l’Histoire Naturelle
du Littoral de France, tome ii. Annélides, 1 vol. 8vo, 1834.
Description de l’Hipponoe, Nouv. Genre d’An-
nelides. (From the Ann. des Sci. Nat.)
eS See Cuvier.
—————— See St. Hilaire.
Audouin (J. V.), Recherches sur les Rapports naturels qui existent entre
les Trilobites et les Animaux Articulés, 8vo.
Lettre sur la Génération des Insectes, &c., 1824.
—____—_——— Observations sur le Nid d’une Araignée, &c., 1830.
—___———-——- Sur Georges Cuvier.
a Recherches sur les Cantharides.
——-— Discours prononcée sur la Tombe de M. Latreille.
—— Exposition de i’Anatomie comparée du Thorax dans les
Insectes Ailés, par MacLeay ; accompagnée de Notes par M. Audouin.
Notice sur les Travaux de M. Audouin.
—___—-—— See Cuvier.
Mémoire sur un Insecte qui passe une grande partie de
sa vie sous la Mer, 4to.
Berkenhout (John), Synopsis of the Natural History of Great Britain and
Treland, 2 vols. 8vo, 1795.
Bevan (Edward), The Honey-Bee, its Natural History, Physiology, and
Management, 1 vol. 8vo, 1827.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, History and Proceedings of, 8vo, 1834-
1835.
Bigge (Rev. E.), Observations on the Natural History of Two Species of
Wasps, 8vo.
Brayley (E. W.), On the Distribution of the Powers of producing Heat and
Light amongst the different Groups of the Animal Kingdom, 8vo.
xevill CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY.
Brullé. See Laporte.
Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, tom. ix.
Burmeister. See Shuckard.
Burmeister (Dr. H.), Handbuch der Entomologie, vol. ii. pt. 1.
Beschreibung eineger neuen oder weniger bekannten
Schmarotterkrebse, 4to.
On the Natural History of the Genus Chlamys.
Catalogue of Insects, published at Manchester.
Catalogue of a Collection of Insects, presented to the Queen; printed at
Frogmore Lodge in 1810 by the Princess Charlotte.
Chevrolat, Descriptions and Figures of Paussus cornutus and four other
exotic Coleoptera. (Krom the Mag. de Zoologie.)
Descriptions and Figures of Sphindus Gyllenhali and two other
exotic Coleoptera. (rom the Revue Entomol.) ;
— Coléoptéres du Mexique, fase. 2, 12mo,
Children (J. G.), Abstract of Ochsenheimer’s European Lepidoptera. (rom
Taylor's Phil. Mag.)
—— Descriptions of the Articulated Animals obtained in the
North-West Expedition of Captain Back.
Comte Achille, 3 folio Plates of Annulosa. (From the Illustrations of the
Régne Animal.)
Curtis (John), Descriptions of some nondescript British Species of Mayflies
of Anglers. (From Taylor's Phil, Mag.)
Observations on the Genus Achlysia. (From the Mag. Nat.
Hist.)
British Entomology, 2nd edit., No. 3 (letter-press), Svo.
Cuvier (George), Rapport sur un Ouvrage de M. Audouin, entitulé Re-
cherches Anatomiques sur le Thorax des Animaux Articulés,
Cuvier et Dumeril, Rapport sur une Mémoire de MM. Audovin et Edwards
sur la Respiration des Crustacés.
——— Rapport sur un Mémoire de MM. Audouin et Edwards
sur les Animaux Invertébres du Littoral de France.
Dana and Whelply, Descriptions of two new American Hydrachne.
De Geer, Genera et Species Insectorum, auct. Retzio, 1 vol. 8vo.
De Haan (W.) and Siebold, Fauna Japonica; Crustacea, pt. 1. folio.
Dejean (M. le Comte), Species Général des Coléoptéres, 6 vols. 8vo, 1825—
1831.
Desmarets, Considerations générales sur les Crustacés, 1 vol. 8vo, 1825.
Dillwyn (L. W.), Memoranda relating to the Coleopterous Insects found
in the Neighbourhood of Swansea (not published), 1 vol. 8vo, 1829.
Doncaster Agricultural Association, Report of the Committee on the Turnip-
fly, 8vo.
Dufour, Description et Figures de quelques Arachnides Nouveaux. (From
the Ann. des Sci. Nat.)
Description de la Nycteribie de Vespertilion. (rom Ditto.)
CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. XCiX
Dufour, Description de quelques Espéces de Genre Phalangium. (From
the Ann. des Sci. Nat.)
Description du Xylocoris rufipennis. (From Ditto.)
Dufour (Léon), Recherches Anatomiques sur les Hémiptéres, 4to.
Recherches Anatomiques sur les Coléoptéres.
Duftschmidt (Kaspar), Fauna Austriz, 3 vols. 8vo, 1805—1825.
Edwards (E.), A Letter on the British Museum, 1836, 8vo.
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Insectes, vol. vii. and 1 vol. plates, 4to.
Entomological Magazine, vol. i. and Nos. 16 and 17.
Fabricius (J. C.), Systema Rhyngotorum, 1 vol. Svo, 1803,
a Genera Insectorum, 1 vol. 8vo.
Faldermann, Insecta Mongoliz et Chine, | vol. 4to.
Farmer (J. C.), Notice of the Ravages of Insects upon Barley and Turnips,
with additional Observations and Descriptions. By J. O. Westwood.
Fischer (Gotthelf), Notice sur le Phlocerus, Genre nouveau d’Orthoptéres,
&c., 8vo, 1833.
Forster, Enchiridion Historiz Naturalis, 1 vol. 8vo.
Forster (J. R.), Novae Species Insectorum, cent. 1. London, 1771, 8vo.
Fourcroy, Entomologia Parisiensis, 2 vol. small 12mo.
Fraser, Literary Chronicle, pt. 6.
Gene (Guiseppe), Elogio Storico de Franco Andrea Bonelli, 4to.
————- Saggio di una Monografia delle Forficule indigene, 4to.
Osservazione sulle Abitudine e sulla Larva dall’ Apalus
bimaculatus, 4to.
Memoria di una Specie de Cecidomia, 4to.
Sugli Insetti piu nocivi all’ Agricoltura, 4to.
———— Sui Bruchi che danneggeano gli Alberi dei viali attorno
Torino.
Geedertius (Johannes), De Insectis, Oper. Listeri. London, 1685, Svo.
Gory (Hippolyte), Centurie de Carabiques nouveaux. (“rom Ann. Soc.
Ent. de France.)
——— Descriptions and Figures of Pamborus Guerinii,
and five other exotic Coleoptera. (From the Mag. de Zool.)
Descriptions and Figures of Melolontha spinipen-
nis, and two other exotic Coleoptera. (From the Revue Entom.)
Monographie du Genre Notiophygus.
Gould on Ants, 1 vol. 8vo.
Gravenhorst (T. L. C.), Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum,
1 vol. 8vo, 1806.
Gray (G. R.), The Entomology of Australia, pt. 1, containing the Phasmide,
1 vol. 4to, 1833.
A Synopsis of the Family Phasmidz, 8vo.
Guérin (F. E.), Notice sur les Metamorphoses des Cératopogons, et De-
scription de deux Espéces nouvelles de ce Genre, 1832.
Cc CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY.
Guérin (F. C.), Mémoire sur deux nouveaux Genres de l’Ordre des Cole-
opteres, &c.
Iconographie du Régne Animal, 51 Plates of Insects from.
—————-——. Monographie du Genre Phyllosoma.
——_____—_——— Magazin de Zoologie. (Bulletin.)
Memoir upon several new exotic Crustacea.
Gyllenhal (Leonard), Insecta Suecica descripta: Classis 1, Coleoptera, 4 vols.
Icaris 1808.
Harris (Moses), An Exposition of English Insects, &c., London, 1782, 4to.
Harris (W. Thaddeus), Descriptions of three new Species of Cremasto-
cheilus, Svo.
Hope (Rev. F. W.), Synopsis of the new Species of Nepaul Insects in the
Collection of Major-General Hardwicke, 8vo. (From Gray’s Zoological
Miscellany.)
Descriptions of new exotic Celeoptera, 4to. (From the
Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. i.)
Howship (John), Some Account of two Cases of inflammatory Tumour
produced by @strus humanus.
Hiibner. See Stephens.
Ingpen (Abel), Instructions for collecting, rearing, and preserving British
Insects, 1 vol. 12mo, 1827.
Jenyns (Rev. L.), Report on the recent Progress and present State of Zoo-
logy, 8vo.
— A Manual of British Vertebrated Animals, 1 vel. 8vo,
1835.
Some Remarks on the Study of Zoology.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. v. pt. 2. vol. vi.
pts. 1 and 2.
of the Society of Natural History of Boston, Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
of the Bahama Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge, 8vo.
Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Entomology, 5th edit., 4 vols. 8vo,
1826—1828.
Kirby (Rev. W.), Monographia Apum Angliz. Ipsw. 1802, 2 vol. 8vo.
Bridgewater Treatise, vol. ii. 8vo, 1835.
Klug (Dr. F.), Bericht tiber eine auf Madagascar veranstaltete Samlung
von Ins. Coleoptera, 4to, 1833. (From Der Konigl. Akad. der Wissen-
schaften.)
——_—_——— Jahrbiicher der Entomologie, 8vo, 1834.
——-
Laporte and Brullé, Monographie du Genre Diaperis. (From the Annales
des Sciences Naturelles.)
Laporte (F. L. de, Comte de Castelneau,), Mémoire sur cinquante Espéces
nouy. d’Insectes.
CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. Cl
Laporte (F. L. de, Comte de Castelneau,), Revision du Genre Lampyre.
—— Mémoire sur quelques nouv.
Genres de |’Ordre des Homoptéres.
Notice sur un nouv. Genre des
Charancons.
Notice sur un nouv. Genre de
l’Ordre des Homoptéres (Heteronotus).
Descriptions and Figures of the
Genera Calicnemis, Stenocheila, and Trochalus.
Latreille (P. A.), Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, 4 vols. 8vo, 1806—
1809.
Leeuwenhoek, Epistole ad Societatem Regiam Anglicam.
Arcana Nature detecta. Delp. Batav., 1695, 2 vol. 4to.
Lefebvre (Alexander), Lettre a M. Serville sur le Canopus obtectus de Fa-
bricius.
Description de Leptura Stlbermann.
Linneus (C.), Systema Nature, 12th edit., 4 vols. 8vo, 1766—1768.
——_————_ A general System of Entomology, by Turton, 2 vols. 8vo,
1806.
Ludolphi, De Locustis, folio.
Lyonnet (P.), Recherches sur |’Anatomie et les Métamorphoses de diffé-
rentes Especes d’Insectes, 2 vol. 4to.
Magazine of Natural History. Edited by J. C. Loudon.
of Popular Science, No. 1.
MacLeay, Annulosa Javanica, 4to. London, 1824.
-. See Audouin.
Meigen (J. W.), Systematische Beschreibung der bekannt. Europ. Zwei-
flug. Insecten, 6 vols. 8vo. 1818—1830.
Mémoires (Nouveaux) de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou,
tom. iv.
Menetries, Catalogue Raissonnée des Objects de Zoologie receuillés en
Caucase.
Millard. A Letter upon the British Museum.
Newman (Edward), Sphinx Vespiformis, an Essay, 1 vol. 8vo, 1832.
os — A Paper on the Nomenclature of the Parts of the
Head of Insects, 1 vol. 8vo, 1834.
Grammar of Entomology, 8vo, 1835.
Nomenclator Entomologicus enumerans Insecta omnia in J. C. Fabricii
Entomologia Systematica. Manchester, 1795.
Ochsenheimer and Treitschke, Die Schmetterlinge von Europa, 5 vols. 8vo.
See Children.
Olivier, Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Coléoptéres, 4to.
Pallas, [cones Insectorum preesertim Rossiz, 1 vol. 4to, plates, 1781.
cil CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY.
Passerini (M. C.), Osservazioni sopra alcuna Larve e Tignole dell’ Ulivo, 4to.
- Osservazioni relativo alle Larve pregiudicevoli alla pianta
del Gran Turco.
- Notizie sopra una Specie d’ Insetto del Gen. Thrips dan-
noso agli Olivi nel Territoria de Pietra-Santa.
Rapporto sulla Memoria manuscritta del Sign. Castal-
nuovo sulla Larve dannegi al rici del grano Siciliano (Zea Mays).
Percheron (Achille), Mémoire sur les Raphidiens. (from the Mag. de
Zoologie.)
—— Note sur la Larve du Myrmeleon libelluloides. (From
Ditto.)
Descriptions and Figures of the Genera Derbe and
Cephalelus. (From Ditto.)
Pictet (J.), Mémoire sur les Phryganes, 4to.
Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society for January, 1836.
Redi (Francisci), Experimenta circa Generationem Insectorum, &c., 1 vol.
1Smo. Amstel, 1686.
Reich (Dr. and Prof. G. C.), Beitrage zur Lehre von der geographischen
Verbreitung der Insecten, 1833.
Saint Fargeau (Le Comte de), Monographia Tenthredinetarum, I vol. 8vo,
1823.
Saint Hilaire (Geoffroy), Rapport sur un Mémoire par MM. Audouin et
Edwards sur la Systeme Nerveux des Crustaces.
Say (Thomas), Descriptions of new Species of Curculionites, Indiana, 8vo.
Scopoli (J. A.), Entomologia Carniolica exhibens Insecta, 1 vol. 8vo,
1763.
Schonherr (J. C.), Genera et Species Curculionidum, vol. i. 8vo.
Systema Curculionidum, 1 vol. 8vo.
Serville (Audinet), Description du Genre Pierates. (From the Ann. des
Sci. Nat.)
Shuckard (W. E.), A Manual of Entomology, translated from Dr. Bur-
meister’s ‘“‘ Handbuch der Entomologie,” 8vo. London, 1836.
Silbermann (Gustave), Revue Entomologique, Nos. 1—5, 8vo, 1833.
Society, Zoological. See Transactions.
, Royal Asiatic. See Proceedings.
, Royal Geographical. See Journal.
, Berwickshire. See Berwickshire Nat. Club.
Soc. Ent. de France. See Annales.
for Diffusion of practical Science. See Magazine.
, Boston Natural Hist. See Journal.
, Bahama. See Journal.
Spence. See Kirby.
Spence (William), Suggestions for a Society for promoting the Iimprove-
ment of Public Taste in Architecture and Rural Scenery.
Spinola, Insecta Liguriz, 2 vol. 4to.
?
CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. cill
Spinola, Essai d’une nouvelle Classification des Diplolepaires.
— Memoir upon the Trophi of Insects.
Stephen (James Francis), Illustrations of British Entomology.
a A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, 1 vol.
8vo, 1829.
Nomenclature of British Insects, 1 vol. 12mo,
1829.
Nomenclature of British Insects, 2nd edit., pt. 1,
8vo, 18353.
———_—_—_————- Description of Chiasognathus Grantii, 1 vol. 4to,
with 2 plates. (Krom the Camb. Phil. Transactions.)
oS Abstract of Hiibner’s Verzeichniss, 8vo.
Swainson (William), Zoological Illustrations, 2nd series. The Insects,
1 vol. 8vo, 1832—1833.
Essay on the Geographical Distribution of Man and
Animals, 8vo.
On the Natural System.
Swammerdam, (J.) Plates of the Natural History of Insects, folio.
Sykes (W. H.), Some Account of the Koli-surra Silkworm of the Deccan,
4to.
Thompson (J. V.), Zoological Mlustrations, pts. 1—5, 8vo.
Memoir upon the Pentacronies, 4to.
Treitschke. See Ochsenheimer.
Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. i. and vol. ii., pts. 1 and 2.
Turton (William), A general System of Entomology, by Sir Charles Linné,
2 vols. Svo, 1806.
Vander Maelen, Sur |’Etablissement Géographique de Bruxelles.
Verreaux, Catalogue des Objects d’Histoire Naturelle composant la Cabinet
de MM. Verreaux, Pére et Fils, 8vo, 1833.
Villa (A), Coleoptera Europe Dupleta, 8vo.
Walckenaer (M. le Baron), Recherches sur les Insectes nuisibles 4 la
Vigne.
Westwood (J. O.), On the connecting Links between the Geocorisz and
Hydrocorisz of Latreille, 1833.
Notice of the Habits of a Cynipideous Insect parasitic
upon the Rose-Louse, 1833.
Description of some British parasitical Hymenoptera.
——__——_—_——_ Ditto ditto, continued.
Further Notice of the British parasitic Hymenopterous
Insects; together with the ‘Transactions of a Fly with a long Tail,’
&c.
— =
Description of Genus Desmia, 1831.
Description of Encephalus complicans, 1833..
Civ CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY:
Westwood (J. O.), A Notice of the Ravages of the Cane-fly on the Sugar-
canes, &e.
Notice of the Habits of the Onion-fly.
Mémoire sur le Genre Leucothyreus de Macleay et de
ses Affinités.
Description du Genre Trochalonota.
See Farmer.
— Descriptio Generum nonnullorum e Familia Lucanida-
rum, cum Tabula Synoptica.
Insectorum nonnullorum Exoticorum ex Ordine Diptero-
rum Descriptiones.
Memoir on the Genus Nycteribia.
On the supposed Existence of Metamorphoses in the
Crustacea.
Wiedemann, (Dr. C. R. W.) Aussereuropaische Zweiflugehge Insekten,
(Extra-Europzan Diptera,) 2 vol. 8vo. Hamm, 1830.
Wolff, Icones Cimicum, pts. 1— .
Wood (William), Index Entomologicus, Nos. 1, 3.
Yarrell (William), A Natural History of British Fishes, No. 1, 8vo.
Zetterstedt, Orthoptera Sueciz, 8vo.
CV
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate. Page.
I. andII. New Exotic Coleoptera ...... Described in Art. 11. 11
IIT. Fig. 1. and details. Larva of Raphidia Ophiopsis ...... Art.v. 23
IV. Fig. 2. & 3. and Plate V. Larvee and Pupz of various
Coleopterous insects, and details........cecececerseeeeeed Art. v1. 27
WET Nesmmic2! 6cherrd SOCIGIIS, |\oncnenecsas soeneccnnonsamcsenmaics Art.1x. 38
VII. Fig. 1 and details. Hypothenemus eruditus.......10+-- ATtavite. 1 Ot
Fig. 2—5. and details. New British Homoptera ...Art.x1. 47
Fig. 6—9. New India Coleopterd..........s.ssseseeee Art.xur. 60
WITTE len) SLeMmPRARNEL OPC? deactseccesceeacesssermeccees coset Art. xiv. 67
Fig. 2. Amycterus Schonherri.....scccscocsocersersocee Art.xv. 68
IX. Arcturus longicornis, and details ..........ss.ceseeee Art. xvi. 69
X. Fig. 1. Thyridopteryx Ephemereformis .......++++ Art.xvu. 76
Fig. 2—5. British species of Dromius ..........+40+- Art. xrx. 80
Fig.6. Microaylobius Westwoodit ......+.sesseeeeeeeee Art.xx1. 98
Fig. 7. and details. Mimela Chinensis .........04- Art. xxur. 108
XI. and XII. TLhysanurae Hibernic@......c.coceecsceseeeees Art; xx. 189
POI Indian: ANUS cacccecccacncsesasacessenascseaeesssicireccsies Artoxxim, 599
XIV. Coleopterous Insects from Monte Video............ AT Es SRT
KV. Big. A. Lamia Norristt......0.c.carecscerecssnsecsseee Art. xxx1. 148
Fig. 2—6. British species of Haliplus............ Art. xxxvir. 174
XVI. Anatomical details of the Earwig .............000 Art. xxxiite) 157
XVII. Fig. 1—14. Stylops Spencii, and details ......... Art. xxxv. 169
Fig. 15. Elenchus Templetonit .......c.escoeseeceee Art. xxxvi. 173
REVEL e Wil Ol Ls ICN ODUCT Cea calcaececescesyscsacceu tice tes Art. xu. 208
x New Wand Crablon the DUKMUM s.sesecceeseseseleissiicseeesse Art. xu. 181
XX. XXI. and XXII. Fig. 14&15. Mauritian Crustacea. Art. xr. 185
XXII. Fig. 1. Diphucephala sericea, and details of that
CIUISMR pada tose staleina sacle dete es eaeaisls ox sian siete oainiceles Art. xuiv. 227
Fig. A. and details. Halobates Streatfieldana...... Art. xtvi. 230
XXIII. and XXIV. Anatomical details of the Larva of
Calosonmia Sicophanta ......cccccccscecvcrcecesacacs Art. xtvut, 235
cvl
ERRATA ann ADDENDA.
Page 40, line 30, for each on its distinct sheath read each in its distinct sheath
4g.
4g, =
Petar |
14, for fig. 1. read fig. 2.
29, for 3 b. and 4 b. read 3 a. and 4 a.
40, for 3c. read 3 b.
41, for for of oculus read aus facies
1, for spurs read spines
27, for 3 b. read 3a.
38, for 4b. read 4a.
19, for Fargau’s read Fargeau’s
72. Leacia longicornis. Dr. Johnston has published a description and figure
of this Crustaceous insect in the Magazine of Natural History, vol.
vill. p. 494—496, under the name of Astacilla longicornis; and in
the same work, vol. ix. p. 79, he has given an account of its habits,
and a figure of the young when first produced.
35, for fig. 1. read fig. 1—4.
2, for fig. 1. read fig. 1—4.
3, for 1a. read fig. 1.
4, for 1 b. read fig. 3.
5, for 1c. read fig. 2. and add, fig. 4. the neuter, of the natural size
7, for fig. 2. read fig. 5.
10, 11, and 12, for fig. 2. read fig. 5.
14, for fig. 3. read fig. 6.
9, dele were
20, 21, and 22, for fig. 3. read fig. 6.
13, dele Mimela sumptuosa? Zool. Journ. 5.
14, for Cesei read Cesar
7, for niger read nigra
18, for insect read insects
17, for abdomens read abdomen
38, for burrows read burrow
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS.
—— i, line 7, for 1834 read 1838
— xii, — 34, for on read in
xxxix, — 35, for Dantzig read Frankfort.
(The statement here made was
incorrect. See Journal of Proceedings, p. xxiv.)
PROSPECTUS
OF
PREAZE Heo A YS
ON THE
SUBJECT OF NOXIOUS INSECTS AND REMEDIES
FOR THEIR DESTRUCTION.
Ir being one of the principal objects of the EnromoLoerca Society
oF Lonpon to render their labours practically useful, the Council
have resolved to appropriate the annual sum of Five Guineas, or a
Gold Medal of the like value, to the Writer of the best Essay (to
be drawn up from personal observation) upon the natural history,
ceconomy, and proceedings of such species of insects as are obnoxious
to agricultural productions, to be illustrated by figures of the insects
in their different states ; together with the result of actual experi-
ments made for the prevention of their attacks or the destruction of
the insects themselves.
The subject of the Essays for the year 1836 to be the Coccus or
THE Pine App.e.
The Essays must be accompanied by testimonials of the success of
the remedies proposed by the Writers, and must be forwarded to the
Secretary, (at No. 17, Old Bond Street,) with fictitious signatures,
on or before the Fourth Monday in January 1837, when they will
be referred to a Committee to decide upon their respective merits,
after which, with the permission of the Writers, both the Prize Essay
and any others of value will be published.
The Essays must be respectively accompanied by a sealed letter,
indorsed with the fictitious signature adopted by each Author, and
inclosing the real name of the Writer.
» a , ae
= an sii
iy ‘en
if aie ee a
m ae
im ca Coe
Coe
ee 7 “4 ye ~,.
a oe oe Wrpigsaines Ran | bi CRS | biel
mi ., os Ae Rod me We bes ae ee ; a ay al tage crt: ie ie
weit Dr ae mls
rm rg fo seit sgt a ie Boe eu
an ae Nis Me OR r
he j
_ ee Le eh
. ingen. it . ay a ie Bilt ais "i ate ee. v q Olt th i 4
> ie rey? ire me fi > fire ae eM S phe 3 Rat Bae hu eh ste
a Ww peasy! Ob Ou? 42, agin 004 +) hidseah ve hel AOR ORS Oat i
- ’ > A : er Cae iss i area «agg Aut
i x - a Bodo), 3 2 ad ay, Sat val il pe % ine i lane thier’ ae)
an oe ty 8500 rau SE si pues ea ‘balirarnised ih linkaiie a
a a. i ss os ag WT at a. 44 me . TOA My a ad if i) The erU a ae ;
ay : al Les iy 1 pe* ane any ce Hf f. ie i Yphad xe cui 4 .
. ; i . Siu if: Pra ite ia et an Lacan Ai bgn aA ik oa cy y a wt
- ea Vd Ue ay By: Bel fie thts .' i fy Gh bir iia 3 é sie ‘ i}. 2 wd
Valiring aes apr dats ica ryt)
J + Sd & :
rs Saca}l oo: Fintan hive ae, tue Us
a : es si aan ap ate id ic 4; Pill Ma wily ¥ veel ine a
ae yt eee ae! id OY, cars q oes ere ue Sian Popa Ne
| j se
a Ls me: it's Thu, ae i) i) ae Ral? : agai th %: ey Le vs :
f
f
A
ALI)
\\)
Bf fa them
i
>.
Han)”
+80
Sig 4
s. Ent: Soe: Vol:T. Pl Il.
Fig:1,a@.
G.R.Walerhouse
OS a ee ee
y re o » > poss A
i rr ed Py '*~ af
- a : "a 7 ase 1 F - -
‘ 7 a re ah | Sr bie ye :
' NG
7 oS
oe
ae
my
= : = on : — re
ee eo
+ ad i
Ss :
~-_
“4
a
a
- en
> Je a
» -
. ’
oF
= &:
2
~,
ok a ST =
oe : :
— i 4 :
a +
7 es e
. - 7 —
: : - ay 7
Trans: Ent: Sec; Vol-TPUIV.
S
SSeqquee
"
es
GRWalerhicuse del £
W
<
AS
\
i
‘
= . ; :
om h e
> ad —
egg
#
o
| es.
Sey r Soa
“nt _
a co hl 9 elim nlite At — =a A
—— é
; '
7"
b
-_ ay 5 -_
: “
; “—s
ATG
“hoe
my
[
Ent: Soc:Vol:- LPL.
L7ans .
jie
terhouse dels
CA.Wa
-
.
* a ) wi
al *~
.
38
=
5
@
Lj
eet eT
Py :
» om
a
Pil
™~
-_
~~
=
_
rors -
i a
———
au
sf
- en
a Te
——
hy,
| on
———
-
a
Fomnis ant: See Vale ELV
Fig.
J. Swaine Se
CM Or tis
: Ae ae
Trans. Hint. Soe Voll LLle .
plo & 3 - 8 18%
GBSowerby Jitu. st
), VW del
SF 2g / | a be A) AL
MULEGEGEA TA eS aaa
— hye D4 (G ews
~
a
-
Pe Ae sin
on e
tial = ke .
UST a. Astiy: pae
e * _ de an .
, po a at be er
ee. my €
& j es, ; 7
Ae rs -
"
a ee a
+ i .
’ ;
a P
. am oll \
» ape Th wits Sen ” = ‘
| * .
\ a
F)
Pan
ge rs ; &
7 ; Rs
pte . f=
‘ ec Nila gee og ete ccna |
A - # ~
! _—
‘
} *»
4 J ’
‘ ;
\ ;
} 4 .
* x A r * fi a m
1 -sas ee or Pe ea ;
s \ ee a Ri iw
age Te She .
= en a - j
Trans: Ent:Soc-Vol.7:- PIXE
la x
tia: GMa (oa "4
Rie eee
1h 9) epeons-e)
Trans: Ent: $0e:Vol. I. Pl Xl
<s
: Ra 2% tee ur es ae aS
rea SBS a Rereeyd pepe eee am ns ema aise ES «FN
i \ wet A Megas ade O 2 ‘ .
sient! A ; Nas VE Se rae”
ao a
LW) \ tear
Trans. Ent. Soc Voll PLAVT,
GBS 5c.
IA. del.
ns
7
Trans. Ent. Soe. Voll PLEVIL,
O9, |
ay
TOW. del. GBS. £6
€
er
Segre eet
psc
Prorvslenrt-SocVol-l LUAVM.
Ps)
de uno
Pa eee ee
Fans.lint.Soc Toll PLL.
S08 del . GB. S. SC
| .
r
’
si
| 2
‘
‘ .
a
}
4 =
~ ad ate a .
. CP herpeterg nb en ae
is Se a eee i
ee ern lee
eee ee Ss
a >
"Ay
.
”
“i
a |
a | |
i
.
; | |
;
Frans: Ent: S00: Wal. L. FOXX.
wea 1
.
ae ae
in to A
é . ; _ . "
. i y >
4 ” + F 7 f
, oe
e. z +‘ EPR
\ oa -
i
a te
S 7 es
.
a
ox
”
* ’
‘ .
PHA
ip Se
wv =
sie
JIT
-
\
4c
Frans: Ent: Soe: Vol. LPL XXM.
Swame $C
4
V4
=
Trans: Ent: Soc: VolL£UXx!
'
> rn
»
+s
*
os
%
att mde
CS ae * ‘
‘
. i
“8 4 .
7
>
.
‘
ree 2%
\
a
Pi “S
2
, we
aes
par,
ay
rer
£
als
Win
3 9088 0088S asus
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11